現代中国語と日本語における反使役化と脱使役化

Tohoku University中本武

Complexity trade-off in agglutinative languages

会議名: 言語資源ワークショップ2023, 開催地: オンライン, 会期: 2023年8月28日-29日, 主催: 国立国語研究所 言語資源開発センター形態と統語との関係において, 格標識が豊かであればあるほど語順の自由度が上がる (complexity trade-off) (Sapir 1921, Jakobson 1936, MacFadden 2003, Sinnemäki 2014, Yan and Li 2021, 李, 劉と熊 2022)。本研究は数理言語学の手法を用いて, 70か国の言語を横断的に、格標識の豊かさ, 語順の自由度, そして両者の相関関係を分析する。形態的豊富さを測定するにPython自然言語処理ツールキットであるStanzaとspaCy-Thaiを使用し、moving-average morphological richnessとmoving-average mean size of paradigm両指標を使った。各国語順の自由度の測定に、Pythonの言語処理ツール「GiNZA」を使い、Cosine similarityとword order entropy両指標を使用した。次の2点にたどりついた。第1に, 膠着型、孤立型、抱入型と屈折型の言語データに基づいた形態的豊富さと語順の自由度の度合いが正の相関関係にある。第2に, 決定木分析に導かれた70か国の言語の区画にI類、II類とIII類とに分かれ, オーストロネシア語族、アルタイ語族、日本語、韓国語、東部ウラル諸語とインド・ヨーロッパ語族、ニジェール・コンゴ語族（ナイジェリアのイボ語; ベナンのフォン語）とアフロ・アジア語族（アラビア語）に三分的偏在する。application/pdf浙江大学Zhejiang UniversityThis study utilized 25 treebanks of 16 agglutinative languages spanning nine language families to investigate the correlation between morphological richness and word order flexibility. Morphological richness was measured at moving average morphological richness and moving average size of paradigms. Ordering flexibility was measured via cosine similarity and entropy. Statistical analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between morphological richness and word order flexibility, supporting the complexity trade-off hypothesis. Among the nine language families, it was found that Austronesian, Afro-Asiatic, and Dravidian languages exhibited lower diversity in both morphology and word order compared to Altaic, Indo-Aryan, and Uralic languages. Turkish, Uighur, Basque, and Northern Sami demonstrated the most balanced proportions of S, V, and O combinations. Within the same language family, a separation of morphology and word order was observed: the Finnic branch of the Uralic family displayed greater flexibility than the Finno-Ugric branch, and the Mongolic branch of the Altaic family exhibited stricter ordering compared to the Turkic branch. Further, by investigating the impact of language distance between L1 and L3 on language acquisition, the study concluded that languages characterized by increased word order flexibility in target languages are correlated with elevated levels of morphological richness in their native languages.conference pape

儿童理解数量词“几个”、“很多”的发展特点

本工作采用了一种研究儿童理解不精确量词的经验方法,初步探讨了四岁至十岁儿童理解数量词&ldquo;几个&rdquo;、&ldquo;很多&rdquo;的发展特点。结果提示:儿童对两个数量词的理解与实验给出的论域(数量范围)关系密切;数量词&ldquo;几个&rdquo;比&ldquo;很多&rdquo;较早被年幼儿童所理解。其发展特点:四岁至十岁儿童在[0,10],[0,20]范围上,均能较好理解&ldquo;几个&rdquo;;六岁以上儿童只能在[0,10]的范围上理解&ldquo;很多&rdquo;的词义;四岁儿童则表现出把&ldquo;很多&rdquo;与&ldquo;全部&rdquo;混同。</p

