诱导结晶制备富反式消旋二氯菊酸的方法

本发明涉及结晶方法制备反式异构体，具体地说是一种诱导结晶制备富反式消旋二氯菊酸的方法，其以外消旋二氯菊酸为原料，溶解于有机溶剂中，使之形成过饱和溶液，加入诱导晶种少许，于室温下进行缓慢、自然晶析。本发明具有如下优点：采用本发明分离外消旋的二氯菊酸四种异构体，使反式异构体的含量明显增加，可达95％左右，明显地提高了反式二氯菊酸纯度；本发明简单易行，比之化学合成方法容易简便，也经济，工业上容易实施。带填

聚合型手性催化剂在环氧化合物动力学拆分中的用法

一种聚合型手性催化剂在环氧化合物动力学拆分中的用法，所包含的环氧化合物的动力学拆分反应如下：消旋的环氧化合物0.4-1.5当量亲核试剂，0.0001～10mol％的手性聚合物催化剂，在-50℃到50℃下反应，当反应完成以后，可以通过蒸馏或萃取、过滤等方式得到手性的环氧化合物和醇，并回收聚合物催化剂。本发明所提供的聚合物催化剂通过简单易得的单体缩合而成，既保持了原有单体催化剂的活性和选择性，又结合了聚合物的优点，使得通过简单的过滤即可分离、回收并重复使用。带填

气相色谱／质谱分析烟草中的主要生物碱

用毛细管气相色谱法测定烟草中烟碱、降烟碱、麦斯明、二烯烟碱、新烟碱、去氨新烟碱、2，3＇-联二吡啶、可替宁8种主要生物碱的方法。烟草样品经二氯甲彬甲醇（V／V，3：1）萃取，过一次性滤膜，进样，经DB-5MS毛细管柱分离，由气相色谱-氢火焰离子化检测器（FID）检测定量，质谱定性。该方法操作简单，重现性好，回收率较高。8种生物碱相对标准偏差为2．59％-7．07％；回收率为89．4％-98．7％

气相色谱／质谱分析烟草中的主要生物碱

用毛细管气相色谱法测定烟草中烟碱、降烟碱、麦斯明、二烯烟碱、新烟碱、去氨新烟碱、2，3＇-联二吡啶、可替宁8种主要生物碱的方法。烟草样品经二氯甲彬甲醇（V／V，3：1）萃取，过一次性滤膜，进样，经DB-5MS毛细管柱分离，由气相色谱-氢火焰离子化检测器（FID）检测定量，质谱定性。该方法操作简单，重现性好，回收率较高。8种生物碱相对标准偏差为2．59％-7．07％；回收率为89．4％-98．7％

溶剂萃取-气相色谱／质谱法分析烟草中的主要甾醇

烟草中的甾醇类物质主要有胆甾醇、菜油甾醇、豆甾醇和β-谷甾醇等，这些甾醇的结构中都含有羟基（结构式见图1），热解时其母体的多环结构可形成稠环芳烃，因此烟草中的甾醇是一种潜在的影响人体健康的物质，故对甾醇种类和含量进行分析对卷烟的配方研究具有参考价值

Aripiprazole versus other atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia

BACKGROUND: In most western industrialised countries, second generation (atypical) antipsychotics are recommended as first line drug treatments for people with schizophrenia. In this review we specifically examine how the efficacy and tolerability of one such agent - aripiprazole - differs from that of other comparable second generation antipsychotics. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effects of aripiprazole compared with other atypical antipsychotics for people with schizophrenia and schizophrenia-like psychoses. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Schizophrenia Group Trials Register (November 2011), inspected references of all identified studies for further trials, and contacted relevant pharmaceutical companies, drug approval agencies and authors of trials for additional information. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included all randomised clinical trials (RCTs) comparing aripiprazole (oral) with oral and parenteral forms of amisulpride, clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, sertindole, ziprasidone or zotepine for people with schizophrenia or schizophrenia-like psychoses. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We extracted data independently. For dichotomous data we calculated risk ratios (RR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) on an intention-to-treat basis based on a random-effects model. Where possible, we calculated illustrative comparative risks for primary outcomes. For continuous data, we calculated mean differences (MD), again based on a random-effects model. We assessed risk of bias for each included study. MAIN RESULTS: We included 12 trials involving 6389 patients. Aripiprazole was compared to olanzapine, risperidone and ziprasidone. All trials were sponsored by an interested drug manufacturer. The overall number of participants leaving studies early was 30% to 40%, limiting validity (no differences between groups).When compared with olanzapine no differences were apparent for global state (no clinically important change: n = 703, 1 RCT, RR short-term 1.00 95% CI 0.81 to 1.22; n = 317, 1 RCT, RR medium-term 1.08 95% CI 0.95 to 1.22) but mental state tended to favour olanzapine (n = 1360, 3 RCTs, MD total Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) 4.68 95% CI 2.21 to 7.16). There was no significant difference in extrapyramidal symptoms (n = 529, 2 RCTs, RR 0.99 95% CI 0.62 to 1.59) but fewer in the aripiprazole group had increased cholesterol levels (n = 223, 1 RCT, RR 0.32 95% CI 0.19 to 0.54) or weight gain of 7% or more of total body weight (n = 1095, 3 RCTs, RR 0.39 95% CI 0.28 to 0.54).When compared with risperidone, aripiprazole showed no advantage in terms of global state (n = 384, 2 RCTs, RR no important improvement 1.14 95% CI 0.81 to 1.60) or mental state (n = 372, 2 RCTs, MD total PANSS 1.50 95% CI -2.96 to 5.96).One study compared aripiprazole with ziprasidone (n = 247) and both the groups reported similar change in the global state (n = 247, 1 RCT, MD average change in Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGI-S) score -0.03 95% CI -0.28 to 0.22) and mental state (n = 247, 1 RCT, MD change PANSS -3.00 95% CI -7.29 to 1.29).When compared with any one of several new generation antipsychotic drugs the aripiprazole group showed improvement in global state in energy (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.69 95% CI 0.56 to 0.84), mood (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.77 95% CI 0.65 to 0.92), negative symptoms (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.82 95% CI 0.68 to 0.99), somnolence (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.80 95% CI 0.69 to 0.93) and weight gain (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.84 95% CI 0.76 to 0.94). Significantly more people given aripiprazole reported symptoms of nausea (n = 2881, 3 RCTs, RR 3.13 95% CI 2.12 to 4.61) but weight gain (7% or more of total body weight) was less common in people allocated aripiprazole (n = 330, 1 RCT, RR 0.35 95% CI 0.19 to 0.64). Aripiprazole may have value in aggression but data are limited. This will be the focus of another review. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Information on all comparisons are of limited quality, are incomplete and problematic to apply clinically. Aripiprazole is an antipsychotic drug with a variant but not absent adverse effect profile. Long-term data are sparse and there is considerable scope for another update of this review as new data emerges from the many Chinese studies as well as from ongoing larger, independent pragmatic trials