内蒙古呼伦贝尔草原湖泊变化研究

内蒙古呼伦贝尔地区湖泊数量多,面积大,占内蒙古湖泊总面积的58%。近年来该地区湖泊趋于萎缩,但是已有研究主要关注大型湖泊,缺乏对该地区湖泊整体,尤其是小型湖泊

我国草地面积有多大?

草地是不可或缺的自然资源,但关于我国草地面积到底有多大存在很大争议.本文主要利用植被分布与降水之间的相关关系来探讨我国草地的分布和面积.归一化植被指数(NDVI)数据能够很好地反映植被的覆盖状况,与降水之间也存在良好的相关关系,因此可以通过建立已知草原地区的降水与NDVI的关系来反演草地的分布和面积.利用此方法及与遥感数据相匹配的过去30年(1982~2011年)的平均降水量数据,估算得到我国的草地总面积约为293×104 km2.将研究期间的降水数据每5年求其平均,估算得到我国草地面积的年际变化并不显著,变动于290×104~295×104 km2

中国草地资源的现状分析

中国草地面积广阔,自然资源丰富,准确评估草地资源既是合理开发和利用草地的基础,也对生态环境的保护具有重要意义.但是,关于中国草地面积、生产力和承载力等本底数据至今为止尚没有系统的梳理.本文收集、整理了过去几十年来我国草地资源研究的各类数据,并利用1982~2011年的遥感影像(NOAA/AVHRR-NDVI)和气候数据重新估算了我国天然草地生物量和生产力及其近30年的变化.由于草地的定义、数据来源和分析方法不同,现存资料对中国天然草地面积的估算差异很大,变动范围达2倍以上(1.67×10~6~4.31×10~6 km~2),这些资料也表明,我国目前的天然草地面积在2.80×10~6~3.93×10~6 km~2之间比较合适.草地生物量的估算值也存在显著差异,平均地上生物量在79~123 g m~(-2)之间,但本文对最近30年(1982~2011年)天然草地地上生物量的重新估算结果为178 g m~(-2),在此期间平均每年增加0.4 gm~(-2).我国天然草地平均净初级生产力的估算差异更大,为89~320 g Cm~(-2)a~(-1)(平均176 g Cm~(-2) a~(-1)),但许多研究都发现近年来有增加趋势.而基于过去30年平均气候估算,我国天然草地的潜在生产力可高达348 gCm~(-2) a~(-1).另一方面,我国人工草地面积比较小,约为2.09×10~7 hm~2,但生产力高,可达天然草地的2.7~12.1倍.由于我国对天然草地缺乏有效管理,加上人工草地的比例低,目前我国草地对放牧家畜的承载力比较低,很多地方的超载现象较为严重,平均超载率估计为20%.此外,降水的不足始终是影响我国草地生物多样性、生物量和生产力的重要因素,进一步探讨气候变化和过度放牧等人为活动对我国草地资源的数量和质量的影响是十分必要的

东南亚和南亚野生稻种质资源收集与初步研究

目前水稻遗传资源利用已经不能满足水稻现代育种的需求,对其近缘野生种种质资源的开发利用就显得尤为重要。虽然中国具有全世界最多的水稻种质资源储存量,但是近缘野生种(野生稻)种质资源较少,且材料来源分布不均衡,国外野生稻种资源仅占中国水稻近缘野生种种质资源保存量的10%。与中国相比,东南亚和南亚国家野生稻分布区物种丰富,气候条件与我国差异明显,这些地区的野生稻种质资源具有较高的潜在利用价值。本文总结了2009-2019年间对东南亚和南亚10个国家的普通野生稻和尼瓦拉野生稻野外考察结果,共收集2个物种66个群体,1504份个体数;分析了东南亚和南亚野生稻与中国野生稻的生态型差异及其生境特点;提出了未来在东南亚和南亚开展普通野生稻和尼瓦拉野生稻资源收集的重点区域