洪泽湖大型底栖动物群落结构及其与环境因子的关系

洪泽湖是我国第四大淡水湖,然而关于洪泽湖大型底栖动物的报道较少。为了研究洪泽湖大型底栖动物群落结构特征及其影响因子,在洪泽湖设置20个采样点,进行了为期1周年的季度调查(2010年5月-2011年2月)。共采集到大型底栖动物14种,寡毛类、摇蚊科幼虫和软体动物分别有5种(占总物种数的35.7%)、3种(21.4%)和6种(42.9%)。河蚬为第一优势种(优势度Y=0.18),其次分别为苏氏尾鳃蚓(0.09)、羽摇蚊(0.07)、霍甫水丝蚓(0.06)和铜锈环棱螺(0.06)。群落的平均密度和平均生物量分别为(45.45±7.38)个/m2和(52.43±12.04)g/m2,其中软体动物平均密度和平均生物量最高[(24.80±6.20)个/m2和(49.55±11.94)g/m2],摇蚊类次之[(13.76±2.87)个/m2和(2.28±0.71)g/m2],寡毛类最低[(6.96±2.41)个/m2和(0.60±0.18)g/m2]。全湖Shannon-Wiener、Margalef和Pielou指数分别为2.69、1.10和0.71,各指数季节差异不明显。冗余分析(RDA)结果共解释物种数据累计方差的35.0%;MonteCarlo检验表明,洪泽湖水体中硝酸盐氮、总氮和化学耗氧量是影响底栖动物群落分布最关键的环境因子(F=2.181～3.277,P<0.05)

理解模糊概念的动态特征

本文探讨了不同场合下人脑理解模糊概念(量词、修饰词)的动态特点,并且考察了不同赋值区间(论域)、比较级的基数、上下关联(Context)等变量对理解给定的模糊概念的影响,特别考察了上述问题上的年龄差异。</p

Progress on Fucoxanthin and Fucoxanthin-chlorophyll Protein （ FCP） Complexes

岩藻黄素又称岩藻黄质,是广泛存在于海洋藻类中的一种光合色素,为类胡萝卜素的含氧衍生物。岩藻黄素-叶绿素蛋白复合体(FCP)是由岩藻黄素和叶绿素共同组成的高效捕光蛋白复合物。主要综述了岩藻黄素的理化性质、生物活性、和提取方法以及FCP的功能、结构和提取方法

Defect Detection of Solar Cells Based on Electroluminescence Imaging

为了检测太阳能电池存在的缺陷,给太阳能电池施加一定的正向偏压,利用CCd相机在暗室中探测电池的发光。探测分别在3种状态下进行:无滤光探测、过滤800 nM以下波长后探测和过滤800 nM以上波长后探测。研究发现:只有在过滤800 nM以下波长的镜片下探测效果最好,表明电池主要发红外光,其波长范围为850~1 200 nM。控制光探测器的探测时间,发现不同探测时间下电池的发光强度不同,探测时间相同但偏压不同则光强也不同。该方法可以检测出正向偏压下电池存在的各种缺陷类型。在反向电压下,薄膜电池会出现小光点,这表示缺陷区域和密度,研究证明薄膜电池也能发红外光且薄膜中存在区域缺陷。对低功率的电池片进行光探测发现,电池存在严重缺陷。上述结果表明,红外光探测可以直观、快速、方便地检测太阳能电池存在的缺陷。In order to detect the hidden defects of the solar cells,the eletroluminescence image was obtained by applying a certain forward bias voltage to solar cell in the darkroom using the light sensor CCD camera.The experiments were carried out at three states: without optical filter,filtering the wavelength less than 800 nm,and filtering the wavelength greater than 800 nm.It is found that the detection effect is the best only under the lens of filtration of less than 800 nm wavelength.It proves that the cell mainly emits infrared light of 850 ～ 1 200 nm.By controlling the detecting time,it is found that the light intensity is varied with the detection time,and also varied with the forward bias voltage in the same detection time.This method can detect all kinds of hidden defect type of the solar cells.Under the reverse voltage,thin film cell appears small spots which show defect area and density,and the studies prove that thin film cell also can send infrared light and the defects exist in the cell.In detecting low power cell,it is found that there are serious defects in the cell.The results show that infrared detection has rapid and convenient intuitive features for solar cells defect detection.福建省教育厅科研项目(985)资助项

