A study of Russian unemployment problems, and the development and effects of employment security system (from 1991 to 2009)

蘇聯解體後，俄羅斯從計畫經濟走向市場導向經濟體，傳統上保障俄國公民完全就業的情況不在，經濟轉型造成大量失業人口。為防止失業帶來經濟社會的負面效應，政府通過俄羅斯聯邦居民就業法，並建立俄羅斯聯邦國家就業基金，逐步建立起就業安全制度。本文為深入了解俄國失業情況與就業安全制度，將探討俄國主要失業類型與因素，以及就業安全之發展與其對緩和失業的效用。其次，俄國一九九○年代的經濟轉型衰退與千禧年後穩定成長形成強烈對比，這直接影響失業、社會狀態、政府勞動市場政策、就業安全活動資金來源與執行效率。因此，內文對於此兩階段亦進行比較。研究發現，俄羅斯失業率與投資、消費有高度反向關係，也就是說轉型時期投資與消費皆明顯不足，連帶失業率上升。勞動市場政策則以維持與創造工作機會為目標，但實際上，國家就業基金作為就業安全活動的後盾，其資金較為缺乏，且多集中在失業給付，在創造與維持工作機會等就業積極政策方面並未能有良好成果。然2001年起撤銷國家就業基金，就業安全活動改由預算撥款後，資金來源較為穩定，至2008-2009年金融危機時期俄政府尚能投入額外預算以緩和失業。此外，千禧年後，投資與消費穩定增長，失業率下降，勞動市場政策除了延續就業促進的概念外，尚注重地區平衡發展、招募外國勞動力、培養專業幹部等多元議題。故整體而言，成功被勞動安置、參與職業訓練(職業教育)，以及接受失業救助的人數比例皆比轉型初期來得高，此表示俄羅斯經濟恢復成長後失業率下降外，就業安全活動成效也逐漸提高。Since the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Russia had changed economic system from a planned economy to a market-oriented economy. Russia didn’t guarantee full-employment anymore like the period of Soviet Union. Economic transformation caused the massive unemployed population. In order to prevent unemployment to bring negative economic and social effects, Russian government made the Employment Act of the Russian Federation and built the National Employment Fund of Russian Federation. To understand deeply the Russian unemployment and employment security, this article will explore the types, the main factors of unemployment, development and effects of employment security. Second, it forms the striking contrast between economic decline in the 1990’s and stable growth after 2000. It directly impacts on unemployment, social status, labor market policies, source of funding and execution efficiency. Therefore, this report has two stages for this comparison. The research found that the Russian unemployment rate and the investment, the consumption have the negative relations. That is, investment and consumption during the transformation period were obviously insufficient, which resulted in high unemployment rate. The labor market policy’s goals were to maintain and create job opportunities, but in fact the National Employment Fund which supported employment security activities was the lack of funds, and most of the funds focused on unemployment benefits, therefore activities in creating and maintaining jobs couldn’t get good results. However, the National Employment Fund in 2001 was withdrawn, employment security activities were financed from the budget. The source of fund has become quite stable. In the recent financial crisis, the Russian government even could put into the extra budget to alleviate the unemployment pressure. In addition, after 2000, the unemployment rate has dropped because of steady growth in investment and consumption. Not only did the government continue to the concept of employment promotion, but it paid attention to balanced regional development, the recruitment of foreign labor and training of professional managers. In conclusion, after the economic recovery in Russia, the unemployment problems have gradually improved

Cloning and Tissue Expression of LECT2 Gene from Epinephelus akaara

基于lECT2的EST序列设计特异引物,采用rACE技术,成功克隆获得赤点石斑鱼lECT2 CdnA全序列,全长601 bP,包括了79 bP的3′uTr区、468 bP的开放阅读框(Orf)以及54 bP的5′uTr区,共编码155个氨基酸.通过与21个物种的氨基酸序列进行同源比对发现,所推导氨基酸序列与大黄鱼的相似性最高,为78%,与其他物种的相似性在40%--73%之间,表明lECT2氨基酸序列具有较高的保守性.基于lECT2基因的氨基酸序列构建的脊椎动物系统进化树与传统物种树基本吻合.同时,通过rT-PCr方法得出,lECT2在健康赤点石斑鱼多种组织中均有表达,肝组织表达量最高,感染哈维氏弧菌(VIbrIO bArVEyI)后lECT2在脾、头肾、鳃等免疫器官中有较高表达量,而在肝脏中表达量上调最为显著,其结果证实了lECT2与赤点石斑鱼免疫应答相关,肝脏可能是赤点石斑鱼lCET2蛋白最主要的表达场所.Based on the sequences from EST library,the full length cDNA of LECT2 was successfully obtained from Epinephelus akaara by RACE technique.The full-length of LECT2 is 601 bp,including 54 bp of 5′UTR,79 bp of 3′UTR,and a 468 bp open reading frame encoding a protein of 155 amino acids.The comparison of LECT2 amino acid sequence in E.akaara with its homologous sequences in other 21 species showed that it shared the highest identity(78%) with LECT2 amino acid sequence in Pseudosciaena crocea,and with the other 20 species,the identity percentages ranged from 40% to 73%.This result indicated that LECT2 is conserved among species.In this study,it was also found that the phylogenetic tree based on LECT2 amino acid sequences is congruent with their evolutionary relationships.Semi-quantitative RT-PCR analyses showed that LECT2 could be detected in various tissues,and the highest expression was found in the liver of E.akaara.Expression of LECT2 in the liver of V.harveyi-challenged fish dramatically increased comparing to that of the healthy fish.Besides the liver,expression in kidney,spleen and gill was slightly higher than those of other examed issues in the V.harveyi-challenged fish.These results revealed that LECT2 might be involved in the process of immunity reactions,and the liver might be the most significant location of LECT2 gene expression.福建省高等学校新世纪优秀人才支持计

JUNO Sensitivity on Proton Decay p→νˉK+p\to \bar\nu K^+ Searches

The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) is a large liquid scintillator detector designed to explore many topics in fundamental physics. In this paper, the potential on searching for proton decay in $p\to \bar\nu K^+$ mode with JUNO is investigated.The kaon and its decay particles feature a clear three-fold coincidence signature that results in a high efficiency for identification. Moreover, the excellent energy resolution of JUNO permits to suppress the sizable background caused by other delayed signals. Based on these advantages, the detection efficiency for the proton decay via $p\to \bar\nu K^+$ is 36.9% with a background level of 0.2 events after 10 years of data taking. The estimated sensitivity based on 200 kton-years exposure is $9.6 \times 10^{33}$ years, competitive with the current best limits on the proton lifetime in this channel

JUNO sensitivity on proton decay p → ν K + searches*

The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) is a large liquid scintillator detector designed to explore many topics in fundamental physics. In this study, the potential of searching for proton decay in the $p\to \bar{\nu} K^+$ mode with JUNO is investigated. The kaon and its decay particles feature a clear three-fold coincidence signature that results in a high efficiency for identification. Moreover, the excellent energy resolution of JUNO permits suppression of the sizable background caused by other delayed signals. Based on these advantages, the detection efficiency for the proton decay via $p\to \bar{\nu} K^+$ is 36.9% ± 4.9% with a background level of $0.2\pm 0.05({\rm syst})\pm$$0.2({\rm stat})$ events after 10 years of data collection. The estimated sensitivity based on 200 kton-years of exposure is $9.6 \times 10^{33}$ years, which is competitive with the current best limits on the proton lifetime in this channel and complements the use of different detection technologies