Aripiprazole versus other atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia

BACKGROUND: In most western industrialised countries, second generation (atypical) antipsychotics are recommended as first line drug treatments for people with schizophrenia. In this review we specifically examine how the efficacy and tolerability of one such agent - aripiprazole - differs from that of other comparable second generation antipsychotics. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effects of aripiprazole compared with other atypical antipsychotics for people with schizophrenia and schizophrenia-like psychoses. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Schizophrenia Group Trials Register (November 2011), inspected references of all identified studies for further trials, and contacted relevant pharmaceutical companies, drug approval agencies and authors of trials for additional information. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included all randomised clinical trials (RCTs) comparing aripiprazole (oral) with oral and parenteral forms of amisulpride, clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, sertindole, ziprasidone or zotepine for people with schizophrenia or schizophrenia-like psychoses. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We extracted data independently. For dichotomous data we calculated risk ratios (RR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) on an intention-to-treat basis based on a random-effects model. Where possible, we calculated illustrative comparative risks for primary outcomes. For continuous data, we calculated mean differences (MD), again based on a random-effects model. We assessed risk of bias for each included study. MAIN RESULTS: We included 12 trials involving 6389 patients. Aripiprazole was compared to olanzapine, risperidone and ziprasidone. All trials were sponsored by an interested drug manufacturer. The overall number of participants leaving studies early was 30% to 40%, limiting validity (no differences between groups).When compared with olanzapine no differences were apparent for global state (no clinically important change: n = 703, 1 RCT, RR short-term 1.00 95% CI 0.81 to 1.22; n = 317, 1 RCT, RR medium-term 1.08 95% CI 0.95 to 1.22) but mental state tended to favour olanzapine (n = 1360, 3 RCTs, MD total Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) 4.68 95% CI 2.21 to 7.16). There was no significant difference in extrapyramidal symptoms (n = 529, 2 RCTs, RR 0.99 95% CI 0.62 to 1.59) but fewer in the aripiprazole group had increased cholesterol levels (n = 223, 1 RCT, RR 0.32 95% CI 0.19 to 0.54) or weight gain of 7% or more of total body weight (n = 1095, 3 RCTs, RR 0.39 95% CI 0.28 to 0.54).When compared with risperidone, aripiprazole showed no advantage in terms of global state (n = 384, 2 RCTs, RR no important improvement 1.14 95% CI 0.81 to 1.60) or mental state (n = 372, 2 RCTs, MD total PANSS 1.50 95% CI -2.96 to 5.96).One study compared aripiprazole with ziprasidone (n = 247) and both the groups reported similar change in the global state (n = 247, 1 RCT, MD average change in Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGI-S) score -0.03 95% CI -0.28 to 0.22) and mental state (n = 247, 1 RCT, MD change PANSS -3.00 95% CI -7.29 to 1.29).When compared with any one of several new generation antipsychotic drugs the aripiprazole group showed improvement in global state in energy (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.69 95% CI 0.56 to 0.84), mood (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.77 95% CI 0.65 to 0.92), negative symptoms (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.82 95% CI 0.68 to 0.99), somnolence (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.80 95% CI 0.69 to 0.93) and weight gain (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.84 95% CI 0.76 to 0.94). Significantly more people given aripiprazole reported symptoms of nausea (n = 2881, 3 RCTs, RR 3.13 95% CI 2.12 to 4.61) but weight gain (7% or more of total body weight) was less common in people allocated aripiprazole (n = 330, 1 RCT, RR 0.35 95% CI 0.19 to 0.64). Aripiprazole may have value in aggression but data are limited. This will be the focus of another review. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Information on all comparisons are of limited quality, are incomplete and problematic to apply clinically. Aripiprazole is an antipsychotic drug with a variant but not absent adverse effect profile. Long-term data are sparse and there is considerable scope for another update of this review as new data emerges from the many Chinese studies as well as from ongoing larger, independent pragmatic trials