A Functional Approach to Pragmatic Markers in Verbal Communication

语用标记语(pragmaticmarkers)在日常语言使用中几乎无处不在，对其得体的使用和恰如其分的理解是语用能力中很重要的一个方面。因此，对语用标记语的研究有着重要的理论价值和实践意义。最近十多年来，人们对于语用标记语的研究兴趣越来越浓厚。语用标记语的研究成了语言研究中发展迅猛的一个领域。然而，尽管语用标记语的研究成果颇丰，但在很多方面却未达成一致。如现有的研究未能形成统一的研究方法，其重要分歧表现在语用标记语的名称、定义、分类、特点及功能方面。 尽管如此,大多数人一致认为语用标记语不影响话语的真值条件。把语用标记语从其所依附的话语中去掉并不影响该话语的语法正确性也不影响其命题内容，但却...Pragmatic markers are so pervasively used in daily language that the proper use and interpretation of them consist of a considerable part of pragmatic or communicative competence. The study of this linguistic phenomenon thus bears both theoretic and practical significance. In the past ten years, the study of pragmatic markers turned into a growing industry in linguistics. However, researches on PM...学位：文学硕士院系专业：外文学院英语语言文学系_英语语言文学学号：X200511001

语用标记语在言语交际中的功能分析

语用标记语作为交际策略或修辞手段在言语交际中十分常见,发挥了非常重要的功能。本文以言语交际中的语用标记语为研究对象,重点探讨了它们在会话中的功能。借助不同的例句,本文主要分析了语用标记语的六种语用功能:引起注意;表达转折的意思;表达说话者的态度和意图;表示礼貌;修正说话人的言语信息;起延缓作用

A Study on the Financial Problem of the Chinese Nation Relief and Rehabilitation Administration Taiwan Regional office after Recovery

台湾光复后,国民政府行政院善后救济总署台湾分署成立,负责台湾地区相关的善后救济工作。1945年11月—1947年5月,台湾分署利用联合国提供的各类物资,广泛开展善后救济工作。不过,由于国民政府财政紧张,无法从财政预算中保证各地区善后救济的专项拨款,台湾分署陷入经费紧张的困境。为了解决业务经费问题,台湾分署不得不大量平售善后救济物资,但联合国善后救济总署驻台人员从赈济立场出发,对分署平售物资提出各种异议,双方产生争执。从台湾分署业务经费的紧张状况、解决途径以及由此衍生的问题,可以看出光复初期台湾善后救济业务开展的艰辛,也为全面评价台湾善后救济分署的工作,提供了重要的参考。The republic of china government established the Chinese Nation Relief and Rehabilitation Administration(CNRRA) and 15 Regional offices.The Chinese nation relief and rehabilitation administration Taiwan Regional office was established after recovery.From 1945 to 1947,Taiwan Regional office took measures to provide relief for refugees,health caring,housing and repatriating and so on.But be short of outlays,the Taiwan Regional office had to sold relief materials for financial balance.The UNRRA opposed selling relief materials from it's standpoint.The Taiwan Regional office and UNRRA disputed for this problem.From this problem,we can come to conclusion that the branch of CNRRA in Taiwan's work is very hard,and it is an important reference for us to evaluate the work of Chinese nation relief and rehabilitation administration Taiwan Regional office's work

Secondary production of gammaridae amphipods in macroalgae-based community in Yundang Lagoon

于2007年12月到2008年5月在厦门筼筜湖采集端足类样品,分析了筼筜湖大型海藻群落中端足类的种群结构并估算其种群产量。结果显示,生活在筼筜湖大型海藻群落的端足类生活史短暂,上野蜾蠃蜚(COrOPHIuM uEnOI)、日本大螯蜚(grAndIdIErEllA JAPOnICA)和强壮藻钩虾(AMPITHOE VAlIdA)的股群生产时限分别为30,120和90d。在各月采集的样品中,筼筜湖端足类具有雌体个体占优势,抱卵雌体和幼体数量比例高的种群结构特征。筼筜湖端足类种群生产力很高,每6个月上野蜾蠃蜚、强壮藻钩虾和日本大螯蜚的种群产量分别为101.91,29.17和9.49g/M2(干重),半年周转率分别为12.34,8.34和4.93。推测大型海藻群落中丰富的食物资源和端足类自身的生活史策略是筼筜湖端足类种群产量高的主要原因。此外,种群内个体的迁移也可能导致某些端足类(如强壮藻钩虾)种群生产力的高估。The population structures of Gammaridae amphipods in Yundang Lagoon were studied from Noverber 2007 to May 2008 when macroalgae existed in the lagoon,and their population productions were estimated by the size-frequency method.The results showed that,the amphipods(i.e.,Corophium uenoi,Grandidierella japonica and Ampithoe valida) dwelling in the Ulva lactuca canopy were characterized by short life cycle,female-biased quantity structure and high proportion of ovigerous individuals and juveniles,revealing high population production and semiannual turnover rate in Gammaridae amphipods,being up to(dw) 101.91 g dw/m2/6 month and 12.34/6 month for C.uenoi,9.49 g dw/m2/6 month and 4.93/6 month for G.Japonica and 29.17 g dw/m2/6 month and 8.34/6 month for A.valida,respectively.It was suggested that rich food resources from macroalgal canopies and the life cycle strategy of amphipods should be accounted for such high population production of Gammaridae amphipods in Yundang Lagoon.However,the migration of individuals may cause the overestimation of population production of some amphipods,e.g.A.valida.国家高技术研究发展计划项目(2007AA091704);厦门市科技计划项目(3502Z20102004

