新疆克拉玛依油田石炭、二叠系火山岩裂缝性油藏水平井地质、油藏工程

1、成果内容简介：该成果是针对火山岩裂缝性油藏的复杂性和水平井开发的特殊性而研究的水平井开发地质、油藏工程研究技术，经过近5年的攻关，形成了以下各项技术：(1)火山岩裂缝性油藏裂缝分布预测技术；(2)火山岩裂缝性油藏裂缝描述技术；(3)火山岩裂缝性油藏水平井开发设计技术；(4)裂缝性油藏水平井开发数值模拟技术；(5)裂缝性油藏水平井试井分析技术。在上述技术中，火山岩油藏裂缝分布预测技术，在建立的11项裂缝检测方法的基础上，应用有限元应力模拟技术，通过构造形迹模拟工区古庞力场的分布，根据构造古应力场的性质预测裂缝分布及产状。该种预测方法具有经济实用、预测精度较高的特点。其方法应用于火山岩裂缝分布的预测在国内尚属首次。火山岩裂缝性油藏水平井开发设计技术，通过油藏地质条件及水平井轨迹对水平井产能影响的敏感性分析，总结出了水平井布井设计的基本原则和基本模式；根据油藏特点，通过不同开发方式，不同水平井井网开发效果的优化对比，建立了经济开发布井方式的评价方法。通过试验水平井开发方案试验，评价了水平井开发试验效果。裂缝性油藏水平井开发数值模拟技术，首次在国内自行研制了一套裂缝性油藏水平井开采数值模拟软件(FIFHWS)。该软件能够适用于双重介质和单一介质中的油、气、水三相或油、水两相渗流问题的模拟，具有复杂油藏条件的处理能力，尤其是对近井地带的网格处理采用了90年代国际流行的混合网格加密技术，可有效地模拟水平井近井地带流动特征和渗流规律。该软件无论在软件设计方面，还是在软件的模拟能力方面均达到了国际先进水平。裂缝性油藏水平井试井技术，根据油藏特点，建立了考虑井筒存储和表皮效应的各项异性油藏以及双重介质油藏水平井渗流数学模型；针对水平井渗流模型解的复杂性，采用多种解法相互对比，从理论上系统研究了水平井的渗流特征，计算、绘制了试井理论样板曲线，建立了一套完善的水平井试井理论和分析方法。根据水平井试井理论研制的试井解释软件，可对单一介质油藏、双重介质油藏的试井资料进行常规试井和现代试井解释，可作为商业化软件推广使用，其成果水平达到国内领先水平。2.技术经济指标：初步建立了一套满足火山岩裂缝性油藏水平井开发所需的地质、油藏工程研究方法。试验水平井的单井产量达到邻近同层直井产量的2-9倍

塔克拉玛干沙漠和田河西侧胡杨沙堆的形态特征及空间分布格局[J]

胡杨沙堆是风沙流遇到胡杨干扰,沙物质堆积而形成的一种风积地貌类型。在风沙地貌领域,对胡杨沙堆的研究几乎空白。和田河西侧、麻扎塔格山以南的塔克拉玛干沙漠中分布有大量胡杨沙堆。基于野外RTK测量数据,利用GIS和统计手段,对胡杨沙堆进行信息提取与统计,定量分析了和田河西侧10个样方内胡杨沙堆的形态参数及沙堆空间分布格局。结果表明:1)沙堆形态不规则,形态参数空间差异显著,南北向形态参数均值变化较东西向稳定;2)样方内沙堆形态参数间有良好的相关性,大部分沙堆处于发育阶段;3)沙堆分布较稀疏,自西向东沙堆分布密度逐渐增大,从南到北为减小—增大—减小的变化趋势,总体上南部密度大于北部,东部密度大于西部;..

干旱区滴灌棉田灌水量与灌溉周期关系/Relationships Among Drip Irrigation Amount, Irrigation Interval and Deep Percolation：A Case Study on Manas River Oasis, Xinjiang[J]

