海洋史学与“一带一路”——访杨国桢教授

中国海洋史学兴起于20世纪90年代。厦门大学杨国桢教授研究中国海洋史多年，近期出版的10卷本、300万字《中国海洋文明专题研究》，是他此前主编海洋史研究系列《海洋与中国丛书》和《海洋中国与世界丛书》的延伸，引起了学界和社会的广泛关注，为中国海洋史学研究的深化与发展奠定了坚实的基础。他所提倡的摆脱陆地史观范式，以海洋为本位研究方法，在“一带一路”和“海洋强国”的国家战略背景下更具学理价值和现实意义

清代前期出海帆船规制的变化与适用

清代前期对于出海帆船尺寸的限制,可从规制的变化与适用两个方面加以考察。在平定台湾之前,清廷并未全面禁止船只下海,在某些时段或特定区域,办理了相关手续的合式船只允许出海,此期朝廷主要以桅杆数量来控制船只的大小。台湾底定后,清廷放开海禁,但对沿海船只,在桅杆禁限之外又新增了载重标准,国内沿岸贸易、捕鱼船以\"五百石\"为限,出国贸易洋船不受此约束。此后,桅杆限制流于具文,梁头取代载重量成为官方控制船只大小的主要手段,\"一丈八尺\"的规定主要适用于国内贸易商船,洋船受其影响较小;至嘉庆后期,国内商船也摆脱了该制的束缚。海防与民生是清前期出海帆船规制变化的双重制约因素,致使清廷在出海帆船规制与适用上呈现出内海、外洋有别,以及严宽不定的状态。国家社科基金重大招标项目“清代海疆政策与开发研究”(13&ZD093

福船生存现状与保护思路——以宁德漳湾刘氏造船家族为中心的考察

福船是中国历史上重要的船型之一,福建先民创造的优秀海洋文明,是以福船的优越性作为先决条件。随着社会的发展,完整意义上的福船已消失殆尽,福船衍化出的各种木船也面临严峻的生存危机,政府与民间力量都积极投身到福船的保护,但是现有的保护工作还存在诸多问题。我们通过对漳湾刘氏造船家族的整体性分析,认为福船保护要走一条整体与活态的思路。基金项目：厦门大学研究生田野基金项目“清代以来福建商渔船研究”（2015GF006）阶段性成

电子束辐照下两种不同构型非晶SiO_x纳米线的不稳定性比较

室温下利用高分辨透射电子显微镜对比观察了两端固定和一端固定、另一端自由的非晶SiO_x纳米线在电子束辐照下的结构不稳定性。实验发现,在相同辐照条件下,两端固定的非晶SiO_x纳米线径向持续均匀收缩;一端固定、另一端自由的非晶SiO_x纳米线轴向长度持续快速收缩,而径向无明显变化。利用我们最近提出的非晶SiO_x纳米线表面纳米曲率效应和电子束诱导非热激活效应基础上发展的原子'融蒸'和'扩散'机制,对上述电子束辐照下非晶SiO_x纳米线结构不稳定现象进行了全新、合理的解释

Neurotoxic Effects of Co-exposure to Lead and Dechlorane Plus on Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Embryos

以斑马鱼(Danio rerio)为研究对象,探讨铅(Pb); 、得克隆(DP)及二者联合急性暴露对斑马鱼胚胎的神经毒性作用。结果表明,Pb(5、20 mug·L~(-1))和DP(15、60; mug·L~(-1))单独暴露均会引起斑马鱼自主运动频率增加,触摸反应能力和自由游泳活力下降,并且抑制初级运动神经元的生长,加剧尾部细胞凋亡。但; 与20 mug·L~(-1) Pb单独暴露相比,高剂量联合暴露(20 mug·L~(-1) Pb + 60 mug·L~(-1); DP)使斑马鱼的自主运动频率显著降低(P < 0.05),触摸反应能力和自由游泳活力显著增强(P <; 0.05),初级运动神经元轴突长度显著增加(P < 0.05),尾部细胞凋亡减少。与5 mug·L~(-1); Pb单独暴露相比,低剂量联合暴露(5 mug·L~(-1) Pb + 15 mug·L~(-1) DP)也显著减少斑马鱼尾部的细胞凋亡(P <; 0.05); 。上述结果表明,Pb或DP单独暴露对斑马鱼均可引起神经毒性作用;但二者联合暴露对斑马鱼自主运动、触摸反应以及自由游泳活力的影响则表现为拮抗作用。Neurotoxic effects of acute exposure to lead (Pb) or Dechlorane Plus; (DP),or both were investigated using zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos.; Results showed that exposure to Pb (5,20 mug·L~(-1)) or DP (15,60 mug·; L-1) alone increased spontaneous movement,decreased touch response and; free-swimming activity,inhibited axonal growth of primary motoneuron and; induced cell apoptosis in zebrafish embryos. Co-exposure to 20; mug·L~(-1) Pb and 60 mug·L~(-1) DP significantly decreased spontaneous; movement (P < 0.05),enhanced touch response and free-swimming activity; (P < 0.05),increased axonal length of primary motoneuron (P < 0.05) and; reduced cell apoptosis in zebrafish when compared to 20 mug·L~(-1) Pb; exposure alone. Co-exposure to 5 mug·L~(-1) Pb and 15 mug·L~(-1) DP also; significantly decreased cell apoptosis on the tail region when compared; to 5 mug·L~(-1) Pb exposure alone (P < 0.05). These results demonstrated; that Pb or DP exposure alone could induce neurobehavioral toxicity in; zebrafish, but Pb and DP co-exposure had antagonistic effects on; spontaneous movements,touch response and free swimming activity.国家自然科学基金项目; 高等学校博士学科点专项科研基

