A Discourse Analysis on the UK News Media in Reshaping the Britishness of Britons (2016 and 2020)

학위논문 (석사) -- 서울대학교 대학원 : 국제대학원 국제학과(국제지역학전공), 2020. 8. 은기수.On June 23rd 2016, the UK held a referendum on its withdrawal from the European Union. News media were extremely active in using the term Brexit to illustrate Britains firm decision to leave the Union. Nevertheless, the term itself was publicly first used in 2012 by David Cameron, when he made a decision to open the referendum for the first time. Consequently, Brexit was quickly used in international media as an identification of the British people and the country. Domestically, traditional newspapers (also known as broadsheet newspapers) and tabloids take advantage of the term to exploit its readers to the Brexit issue. Through investigating the political and nationalistic critical discourse analysis of the right and left wing broadsheet newspapers and tabloids (Guardian & The Daily Mirror, The Sun & The Daily Mail), it searches if these media outlets have used discussions of identity to be able to shift the course of identity of its readers between the years of 2016 and 2020.2 Introduction 1 2.1 Background Information 1 2.2 Quantitative Data 5 2.3 Research Purpose 19 2.4 Research Material 19 3 Literature Review 21 3.1 The Tories and the Labour Party on Brexit 21 3.2 The Rise of Euroscepticism 24 3.3 Post-Brexit relationship between UK and EU 27 3.4 Britishness or Englishness 29 3.4.1 Social Identity Theories 29 3.4.1.1 Understanding Britain's dilemma 33 3.4.2 Britain's sense of place 36 3.5 Media Culture: British Newspapers and Tabloids 38 4 Methodology 41 4.1.1 Discourse Analysis 41 4.1.1.1 Critical Discourse Analysis 41 4.1.1.2 Media Discourse 45 5 Results 49 5.1 Discourse Analysis 49 5.1.1 The Labour Party (The Guardian) 2016 49 5.1.2 The Labour Party (The Daily Mirror) 2016 65 5.1.3 The Tories (The Sun) 2016 71 5.1.4 The Tories (The Daily Mail) 2016 83 5.1.5 The Labour Party (The Guardian) 2020 96 5.1.6 The Labour Party (The Daily Mirror) 2020 102 5.1.7 The Tories (The Sun) 2020 108 5.1.8 The Tories (The Daily Mail) 2020 115 6 Discourse Analysis on British Identity 123 6.1 Political and Nationalistic discourse for the Labour Party 2016 123 6.1.1 The Guardian 2016 123 6.1.2 The Daily Mirror 2016 125 6.2 Political and Nationalistic discourse for the Labour Party 2020 128 6.2.1 The Guardian 2020 128 6.2.2 The Daily Mirror 2020 129 6.3 Political and Nationalistic discourse for the Tories 2016 131 6.3.1 The Sun 2016 131 6.3.2 The Daily Mail 2016 132 6.4 Political and Nationalistic discourse for the The Sun & The Daily Mail 2020 134 7 Conclusion 137 7.1 Limitations of Research 139 8 Bibliography 138Maste

