高校社科类课程的自主学习实践

自主学习是适应高校学生和社科类课程的特征,以激发学生的学习积极性和提高其综合素质为目的而采取的以学生探索讲述为主、教师根据学生需要加以引导为辅的立体式教学模式。这种新模式包括引学导探、探索自学、构建讲述、归纳总结和教学评价五个阶段,在这五个阶段中,教师发挥着引导者、组织者和监督者的作用

Effects of Medium on Sporification of Fusarium oxysporum Schl.

选择8种培养基,采用液体培养法,研究培养基质对尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum Schl.)281菌株小孢子产生量的影响,结果表明,在PDA培养基上培养144h得到最大小孢子产量1.283×109cfu/ml,与其它培养基产孢量差异显著(P=0.05)。培养至192h时,ATCC培养基的小孢子数量达到1.325×109cfu/ml,与PDA培养基之间无显著差异(P=0.05),与其它6种培养基之间差异显著(P=0.05)。综合比较8种培养基,PDA培养基培养时间短,配制简单,是较为理想的产小孢子培养基。The results of eight mediums effect on sporification of Fusarium oxysporum 281 showed that the number of sporification is 1.283×109cfu/ml in PDA medium after 144h,Significant difference were observed between PDA medium and others(P=0.05).The number of sporification is 1.325×109cfu/ml in ATCC medium after 192h,there are no significant difference between ATCC and PDA medium(P=0.05).PDA medium is suitable for sporification.福建省自然科学基金“内生生防菌短芽孢杆菌GFP标记及其对黄瓜枯萎病生防机理的研究”(2006J0068);; 福建省发改委重点项目“生物农药高毒力菌株筛选利用与菌种基因资源库的建立”(闽发改投资[2006]781号

污泥与杨木屑共热解焦制活性炭及其废水处理应用

以污泥-杨木屑共热解焦为原料,经KOH化学活化法制备了活性炭。对所得的活性炭进行了表征,结果表明:制得的活性炭以微孔为主,BET比表面积可达551.0 m~2/g,总孔容达0.294 cm~3/g。以苯酚作为含酚废水模型化合物的吸附应用研究表明,当苯酚溶液初始质量浓度为50 mg/L时,活性炭的添加量以1.75 g/L为宜,此时苯酚去除率可达80.6%;实验还发现pH值5的弱酸性对于该活性炭吸附苯酚效果最佳。对实验数据进行关联表明该活性炭吸附苯酚的过程符合准二级动力学模型;且其等温吸附曲线可用Langmuir模型关联。热力学研究表明ΔH~?、ΔS~?均小于零,且ΔG~?介于-0.383～-0.109 J/mol之间,说明此活性炭对苯酚的吸附是自发的、放热的、熵减过程,且以物理吸附为主。福建省经信委2016年省级企业技术创新专项资金(闽经信计财[2016]411号

Modeling the total allowable area for coastal reclamation: a case study of Xiamen, China

填海造地在解决海岸带地区发展空间短缺问题的同时,严重损害了人类赖以生存和发展的海洋与海岸带生态系统。如何控制大规模填海造地是我国面临的重大课题。构建了估算海湾最大可允许填海造地面积的分析框架和模型。填海造地的各种收益和成本,包括环境和生态成本被系统性地量化并嵌入到框架和模型之中。模型的估算结果可以为实施控制填海造地的约束机制提供科技支撑。利用建立的框架和模型对厦门西海域模拟的结果显示:当贴现率为4.5%时,厦门西海域最大可允许填海面积是89.44 HM2,其面积至少应该保持在44.52 kM2;即便是使用8%的高贴现率,最大可允许填海面积也只占规划填海面积的35.83%;如果采用更加重视环境与生态效益的低贴现率2%,则厦门西海域最大可允许填海面积是0。While creating useful space for agriculture,industry,and urban development,coastal reclamation damages considerably the marine ecosystems which human-kind depends on.How to control the large-scale coastal reclamation is a great challenge in China.This paper presents an analytical framework and model to estimate the Total Allowable Area for Coastal Reclamation( TAACR) to provide scientific support for the implementation of a coastal reclamation restriction mechanism.Various benefits and costs,including the ecological and environmental costs of coastal reclamation,are systematically quantified in the framework.Model simulations are developed using data from West Sea of Xiamen.The results show that the TAACR in West Sea is 89.44 hm2at a discount rate of 4.5%.Area of West Sea must be maintained at a minimum of 44.52 km2so that the social well-being can be maximized.Under low discount rate,2%,the TAACR is zero.Even with high discount rate,8%,the optimal reclamation area is 157.97 hm2,about 35.83% of the total planned area.国家海洋公益资助项目(201105006); 国家社会科学基金资助项目(12BJ064); 福建省自然科学基金资助项目(No.2010J01360