Controllable surface modification of nanowires by focused-electron-beam-induced deposition of carbon

作为一种典型的准一维纳米材料,纳米线具有纳米材料所特有的小尺寸效应或纳米曲率效应,经表面修饰的纳米线一般具有不同于普通纳米线的特殊性质.利用实验室发展成熟的透射电子显微镜原位辐照技术,以透射电子显微镜中残留的有机气体分子为前驱体,成功地在纳米线表面可控沉积了非晶碳纳米颗粒和碳纳米棒,以及局域凸起的非晶碳膜并形成局域肿大的同轴结构.实验结果表明,该方法能够方便地通过控制聚焦电子束的束斑尺寸、辐照方式、辐照时间以及辐照位置等参数,在纳米线表面精确可控地沉积各种非晶碳纳米结构,从而实现纳米线的表面可控修饰.对聚焦电子束辐照下基于纳米线的各种碳纳米结构的可能沉积机理作了进一步地探索,并针对透射电子显微镜中如何减少因电子束辐照诱导非晶碳沉积造成的样品污染提出了几点建议.Surface-modified nanowires generally own some additional properties,and thus in this paper,the authors particularly studied the surface modification of nanowires via irradiation of focused electron beam in a Tecnai F-30 field emission transmission electron microscope (TEM).It was observed that controllable deposition of all kinds of amorphous carbon nanostructures,such as carbon particles,carbon rods and carbon films with local bulging,could be got on the surface of nanowires after intentional irradiation.In details,the controllable deposition of carbon nanostructures could be easily and precisely controlled by changing of some irradiation parameters such as beam spot diameter,irradiation manner,irradiation time and irradiation position.The possible deposition mechanisms of carbon nanostructures on the wire surface as induced by irradiation of focused electron beam in TEM were further discussed.In addition,some suggestions were also proposed on reducing of specimen pollution caused by undesired deposition of amorphous carbon materials during the irradiation.国家科技计划国际科技合作与交流专项(编号:2008DFA51230);国家重点基础研究发展计划(编号:2007CB936603);国家自然科学基金(批准号:90401022;60776007);中澳科技合作特别基金(编号:20050222);教育部科技研究重点项目(编号:105099)资

Self-assembly of patterned copper films by small incident angle deposition

利用新发展的小入射角沉积(SIAd)技术在玻璃衬底上自组装制备了图案化金属铜膜.利用金相显微镜(MM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)/选区电子衍射(SAEd)/能量弥散X射线光谱仪(EdX)以及X射线衍射仪(Xrd)等技术对所制备的图案化金属铜膜进行了表征.通过分析对比SIAd和垂直入射沉积(nId)铜沉积物的形貌和结构差异,揭示了图案化金属铜膜的形成机理.In this paper, the small incident angle deposition (SIAD) technique to fabricate patterned copper films is developed.The fabricated patterned copper films are characterized by metallurgical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction.Analysis of morphological and structural differences between copper deposits formed by SIAD and normal incidence deposition reveals the formation mechanisms of the patterned copper films.常州大学自然科学基金(ZMF02020042); 国家科技计划国际科技合作与交流专项(2008DFA51230)资

Effects of salinity on the growth and proline,soluble sugar and protein contents of Spartina alterniflora