LU-SGS 수치기법을 적용한 OpenFOAM 기반의 압축성 코드 개발 및 검증

학위논문 (석사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 기계항공공학부, 2014. 2. 김규홍.본 연구에서는 오픈소스(Open source)기반의 전산유체역학 프로그램인 오픈폼(OpenFOAM)에 LU-SGS(Lower Upper Symmetric Gauss Seidel) 수치기법을 적용한 압축성코드를 개발하고 이에 대한 검증을 수행하였다. 기본적으로 비압축성유동 해석을 위해 압력기반으로 개발된 오픈폼(OpenFOAM)의 지배방정식을 밀도기반의 지배방정식으로 수정하였고 기존의 오픈폼(OpenFOAM)에서 제공하고 있는 Explicit 시간적분법을 LU-SGS 수치기법을 적용한 Implicit 시간적분법으로 수정하였다. 또한 현재 오픈폼(OpenFOAM)에서 개발되지 않은 특성경계방정식인 리만(Riemann)경계조건을 추가하였고 기존에 오픈폼(OpenFOAM)에서 제공하고 있는 벽함수(Wall function) 및 일부 Library 에 대한 수정을 수행하였다. 개발된 코드를 기반으로 코드검증 시 널리 사용되고 있는 검증모델을 선정하여 검증을 수행하였고 이를 기존의 오픈폼(OpenFOAM) 해석자와 비교함에 따라 개발된 코드의 활용가능성을 확인하였다. 또한 이를 바탕으로 대한민국에서 개발하고 운용중인 비행기의 전산해석을 수행하였고 이를 풍동실험값과 비교함에 따라 향후 수행할 연구 방향을 제시하였다.1. 서론 10 1.1 연구배경 10 1.2 오픈폼(OpenFOAM) 이란 13 1.3 연구목표 14 2. OpenFOAM Standard Solvers 16 2.1 비압축성(Incompressible) 유동 16 2.1.1 원형실린더 주위의 본 카르만 와류의 전산해석 16 2.1.2 해석조건 및 경계조건 17 2.1.3 코드검증 및 분석 18 2.1.3.1 이론적인 접근 18 2.1.3.2 Time Resolution Study 19 2.1.3.3 Grid Resolution Study 21 2.1.4 실험값과의 검증 23 2.2 압축성(Compressible) 유동 24 2.2.1 2차원 쐐기(Wedge) 경사충격파 해석 24 2.2.2 해석조건 및 전산해석결과 24 3. Code Development and Validation 26 3.1 Density Based Solver 27 3.1.1 밀도 기반의 보존형 지배방정식 27 3.1.2 Oblique shock on a 2D wedge at Mach 2.5 28 3.2 Implicit Time Integration (LU-SGS) 30 3.2.1 Time Integration 30 3.2.2 Implicit LU-SGS 32 3.2.3 Transonic flow over a Bump in a channel 34 3.3 Characteristic Boundary Condition (Riemann Invariant) 35 3.3.1 Riemann Invariant 35 3.4 Turbulence model validation 40 3.4.1 RAE-2822 Transonic Airfoil 40 3.5 Automatic Wall Function 42 3.5.1 Wall treatment for a turbulence model 42 3.5.2 k-omega SST Model 43 3.5.3 Flat plate turbulent boundary layer 44 4. Applications 48 4.1 Shock Boundary Layer Interaction 48 4.1.1 해석조건 및 경계조건 48 4.1.2 충격파-경계층 상호작용의 유동현상 49 4.1.3 전산해석결과 50 4.2 Flat Plate 55 4.2.1 해석조건 및 경계조건 55 4.2.2 전산해석결과 57 4.3 Aircraft-1 60 4.3.1 해석조건 및 경계조건 60 4.3.2 전산해석결과 61 5. 결론 64 6. 참고 문헌 67Maste

Geographic Variations and the Associated Factors in Adherence to and Persistence with Adjuvant Hormonal Therapy for the Privately Insured women Aged 18-64 with Breast Cancer in Texas

The purpose of this study is to examine the geographical patterns of adjuvant hormonal therapy adherence and persistence and the associated factors in insured Texan women aged 18–64 with early breast cancer. A retrospective cohort study was conducted using 5-year claims data for the population insured by the Blue Cross Blue Shield of Texas (BCBSTX). Women diagnosed with early breast cancer who were taking tamoxifen or aromatase inhibitors (AIs) for adjuvant hormonal therapy with at least one prescription claim were identified. Adherence to adjuvant hormonal therapy and persistence with adjuvant hormonal therapy were calculated as outcome measures. Women without a gap between two consecutively dispensed prescriptions of at least 90 days were considered to be persistently taking the medications. Patient-level multivariate logistic regression models with repeated regional-level adjustments and a Cox proportional hazards model with mixed effects were used to determine the geographical variations and patient-, provider-, and area-level factors that were associated with adjuvant hormonal therapy adherence and persistence. Of the 938 women in the cohort, 627 (66.8%) initiated adjuvant hormonal therapy. Most of the smaller HRRs have significantly higher or lower rates of treatment adherence and persistence rates relative to the median regions. The use of AHT varies substantially from one geographical area to another, especially for adherence, with an approximately two-fold difference between the lowest and highest areas, and area-level factors were found to be significantly associated with the compliance of AHT. There are geographical variations in AHT adherence and persistence in Texas. Patient-level and area-level factors have significant associations explaining these patterns. © 2023 by the authors.ope