建筑色彩体系研究和建筑色卡

本文在研究国际上各种颜色定量表示方法的基础上，选定了一种适合建筑界使用的定量描述颜色的方法。 在广泛征求建筑设计人员意见、现场测量和现有建筑色彩标样的基础上，选取２５０多种颜色制成建筑色卡，作为建筑上颜色信息交换的实物标准样品，具有很大的实用价值。 将建筑色卡样片按一定规律排列，规定编号，供设计人员使用。 色卡制作中使用计算机配色软件选取颜色的最佳配方，保证了色卡的质量。样片的平均色差为１．

Morphological and Molecular Identification of a Marine Flagellate

采用微液滴操作法在厦门海域分离培养了一株海洋鞭毛虫C6,运用显微镜观察和18SrdnA基因技术鉴定其种类,并将其与gEnbAnk中已知的14种海洋鞭毛虫18SrdnA序列比较,用nJ法和uPgMA法构建系统发育树.通过PCr扩增获得1 774bP 18SrdnA序列,与nCbI已登陆的其他同源序列进行系统分析,结果显示此海洋鞭毛虫属于领鞭毛虫(CHOAnOflAgEllATES).与已知种MOnOSIgA brEVICOllIS的相似性为99%,为进一步研究该种鞭毛虫提供了遗传背景,但要明确其种类还需其他研究佐证.Using microscope and 18 SrDNA techniques,a strain of nanoflagellate(C6)separated in Xiamen Bay was identified and analyzed.One 1 774 bp fragment of 18 SrDNA was amplified from the strain C6.Homology analysis between the yielded sequence and the 18 SrDNA sequences accessed in the National Center for Biotechnology Information(NCBI)from other strains showed that C6 belonged to choanoflagellates,which shared 99% homologue with the known species of Monosiga brevicollis.Choanoflagellates play a very important role in biological evolution and marine ecology,however,molecular phylogenetic studies within choanoflagellates are still extremely limited.According to results of morphological and DNA sequence analysis,we consider that C6 should be Monosiga brevicollis,but more collaborations are still required for specific identification.This study provides basic genetic information for further study of physiological characteristics and ecological functions of the strain C6 in Xiamen Bay.国家自然科学基金(41376131); 国家重点基础研究发展计划(973计划)(2011CB409804

Synthesis and Electrochemical Characteristics of Li[Li_(0.167)Mn_(0.583)Ni_(0.25)]O_2 Cathode Material

应用低热固相法制备镍锰复合正极材料Li[Li0.167Mn0.583Ni0.25]O2.XRD、FESEM和恒电流充放电测试表明,该材料结晶良好,可标定为α-NaFeO2型结构(空间群R3-m),颗粒粒径约为60~100 nm,粒度均匀细小.在2.5~4.4 V之间以0.5 C(100 mA/g)做充放电循环时,可逆比容量在120 mAh/g以上,循环性能非常稳定.如将截止电压升高到4.6 V,则比容量大大提高,最高可达234 mAh/g.上述充放电测试都出现了比容量随循环次数上升的现象.主要原因可归结为材料中Mn(Ⅳ)向Mn(Ⅲ)的转变,但在不同的电压范围内导致该转变的起因并不相同.The cathode material of Li[Li0.167Mn0.583Ni0.25]O2 was synthesized by low-heat solid state reaction.The results of XRD and FESEM indicated that the powders of the material were well crystallized with the uniform diameters ranging from 60 nm to 100 nm and could be indexed as α-NaFeO2 structure(R3-m space).Galvanostatic charge-discharge tests showed that the electrode delivered the capacity of about 120 mAh/g with good cyclability when cycled in 2.5~4.4V at 0.5C.When the cut-off potential was set up to 4.6V,the cathode delivered much larger capacities with the maximum of 234 mAh/g.It was observed that the discharge capacity gradually increased with the increment of the cycle number.The transformation between Mn(Ⅳ) and Mn(Ⅲ) could be responsible for the increasing capacity.However,the causes for this transformation in different potenticals varied.作者联系地址：北京科技大学材料科学与工程学院北京市新能源材料与技术重点实验室,北京科技大学材料科学与工程学院北京市新能源材料与技术重点实验室,北京科技大学材料科学与工程学院北京市新能源材料与技术重点实验室,北京科技大学材料科学与工程学院北京市新能源材料与技术重点实验室,北京科技大学材料科学与工程学院北京市新能源材料与技术重点实验室,北京科技大学材料科学与工程学院北京市新能源材料与技术重点实验室 北京100083,中钢集团洛阳耐火材料研究院,河南洛阳471039,北京100083,北京100083,北京100083,北京100083,北京100083Author's Address: 1.Beijing Key Lab.of New Energy Materials and Technologies,School of Material Science and Engineering,University of Science and Technology Beijing,Beijing 100083,China;2.Sinosteel Luoyang Institute of Refractories Research,Luoyang 471039,Hennan,Chin

JUNO Sensitivity on Proton Decay p→νˉK+p\to \bar\nu K^+ Searches

The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) is a large liquid scintillator detector designed to explore many topics in fundamental physics. In this paper, the potential on searching for proton decay in $p\to \bar\nu K^+$ mode with JUNO is investigated.The kaon and its decay particles feature a clear three-fold coincidence signature that results in a high efficiency for identification. Moreover, the excellent energy resolution of JUNO permits to suppress the sizable background caused by other delayed signals. Based on these advantages, the detection efficiency for the proton decay via $p\to \bar\nu K^+$ is 36.9% with a background level of 0.2 events after 10 years of data taking. The estimated sensitivity based on 200 kton-years exposure is $9.6 \times 10^{33}$ years, competitive with the current best limits on the proton lifetime in this channel