研究了互花米草在不同培养盐度下,株高、茎粗、叶长、叶宽、叶面积、鲜重等生长指标以及脯氨酸、可溶性糖和蛋白质含量的变化情况。结果表明,随着盐度增加,米草株高呈下降趋势,在高盐度(5 0‰)下,米草叶面积、叶长等指标与对照组相比明显下降,鲜重与低盐度组比较显著下降。米草叶片中可溶性糖、脯氨酸含量随盐度增加总体上呈上升趋势;可溶性蛋白质含量随盐度增加亦呈上升趋势,表明蛋白质合成增强。在盐胁迫下,渗透调节物质的积累作用是互花米草对盐胁迫的主要响应过程,可以作为其抗盐性的生理参数。 【英文摘要】 Under different salinity conditions,variations of height,stem diameter,leaf length and width,leaf area,fresh weight,proline,soluble sugar and protein contents of Spartina alterniflora seedlings were investigated.The results showed that the height tended to decrease with the increaseing salinity in the medium.In high salinity (50‰) treatment,the leaf area and length decreased significantly compared with control,and single plant fresh weight decreased more than those of low salinity treatments.The sugar ...国家自然科学基金项目 (3 0 2 710 65 ,3 9970 43 8,3 9870 63 0 );; 福建省自然科学基金资助项目 (D0 2 10 0 0 1

Fractal growth of deposited carbon on the unirradiated surface of SiO_x nanowires induced by focused electron beam

电子束诱导沉积技术已被证实可以实现各种材料的分形生长,但是目前尚未发现聚焦电子束辐照下低维纳米结构表面未受辐照位置的分形生长现象,造成了聚焦电子束诱导分形生长机理研究的空白与片面性.以透射电子显微镜中残留的有机气体分子为前驱体,室温下利用高能聚焦电子束辐照,研究了一维非晶SIOX纳米线表面未受辐照位置碳沉积的分形生长.利用高分辨透射电子显微镜对SIOX纳米线表面非晶碳的沉积过程进行原位观察,发现了SIOX纳米线表面未受辐照位置非晶碳的不均匀沉积及分形生长,并捕捉到了碳沉积分形生长过程的细节.同时对聚焦电子束诱导SIOX纳米线表面未受辐照位置非晶碳的不均匀沉积及分形生长机理进行了深入的探索.It has been proven that electron beam induced deposition technique can lead to fractal growth of some materials,while there is no report on the fractal growth on the unirradiated surface of low dimensional nanostructures as induced by focused electron beam irradiation.In this paper,the fractal growth on the unirradiated surface of amorphous SiOx nanowire was designedly investigated via focused electron beam irradiation at room temperature,and the deposition details of amorphous carbon on the surface of SiOx nanowire was in-situ observed by a high resolution transmission electron microscope.It was found that a series of intriguing phenomena such as nonuniform deposition and fractal growth of amorphous carbon occured on the unirradiated surface of SiOx nanowire.More importantly,details of the fractal growth process of deposited carbon were also in-situ observed.Furthermore,the nonuniform deposition and fractal growth mechanisms of amorphous carbon occurred on the unirradiated surface of SiOx nanowire under focused electron beam irradiation were proposed and discussed.国家科技计划国际科技合作与交流专项(2008DFA51230);国家重点基础研究发展计划(2007CB936603);国家自然科学基金(90401022;60776007);中澳科技合作特别基金(20050222);教育部科技研究重点项目(105099)资

负偏置沉积法可控制备CuO多孔纳米结构薄膜

由于具有低成本、无毒、铜源丰富等优点,以及在气敏传感器、太阳能电池、光催化等领域的潜在应用前景,CuO薄膜引起了人们的广泛关注.采用射频平衡磁控溅射镀膜系统,在薄膜沉积过程中通过施加不同衬底负偏压可控制备了CuO多孔纳米结构薄膜.研究发现,所得CuO薄膜具有灵活可调的孔隙度和纳米构筑单元形貌特征,并且它们与衬底负偏压的大小密切相关;薄膜沿衬底法线方向呈柱状生长且具有显著的（111）择优取向;禁带宽度在2.0.35 eV之间可调.很明显地,传统的溅射离子轰击、再溅射理论并不适合用来解释上述负偏压效应,因此在此基础上提出了一种负偏置沉积过程中材料原子或分子在薄膜表面选择性优先沉积机制.国家自然科学基金(51501018,11574255)；江苏省自然科学基金(BK20150267,BK20141169)；江西省教育厅科技项目(GJJ161197)；江西省自然科学基金(20132BAB212005)资助