Modeling of Spray-Wall Impingement and Fuel Film for Direct-Injection Spark-Ignition Engines

학위논문 (석사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 공과대학 기계항공공학부, 2017. 8. 민경덕.Since the amount of emitted CO2 is directly related to car fuel economy, the attention is being drawn to DISI engine which has better fuel economy than conventional gasoline engine. Cooling effect, high volumetric efficiency and high compression ratio are main advantage of the DISI engine. However, the fact that increased inhomogeneity of air-fuel mixture and fuel film on the wall due to spray impingement during cold start make particulate matter(PM) come to the fore. Conducting experiment with large numbers of engine geometries and injection strategies are time consuming methods and expensive to proceed. Thus, reliable simulation model should be developed to reduce the cost for engine development. For accurate prediction of PM emission, the behavior of the spray and fuel film after spray-wall impingement needs to be predicted correctly. Thus, accurate spray model and film model are prerequisite. The existing models, however, are found to have relatively large error when compared with the experimental results. The rebound spray height is over-estimated while the area of the fuel film is under-estimated. The reasons for such disagreement between the simulation results and the experimental results are the assumptions used in the previous models. The previous models only considered the low speed collision condition such as diesel engine which has relatively short penetration length due to its injection pressure. Therefore, the dissipation energy can be successfully calculated from weber number and surface tension energy. However, the high-speed collision occurs in DISI engine. The droplet kinetic energy is too large to reduce meaningful amount by weber number and surface energy. Thus, in modified model, the amount of dissipation energy is determined within specific range. As a result, it was possible to reduce the number of model constants. To consider 2-D spray-wall impingement phenomenon more accurately, the number of child parcels derived from the parent parcel is increased from two to four. Increasing the number of child parcels, it is possible to consider the normal and tangential momentum component. Finally, the modified model is validated with experiments. The Mie-scattering images of iso-octane spray near wall were acquired at various temperature and injection pressure to measure rebound spray radius and height. Compared to the existing models, the modified model shows the best agreement with the experimental results without case-dependent changes to the model constant.Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Previous Research 7 1.2.1 Bai Model 7 1.2.2 Bai Renewal Model 11 1.2.3 Kim Model 12 1.3 Objective 14 Chapter 2. Wall Impingement Model 15 2.1 Regime Transition Criteria 15 2.1.1 Dry Wall 16 2.1.2 Wetted Wall 17 2.2 Impingement Modeling 19 2.2.1 Adhesion 19 2.2.2 Rebound 20 2.2.3 Splash 21 2.3 Film Modeling 26 2.3.1 Mass Continuity 26 2.3.2 Momentum Continuity 28 2.3.3 Energy Continuity 32 2.3.4 Film Movement Criterion 34 Chapter 3. Experimental Setup 37 3.1 Injector and Vessel Specification 38 3.2 Hydraulic Properties 39 3.3 Optical Diagnostics 41 Chapter 4. Simulation Setup 45 4.1 Computational Domain 45 4.2 Model Description 47 Chapter 5. Experiments and Simulation Results 48 5.1 Wall Impingement Model 48 5.2 Wall Film Model 55 Chapter 6. Conclusions 57 References 60 국 문 초 록 64Maste

A Study on Stadardization of Ice Mechanics Experimental Techniques with a Cold Room