Fingerprint analysis on methyl fatty acid and its applications in microbial study

脂肪酸甲酯谱图分析方法(Fatty Acid Methyl Ester,FAME)是鉴于脂肪酸可作为生物标记物而发展起来的分析技术。本文介绍了FAME谱图分析方法及其在微生物学领域的应用,包括在微生物检测、鉴定和微生物多样性研究中的应用。Fatty acid is an important biomarker.Its application in biology research has become increasingly popular.The method of FAME fingerprint analysis is based on fatty acid's utilization as a biomarker.This paper describes the FAME fingerprint analysis and its applications for microbial studies,including identification of unknown microbes and assessment of microbial diversity.国家863计划项目(2006AA10A211);; 福建省发展和改革委员会重点项目[闽农产(2006)10号];; 福建省青年科技人才创新项目(2003.J046

中国物理海洋学研究70年：发展历程、学术成就概览

本文概略评述新中国成立70年来物理海洋学各分支研究领域的发展历程和若干学术成就。中国物理海洋学研究起步于海浪、潮汐、近海环流与水团,以及以风暴潮为主的海洋气象灾害的研究。随着国力的增强,研究领域不断拓展,涌现了大量具有广泛影响力的研究成果,其中包括:提出了被国际广泛采用的"普遍风浪谱"和"涌浪谱",发展了第三代海浪数值模式;提出了"准调和分析方法"和"潮汐潮流永久预报"等潮汐潮流的分析和预报方法;发现并命名了"棉兰老潜流",揭示了东海黑潮的多核结构及其多尺度变异机理等,系统描述了太平洋西边界流系;提出了印度尼西亚贯穿流的南海分支(或称南海贯穿流);不断完善了中国近海陆架环流系统,在南海环流、黑潮及其分支、台湾暖流、闽浙沿岸流、黄海冷水团环流、黄海暖流、渤海环流,以及陆架波方面均取得了深刻的认识;从大气桥和海洋桥两个方面对太平洋–印度洋–大西洋洋际相互作用进行了系统的总结;发展了浅海水团的研究方法,基本摸清了中国近海水团的分布和消长特征与机制,在大洋和极地水团分布及运动研究方面也做出了重要贡献;阐明了南海中尺度涡的宏观特征和生成机制,揭示了中尺度涡的三维结构,定量评估了其全球物质与能量输运能力;基本摸清了中国近海海洋锋的空间分布和季节变化特征,提出了地形、正压不稳定和斜压不稳定等锋面动力学机制;构建了"南海内波潜标观测网",实现了对内波生成–演变–消亡全过程机理的系统认识;发展了湍流的剪切不稳定理论,提出了海流"边缘不稳定"的概念,开发了海洋湍流模式,提出了湍流混合参数化的新方法等;在海洋内部混合机制和能量来源方面取得了新的认识,并阐述了混合对海洋深层环流、营养物质输运等过程的影响;研发了全球浪–潮–流耦合模式,推出一系列海洋与气候模式;发展了可同化主要海洋观测数据的海洋数据同化系统和用于ENSO预报的耦合同化系统;建立了达到国际水准的非地转(水槽/水池)和地转(旋转平台)物理模型实验平台;发展了ENSO预报的误差分析方法,建立了海洋和气候系统年代际变化的理论体系,揭示了中深层海洋对全球气候变化的响应;初步建成了中国近海海洋观测网;持续开展南北极调查研究;建立了台风、风暴潮、巨浪和海啸的业务化预报系统,为中国气象减灾提供保障;突破了国外的海洋技术封锁,研发了万米水深的深水水听器和海洋光学特性系列测量仪器;建立了溢油、危险化学品漂移扩散等预测模型,为伴随海洋资源开发所带来的风险事故的应急处理和预警预报提供科学支撑。文中引用的大量学术成果文献(每位第一作者优选不超过3篇)显示,经过70年的发展,中国物理海洋学研究培养了一支实力雄厚的科研队伍,这是最宝贵的成果。这支队伍必将成为中国物理海洋学研究攀登新高峰的主力军