由于其节水增产的优势,近年来,膜下滴灌在我国西北干旱区绿洲农田得到了迅速推广。由于轮灌仍是目前农田用水分配的主要方式,并且还需要考虑滴灌产生的土壤盐分积累问题,因此,对滴灌灌水量（Q）、灌水周期（T）以及相应的深层下渗（L）关系研究,不仅是农田用水分配的要求,也是盐分控制的需要。本文利用田间试验数据校验HYDRUS-2D模型,进行数值模拟试验,并结合马尔可夫链模型分析,分析不确定蒸散下的Q-T-L关系,结果显示：①总体上,随着灌水量的增加,可支持的灌溉周期增加,同时深层下渗增加,Q-T-L关系曲线表现为非线性关系;②其中存在3个关键Q-T阈值点：深层下渗出现点（Q为35mm,T为5d）、灌溉周期增加减缓点（Q为65mm,T为10d）、最大灌溉周期点（T为11d,Q为120mm）。因此,①在以水分利用为优先的模式下,最大灌水量不应超出35mm,最大灌溉周期为5d;②在灌溉间隔时间优先的模式下,有最大灌水周期11d,所需灌水量为120mm,适宜的灌水周期为10d,所需灌水量为65mm;③在有盐分淋洗需求模式下,适宜的灌水周期为10d,所需灌水量为65mm,产生下渗量约占灌水量17%,可用于根区盐分淋洗;④潜水位对灌溉产生作用的阈值深度是-300cm,高于时潜水可以补给根区土壤水分,从而增加灌溉周期。利用本文数值模拟与方法,可以为不同气候与土壤情形区域农田滴灌灌溉设计提供指导

Aripiprazole versus other atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia

BACKGROUND: In most western industrialised countries, second generation (atypical) antipsychotics are recommended as first line drug treatments for people with schizophrenia. In this review we specifically examine how the efficacy and tolerability of one such agent - aripiprazole - differs from that of other comparable second generation antipsychotics. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effects of aripiprazole compared with other atypical antipsychotics for people with schizophrenia and schizophrenia-like psychoses. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Schizophrenia Group Trials Register (November 2011), inspected references of all identified studies for further trials, and contacted relevant pharmaceutical companies, drug approval agencies and authors of trials for additional information. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included all randomised clinical trials (RCTs) comparing aripiprazole (oral) with oral and parenteral forms of amisulpride, clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, sertindole, ziprasidone or zotepine for people with schizophrenia or schizophrenia-like psychoses. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We extracted data independently. For dichotomous data we calculated risk ratios (RR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) on an intention-to-treat basis based on a random-effects model. Where possible, we calculated illustrative comparative risks for primary outcomes. For continuous data, we calculated mean differences (MD), again based on a random-effects model. We assessed risk of bias for each included study. MAIN RESULTS: We included 12 trials involving 6389 patients. Aripiprazole was compared to olanzapine, risperidone and ziprasidone. All trials were sponsored by an interested drug manufacturer. The overall number of participants leaving studies early was 30% to 40%, limiting validity (no differences between groups).When compared with olanzapine no differences were apparent for global state (no clinically important change: n = 703, 1 RCT, RR short-term 1.00 95% CI 0.81 to 1.22; n = 317, 1 RCT, RR medium-term 1.08 95% CI 0.95 to 1.22) but mental state tended to favour olanzapine (n = 1360, 3 RCTs, MD total Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) 4.68 95% CI 2.21 to 7.16). There was no significant difference in extrapyramidal symptoms (n = 529, 2 RCTs, RR 0.99 95% CI 0.62 to 1.59) but fewer in the aripiprazole group had increased cholesterol levels (n = 223, 1 RCT, RR 0.32 95% CI 0.19 to 0.54) or weight gain of 7% or more of total body weight (n = 1095, 3 RCTs, RR 0.39 95% CI 0.28 to 0.54).When compared with risperidone, aripiprazole showed no advantage in terms of global state (n = 384, 2 RCTs, RR no important improvement 1.14 95% CI 0.81 to 1.60) or mental state (n = 372, 2 RCTs, MD total PANSS 1.50 95% CI -2.96 to 5.96).One study compared aripiprazole with ziprasidone (n = 247) and both the groups reported similar change in the global state (n = 247, 1 RCT, MD average change in Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGI-S) score -0.03 95% CI -0.28 to 0.22) and mental state (n = 247, 1 RCT, MD change PANSS -3.00 95% CI -7.29 to 1.29).When compared with any one of several new generation antipsychotic drugs the aripiprazole group showed improvement in global state in energy (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.69 95% CI 0.56 to 0.84), mood (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.77 95% CI 0.65 to 0.92), negative symptoms (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.82 95% CI 0.68 to 0.99), somnolence (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.80 95% CI 0.69 to 0.93) and weight gain (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.84 95% CI 0.76 to 0.94). Significantly more people given aripiprazole reported symptoms of nausea (n = 2881, 3 RCTs, RR 3.13 95% CI 2.12 to 4.61) but weight gain (7% or more of total body weight) was less common in people allocated aripiprazole (n = 330, 1 RCT, RR 0.35 95% CI 0.19 to 0.64). Aripiprazole may have value in aggression but data are limited. This will be the focus of another review. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Information on all comparisons are of limited quality, are incomplete and problematic to apply clinically. Aripiprazole is an antipsychotic drug with a variant but not absent adverse effect profile. Long-term data are sparse and there is considerable scope for another update of this review as new data emerges from the many Chinese studies as well as from ongoing larger, independent pragmatic trials