The cold room is an essential part of the laboratory facilities for ice research and cold regions engineering. The experiment with a cold room includes various tests of materials at low temperature, whose range is often encountered in the Arctic. As a non-arctic country, the first Korean cold room facility for ice mechanics experiments was assembled in 2004. Since then, the 4 m x 6 m cold room facility has been extensively used under various different environmental and loading conditions. After reviewing published references on cold room testing methods and also by trial and error, the standard procedures for testing and preparing laboratory ice material were established for the measurement of basic ice properties. Laboratory-grown fresh water ice was used in the cold room, especially for unconfined compressive strength tests. Preparation techniques and dimension of the specimen are the most important issues arising in cold room tests. The details of specimen preparation, testing procedure and analysis of the strength test results are discussed.Ⅰ. 서론 = 1 Ⅱ. 얼음의 역학적 특성 = 4 2.1. 얼음의 생성과정 = 4 2.1.1. 담수빙 = 4 2.1.2. 해빙 = 5 2.2. 얼음의 재료특성 = 6 2.3. 얼음의 강도 = 10 2.3.1원환 압축강도(RingTensileStrength) = 10 2.3.2인장강도(DirectTensileStrength) = 11 2.3.3굽힘강도(FlexuralStrength) = 11 2.3.4압축강도(CompressiveStrength) = 12 Ⅲ. Cold Room을 이용한 담수빙 실험 = 13 3.1. Cold Room 실험설비의 제원과 특징 = 13 3.2. 시편제작과 실험준비 = 15 3.2.1. 시편치수결정 = 19 3.2.2. 시편제작과정 = 20 3.2.3. 실험준비 = 23 Ⅳ. 실험기법 및 결과 = 25 4.1. 담수빙 1축 압축시험 = 25 4.1.1. 실험방법 = 29 4.1.2. 실험결과 = 30 4.2. 빙역학 표준 실험기법 = 41 4.2.1. 1축 압축시험용 시편제작 = 41 4.2.2. 실험 진행절차 = 42 Ⅴ. 결론 = 44 참고 문헌 = 4

OpenCL의 프로그래밍 용이성 향상 기법

학위논문 (박사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 전기·컴퓨터공학부, 2016. 2. 이재진.OpenCL is one of the major programming models for heterogeneous systems. This thesis presents two limitations of OpenCL, the complicated nature of programming in OpenCL and the lack of support for a heterogeneous cluster, and proposes a solution for each of them for ease of programming. The first limitation is that it is complicated to write a program using OpenCL. In order to lower this programming complexity, this thesis proposes a framework that translates a program written in a high-level language (OpenMP) to OpenCL at the source level. This thesis achieves both ease of programming and high performance by employing two techniquesdata transfer minimization (DTM) and performance portability enhancement (PPE). This thesis shows the effectiveness of the proposed translation framework by evaluating benchmark applications and the practicality by comparing it with the commercial PGI compiler. The second limitation of OpenCL is the lack of support for a heterogeneous cluster. In order to extend OpenCL to a heterogeneous cluster, this thesis proposes a framework called SnuCL-D that is able to execute a program written only in OpenCL on a heterogeneous cluster. Unlike previous approaches that apply a centralized approach, the proposed framework applies a decentralized approach, which gives a chance to reduce three kinds of overhead occurring in the execution path of commands. With the ability to analyze and reduce three kinds of overhead, the proposed framework shows good scalability for a large-scale cluster system. The proposed framework proves its effectiveness and practicality by compared to the representative centralized approach (SnuCL) and MPI with benchmark applications. This thesis proposes solutions for the two limitations of OpenCL for ease of programming on heterogeneous clusters. It is expected that application developers will be able to easily execute not only an OpenMP program on various accelerators but also a program written only in OpenCL on a heterogeneous cluster.Chapter I. Introduction 1 I.1 Motivation and Objectives 5 I.1.1 Programming Complexity 5 I.1.2 Lack of Support for a Heterogeneous Cluster 8 I.2 Contributions 12 Chapter II. Background and Related Work 15 II.1 Background 15 II.1.1 OpenCL 16 II.1.2 OpenMP 23 II.2 Related Work 26 II.2.1 Programming Complexity 26 II.2.2 Support for a Heterogeneous Cluster 29 Chapter III. Lowering the Programming Complexity 34 III.1 Motivating Example 35 III.1.1 Device Constructs 35 III.1.2 Needs for Data Transfer Optimization 41 III.2 Mapping OpenMP to OpenCL 44 III.2.1 Architecture Model 44 III.2.2 Execution Model 45 III.3 Code Translation 46 III.3.1 Translation Process 46 III.3.2 Translating OpenMP to OpenCL 48 III.3.3 Example of Code Translation 50 III.3.4 Data Transfer Minimization (DTM) 62 III.3.5 Performance Portability Enhancement (PPE) 66 III.4 Performance Evaluation 69 III.4.1 Evaluation Methodology 70 III.4.2 Effectiveness of Optimization Techniques 74 III.4.3 Comparison with Other Implementations 79 Chapter IV. Support for a Heterogeneous Cluster 90 IV.1 Problems of Previous Approaches 90 IV.2 The Approach of SnuCL-D 91 IV.2.1 Overhead Analysis 93 IV.2.2 Remote Device Virtualization 94 IV.2.3 Redundant Computation and Data Replication 95 IV.2.4 Memory-read Commands 97 IV.3 Consistency Management 98 IV.4 Deterministic Command Scheduling 100 IV.5 New API Function: clAttachBufferToDevice() 103 IV.6 Queueing Optimization 104 IV.7 Performance Evaluation 105 IV.7.1 Evaluation Methodology 105 IV.7.2 Evaluation with a Microbenchmark 109 IV.7.3 Evaluation on the Large-scale CPU Cluster 111 IV.7.4 Evaluation on the Medium-scale GPU Cluster 123 Chapter V. Conclusion and Future Work 125 Bibliography 129 Korean Abstract 140Docto