First Sagittarius A* Event Horizon Telescope Results. VIII. Physical Interpretation of the Polarized Ring

In a companion paper, we present the first spatially resolved polarized image of Sagittarius A* on event horizon scales, captured using the Event Horizon Telescope, a global very long baseline interferometric array operating at a wavelength of 1.3 mm. Here we interpret this image using both simple analytic models and numerical general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic (GRMHD) simulations. The large spatially resolved linear polarization fraction (24%–28%, peaking at ∼40%) is the most stringent constraint on parameter space, disfavoring models that are too Faraday depolarized. Similar to our studies of M87*, polarimetric constraints reinforce a preference for GRMHD models with dynamically important magnetic fields. Although the spiral morphology of the polarization pattern is known to constrain the spin and inclination angle, the time-variable rotation measure (RM) of Sgr A* (equivalent to ≈46° ± 12° rotation at 228 GHz) limits its present utility as a constraint. If we attribute the RM to internal Faraday rotation, then the motion of accreting material is inferred to be counterclockwise, contrary to inferences based on historical polarized flares, and no model satisfies all polarimetric and total intensity constraints. On the other hand, if we attribute the mean RM to an external Faraday screen, then the motion of accreting material is inferred to be clockwise, and one model passes all applied total intensity and polarimetric constraints: a model with strong magnetic fields, a spin parameter of 0.94, and an inclination of 150°. We discuss how future 345 GHz and dynamical imaging will mitigate our present uncertainties and provide additional constraints on the black hole and its accretion flow

轻汽油醚化反应器内流动状况的数值模拟

为了解决某石化公司轻汽油醚化反应器的放大问题，本研究采用CFD方法对轻汽油醚化反应器内的流动状况进行模拟研究。通过模拟计算得到滴流床反应器内气液两相流动状况，为反应器的选型与设计提供依据。研究表明，该醚化反应器中的流动处于滴流床流型，气液两相均以连续相的形式存在

Experimental Study on Flow Characteristics Around a Triangular Prism

应用粒子成像测速(particle image; velocimetry,PIV)技术对尺度比H为45°的三棱柱在不同雷诺数Re下的尾流场进行定量测量,结合本征正交分解法研究尾流场相干结构,同时; 利用时间空间关联法确定了不同雷诺数下涡街流向运输速率的变化情况.研究发现前二阶模态流场结构代表流场中卡门涡街结构,第三阶模态流场结构可表征尾流场; 中自由剪切层形态,且该形态对雷诺数相对敏感.${R_e} =; 400$工况下,三棱柱绕流流场中自由剪切层形态出现不稳定现象,抑制了自由来流与尾流区内流体间的动量交换,使得尾流区内流体恢复系数减弱,尾流场中阻; 力系数${C_d}$突增.Particle image velocimetry was used to quantitatively measure the wake; field under different Reynolds numbers for triangular prisms with a; scale ratio of 45°,and the coherent structure of the wake field was; studied by using the proper orthogonal decomposition method.The; time-space cross correlation method is used to determine the influence; of the vortex streamwise transport rate on the Reynolds number. Analysis; of coherent structures of the flow field using proper orthogonal; decomposition method indicates that the last two order modes of flow; structure are on behalf of the Karmen vortex structure,the third order; mode structure could represent the free shear layer morphology which is; sensitive to the Reynolds number.The free shear layer exhibits unsteady; phenomenon with the condition of Reynolds number around 400,which; retards the exchange of fluid between the free flow and the wake region,; leading to a weakened fluid recovery coefficient and a sudden increase; in the drag coefficient

轻汽油醚化反应器内流动状况的数值模拟

为了解决某石化公司轻汽油醚化反应器的放大问题，本研究采用CFD方法对轻汽油醚化反应器内的流动状况进行模拟研究。通过模拟计算得到滴流床反应器内气液两相流动状况，为反应器的选型与设计提供依据。研究表明，该醚化反应器中的流动处于滴流床流型，气液两相均以连续相的形式存在