Determination of Pseudostellarin B in Pseudostellaria heterophylla by HPCE and Study on Its Fingerprints Analysis

建立了测定太子参中环肽Pseudostellarin B含量的高效毛细管电泳(HPCE)分析方法,对10种不同产地太子参中环肽Pseudostellarin B的含量进行了测定。HPCE工作条件:采用未涂层熔融石英毛细管(内径75μm,有效长度50cm),分离电压为15kV,柱温20℃,二极管阵列检测器(DAD)检测波长为203nm,缓冲液为20mmol/L硼砂(pH=9.3)溶液。在选定的工作条件下,环肽Pseudostellarin B浓度与其响应信号值之间具有较好的线性相关性(Y=0.6357X+2.546,R=0.9985),加标回收率在93.8%~105.6%之间。在此基础上进行了太子参HPCE指纹图谱研究,采用中药指纹图谱相似度计算软件对不同太子参样品的HPCE指纹图谱进行相似度计算,以系统生成的对照指纹图谱为对照模板,10份样品中有8份的相似度在0.90以上,说明该方法可用于太子参质量控制。A modern HPCE analysis method was developed for determinating cyclic peptide Pseudostellarin B in Pseudostellaria heterophylla(Miq.) Pax.Separation and determination were carried out by HPCE under the following conditions: bared fused silica capillary (50 cm×75 μm i.d.),20 mmol/L borate (pH=9.3)as buffer,the run voltage is +15 kV,detection length of UV at 203 nm,and column temperature of 20 ℃.The results indicated that the developed method was simple,accurate and reliable for the determination of Pseudostellarin B with a good linearity(Y=0.6357X+2.546,R=0.9985),and the recovery ranges of 93.8%～105.6%.Based on this method,the HPCE fingerprints of Pseudostellaria heterophylla (Miq.) Pax were established.The fingerprints were compared by the software of the similarity evaluation system for chromatographic fingerprint.The fingerprint congruence coefficients of 8 electropherograms in 10 were above 0.90.The method of HPCE fingerprint is reliable and accurate.国家自然科学基金项目(20235020);; 国家科技部攻关项目(2003BA759C

七种捕食性鱼类对中华绒螯蟹幼蟹捕食风险的评估

分别以鲤、鳜、斑点叉尾、黄颡鱼、瓦氏黄颡鱼、大口鲇和乌鳢作为捕食者,以中华绒螯蟹幼蟹作为猎物,在室内水泥池(2.4 m3)进行捕食试验。以日捕获率和日摄食率为指标,评估这些鱼类对幼蟹的捕食作用和危害程度,为提高湖泊幼蟹放流效果、建立蟹—鱼复合的优质高效养殖模式提供科学依据。在幼蟹完全暴露的条件下,经过多次(至少9次)重复的试验(短期1d和长期7d),鳜对不同大小的硬壳和软壳(刚蜕壳的)幼蟹没有任何捕食作用;黄颡鱼对硬壳和软壳幼蟹也没有捕食作用,但还需做进一步观察;虽然鲤、瓦氏黄颡鱼对硬壳蟹的捕获率低,但对软壳的幼蟹有较大的危害性,对幼蟹的日摄食率分别为0.070%、0.012%;大口鲇、斑点叉尾、乌鳢对幼蟹具有较强的捕食能力,对幼蟹的日摄食率分别为0.122%、0.188%和0.284%。根据这些研究结果,可以建议:(1)在池塘和湖泊河蟹养殖中,完全可以将鳜作为套养或混养对象,以期提高养殖效益;(2)在河蟹放养的湖泊,需要抑制乌鳢和大口鲇种群,适当减少鲤和瓦氏黄颡鱼丰度,以期减少这些鱼类的捕食作用,提高幼蟹存活率;(3)在河蟹养殖池塘,不能放养乌鳢、大口鲇、斑点叉尾、瓦氏黄颡鱼和鲤