압축을 받는 각형강관 X형 접합부에 대한 실험 및 해석적 연구

학위논문 (석사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 공과대학 건축학과, 2018. 2. 이철호.최근 건축물은 물론 해양구조물에도 적용되는 강관은 기둥과 트러스로 널리 사용되고 있다. 그중에서 각형강관은 강관의 제작과 용접이 간단하여 원형강관을 대체하는 단면으로 활용되고 있다. 각형강관에 고강도강관을 사용하면 설계부터 제작, 운반, 시공뿐 아니라 미학적 측면으로도 많은 이점을 취할 수 있다. 그러나 고강도 강재를 적용하는 데 있어 가장 관대한 기준인 유로코드에서조차 고강도 강재를 적용한 각형강관 접합부의 강도를 산정할 때에는 사용되는 강재의 항복강도에 따라 0.8 또는 0.9의 강도감소계수를 곱하도록 제한하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 유로코드에서 제안하는 강도감소계수의 적절성을 검증하기 위해 각형강관 X형 접합부에 압축력을 가하는 실험을 계획하였다. 실험변수는 2가지로 강재의 항복강도(fy)와 지관과 주관 사이의 폭 비율(β)이다. 총 6개의 실험체를 제작하였으며, 실험결과, 접합부의 탄성구간 이후 거동은 지관과 주관의 폭 비율에 따라 굉장한 차이를 보였다. 모든 실험체가 유로코드 공칭강도를 초과하는 실험강도를 보였으며, 발현된 실험강도들은 0.8의 강도감소계수가 적용되지 않은 유로코드 공칭강도조차도 상회하였다. 한편, 지관과 주관의 폭이 동일한 X형 접합부 실험체에 적용되는 주관측벽 좌굴강도식은 실험강도를 지나치게 보수적으로 예측하였기에 그 정확도를 개선해야한다. 선행연구 중에는 개선된 주관측벽 좌굴강도식을 제안하는 연구도 있었으나, 이 연구에서 제안한 식을 통해 얻은 예측강도는 고강도 강재를 적용한 실험체의 강도를 여전히 보수적으로 평가하였다. 그러므로 본 연구에서는 새로운 주관측벽 좌굴강도식을 제안하였다. 이 식은 판 좌굴에 근거한 이론적 모델에서 유도되었으며, 수치해석을 통해 그 유효성을 검증하였다. 또한, 선행 연구들로부터 수집한 실험강도 데이터를 통해 본 연구에서 제시한 식과 현행 주관측벽 좌굴강도식들을 비교하였다. 결론적으로, 본 연구에서 새롭게 정의한 세장비를 유로코드 기둥좌굴 곡선 중 하나인 c곡선에 적용한다면 현존하는 다른 강도식보다 더 일관성 있고 정확한 예측강도를 얻을 수 있다.Applying high-strength steel to rectangular hollow section (RHS) joints can bring about many technological advantages from design to erection. However, the application of high-strength steel to RHS joints is forbidden or permitted with high-strength penalty in most representative international standards. To examine the appropriateness of the strength reduction penalty imposed on high-strength steels, six RHS X-joint specimens fabricated from high-strength and ordinary steels were tested under axial compression. The key parameters of this experimental test included brace to chord width ratios and grade of steels. All high-strength steel specimens exhibited sufficient strength compared to the EC3 strength criteriatheir strengths were even higher than the EC3 unreduced nominal strength. Significantly different post-elastic joint behavior was observed depending upon the brace to chord width ratio and grade of steels. It was also found that the formulation of sidewall buckling strength in current EC3 is inaccurate (too conservative) and needs to be improved. Although improved strength formula was recently suggested by Becque and Cheng (2016), it is still conservative and inaccurate to evaluate the strength of RHS X-joints fabricated from high-strength steel. A new design formula for RHS X-joint experiencing sidewall buckling was proposed in this thesis. When the new normalized plate slenderness ratio proposed in this study is used in combination with the column curve c of EC3, the accuracy and consistency in strength predictions were much improved compared to strength formulae currently available.Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Research background 1 1.2. Objectives and scope 3 1.3. Outline of thesis 4 Chapter 2. Review of Design Standards and Previous Studies 7 2.1. Current design codes 7 2.1.1. Joint configuration 8 2.1.2. Range of applicability 11 2.1.3. Chord stress function 14 2.1.4. Failure modes and strength formulae 17 2.1.5. Design example of RHS X-joints per Eurocode3 25 2.2. Backgrounds of current design standards 26 2.2.1. Background of chord plastification 26 2.2.2. Theoretical model of chord sidewall buckling 30 2.2.3. Web crippling strength equation suggested in AISC (2010) 32 2.3. Previous studies 37 2.3.1. Research works about high-strength steel 37 2.3.2. Research works about chord sidewall buckling strength 38 2.3.3. Design equation suggested in Becque and Cheng (2016) 40 2.4. Database collected from previous experimental studies 45 Chapter 3. Experimental Program 49 3.1. Test program 49 3.1.1. Key testing parameters 49 3.1.2. Drawings of specimens 51 3.2. Fabrication and test setup 52 3.2.1. Fabrication of specimens 52 3.2.2. Compression test setup 55 3.3. Test results 55 3.3.1. Material test results 55 3.3.2. Test results of specimens with β = 0.625 57 3.3.3. Test results of specimens with β = 0.850 60 3.3.4. Test results of specimens with β = 1.0 63 3.3.5. Load-deflection characteristics 65 3.4. Comparative analysis of RHS X-joints with β = 1 67 3.4.1. Sidewall buckling strength equation in Eurocode3 (2005) 67 3.4.2. Web crippling strength suggested in AISC (2010) 69 3.4.3. Sidewall buckling strength equation proposed by Becque and Cheng (2016) 71 3.5. Summary 72 Chapter 4. New Design Formula for Sidewall Buckling 73 4.1. Introduction 73 4.2. Theoretical model: elastic plate buckling model 74 4.2.1. Basic assumptions 74 4.2.2. Composition of buckled shape function 76 4.2.3. Calculation of total potential energy of buckled plate 77 4.2.4. Buckling stress calculation by the energy principle 78 4.3. Validation by numerical analysis 86 4.3.1. Establishment of finite element analysis model 86 4.3.2. Validation of assumed shape function 90 4.3.3. Validation of elastic buckling strength equation 97 4.4. Proposal of new sidewall buckling strength formula 101 4.4.1. Derivation of slenderness ratio 101 4.4.2. Derivation of chord sidewall buckling strength formula 104 4.4.3. Evaluation of new joint strength formula 105 4.5. Summary 107 Chapter 5. Summary and Conclusions 109 Bibliography 113 Appendix A. MATLAB source codes to calculate buckling stress 117 Abstract (in Korean) 121Maste

The Financial Competency of Korean Consumers

본 연구는 복잡해진 금융환경 하에서 금융소비자가 자생할 수 있는 능력으로서 소비자 재무관리역량에 주목하여,체계적인 척도를 이용하여 우리나라 소비자들의 재무관리역량 실태를 조사하였다. 기존 연구에서 개발된 소비자 재무관리역량 측정 척도를 이용하여 대규모 온라인 서베이를 실시하였으며, 재무관리역량의 구성요인별 점수와 역량총점의 개략적 모습을 살펴보고, 개인의 특성, 재무적 특성, 주관적 만족도에 따른 재무관리역량 점수를 분석하였다. 전국 20세 이상의 성인소비자를 대상으로 조사한 결과 1,045명의 설문지가 최종 분석에 이용되었으며, 주요결과는 다음과 같다.첫째, 소비자들의 재무관리역량 실태를 분석한 결과, 재무관리역량 총점은 100점 만점에 평균 63.14점을 나타내어 저조한 것으로 평가되었다. 구성요인별로는 지식역량 점수가 가장 높고 기능역량 점수가 가장 낮아 실천적 역량의 부족이 입증되었고, 하위영역별로는 수입과 지출을 관리하는 영역의 역량 점수가 가장 높았고 노후설계 및 위험관리에 관련된 역량의 점수가 가장 낮았다.둘째, 개인적 특성과 재무관리역량 수준 간 관계를 분석한 결과, 남성인 경우, 연령이 높을수록, 직업이 있는 사람인 경우, 학력이 높을수록 구성요인별 역량 점수 및 역량총점이 높아지는 것으로 나타났다. 또 거주지역에 따라서는 태도나 지식 등 인지적 측면의 역량은 서울 외 수도권과 중소도시/읍면부 거주자가 더 우수한 점수를 나타낸 반면, 기능역량은 서울시와 광역시 거주자들이 더 우수한 것으로 나타나 서로 상반된 모습을 보였다.셋째, 재무적 특성과 재무관리역량 수준 간 관계를 고찰한 결과, 생활비 수준이 높을수록, 저축투자를 많이 할수록, 저축성향이 기준을 충족시킬 경우에 태도, 지식, 기능역량이 모두 높아지는 경향이 있었으며, 금융자산 및 부동산이 많을수록, 소득 및 생활비 대비 금융자산이 기준을 충족시키는 경우, 금융자산 대비 총부채액수가 기준을 충족시키는 경우, 그리고 투자성향지표와 유동성지표를 만족시키는 경우에 기능역량이 우수하였다.넷째, 우리나라 소비자들의 생활수준 및 재정상태에 대한 만족도는 중~하 수준인 것으로 나타났으며, 이러한 만족도 점수에 따라 재무관리역량 수준에도 차이가 있어서 객관적?주관적 재무적 특성이 더 나은 사람들이 재무관리역량 수준도 더 우수하였다.다섯째, 재무적 특성과 주관적 만족도에 따른 재무관리역량을 살펴본 결과들로부터, 소비자의 재무적 복지에 가장긴밀한 연관이 있는 구성요인은 기능역량임을 알 수 있었다.이러한 결과들을 토대로, 실천적 역량에 초점을 둔 금융교육 및 정책의 고안, 재무관리에 있어서 부족한 역량을보충하기 위한 전문가 자문 강조, 기능역량의 강화를 위한 다양한 정보원 및 인프라에의 접근성 확보, 재무적 복지향상을 위한 국가적 차원의 재무관리역량 증진 필요성, 체계적으로 재무관리의 실천을 생활 속으로 끌어들일 수 있는 정책의 고안 등을 제언하였다.The purposes of this study were to examine the financial competency of Korean consumers and to verify the difference of financial competency according to their various characteristics. To measure financial competency, the structured questionnaire developed by previous study was used. An on-line questionnaire survey was conducted and 1,045 subjects, who were managing their own financial lives and aged 20 and over, were selected. The major findings were as follows: First, the financial competency of Korean consumers was not satisfactory. They scored 63.14 of 100 points on average. To be detailed, the highest score came from the knowledge component and the lowest point was obtained in the skill component, which indicates that they do not tend to make the use of their knowledge. As for the sub-categories, they showed the highest quality in managing their income and spending, while recording the lowest point in retirement planning and risk management. Second, the analysis on the relations between personal characteristics and the level of financial competency found that consumers who were older-aged, male, with higher education, having job obtained higher scores in each component and total scores. By the location of residence, the scores for cognitive components such as the attitude and knowledge were shown higher among people living in small and mid-size city areas, while the point for the financial skills was recorded higher among people from Seoul and other metropolitan cities. Third, the study to understand the relation between financial characteristics and the level of consumer financial competency showed that the scores for the attitude, knowledge and skills were higher when living enpenses are higher, the amount of savings and investment is more, and the standard of propensity to save is met. Particularly, the financial skill was higher when the people own more financial assets and real estate, their financial assets meet certain requirements compared knowledgincome and living enpenses, their total debt amount knowledgfinancial assets meet certain requirement, and theedginvestment tendr the nd liquidity indices meet certain levels. Fourth, the satisfaction of Korean consumers with their living standards and financial circumstances were found to range from moderate to low. The satisfaction scores were also related to their financial competency and people with advanced financial characteristics showed higher competency to managing their financial affairs. Fifth, as for financial characteristics and subjective satisfaction, it was the skill component that was the most closely related to consumer financial welfare. As developing the functional skill will be the most effective way to help improve the welfare, focusing on making people act on real life will help when educating consumers on financial management. These results of this study are expected to offer guidance for policy-making and consumer education in order to protect consumers and enhance their financial welfare, and provide the foundation to produce sound, responsible and competent consumers in financial market.OAIID:oai:osos.snu.ac.kr:snu2012-01/102/0000003638/1SEQ:1PERF_CD:SNU2012-01EVAL_ITEM_CD:102USER_ID:0000003638ADJUST_YN:YEMP_ID:A004937DEPT_CD:358CITE_RATE:0FILENAME:첨부된 내역이 없습니다.DEPT_NM:소비자학과EMAIL:[email protected]_YN:NCONFIRM:

The Development of Retirement Readiness Composite Index of Korea

최근 급속화된 고령화 추세에 따라 경제생활을 시작하는 젊은 시기부터 생애설계의 관점에서 은퇴설계에 접근할 필요성이 대두되고 있으나, 실제로는 자신의 노후를 경제적, 심리적으로 대비하지 못한 채 은퇴를 하는 사례가 속출하여 사회적인 우려가 증대되고 있다. 따라서 가계의 재무적, 비재무적 측면을 종합한 관점에서 은퇴생활의 다양한 영역을 포괄하는 은퇴준비종합지수를 개발하고 우리나라 가계의 은퇴준비현황을 파악할 필요가 있다. 본 연구는 이를 위해 국내?외의 선행연구 고찰을 통해 설문지를 개발하고 20～60대 이상 1,800명에게 설문조사를 실시하여 자료를 확보한 후 다양한 시뮬레이션과 회귀분석을 통해 은퇴준비종합지수를 산출하였다. 또한 개발된 은퇴준비지수를 조사대상자들에게 적용하여 우리나라 가계의 은퇴준비수준을 파악하였다. 주요 연구결과는 다음과 같다.첫째, 체계론(systems theory)에 기반을 두고 재무설계과정을 반영하여 생활에 대한 평가와 계획 및 실행을 은퇴준비에 적용하는 SPA모형을 개발하여 은퇴준비종합지수를 개발하였다. 은퇴준비종합지수는 행복한 은퇴생활을 목표로 현재생활에 대한 평가(만족도, Satisfaction)와 계획(Planning)과 실행(Action)의 합으로 여가, 일, 가족 및 친구, 주거, 마음의 안정, 재무, 건강이라는 행복한 은퇴생활의 7개 하위영역(RAINBOW)의 현재 은퇴준비정도를 측정한 것이다. 둘째, 우리나라 가계의 은퇴준비정도는 100점 만점에 58.3점이며 7가지 하위영역 중, 일과 재무적 측면의 준비가 가장 취약한 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구결과는 은퇴준비수준을 정확하게 측정하기 위해서는 은퇴생활의 7가지 하위영역을 종합적으로 반영하는 것이 필수적이며 목표에 따라 계획을 세운 후 실행으로 옮기는 전 과정이 고루 반영되어야 함을 시사한다. 또한 은퇴준비수준을 향상시키기 위해 가계의 특성에 따른 생애은퇴설계교육이 필요할 것으로 판단되었다.OAIID:oai:osos.snu.ac.kr:snu2012-01/102/0000003638/9SEQ:9PERF_CD:SNU2012-01EVAL_ITEM_CD:102USER_ID:0000003638ADJUST_YN:YEMP_ID:A004937DEPT_CD:358FILENAME:첨부된 내역이 없습니다.DEPT_NM:소비자학과EMAIL:[email protected]_YN:NCONFIRM: