Effects of Fungi on Soil Organic Carbon and Soil Enzyme Activity under Agricultural and Pasture Land of Eastern Türkiye

Soil organic matter (SOM) is a heterogeneous mixture of materials ranging from fresh plant tissues to highly decomposed humus at different stages of decomposition. Soil organic carbon (SOC) status is directly related to the amount of organic matter in soil and therefore is generally used to measure it. Soil carbon sequestration refers to the removal of carbon (C) containing substances from the atmosphere and its storage in soil C pools. The soil microbial community (SMC) plays an important role in the C cycle, and its activity is considered to be the main driver of differences in C storage potential in soil. The composition of SMC is crucial for maintaining soil ecosystem services, as the structure and activity of SMC also regulate the turnover and distribution of nutrients, as well as the rate of soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition. Here, we applied fungi on the soils taken from two fields, one used as a pasture and one for agriculture (wheat cultivation), in a histosol in the eastern part of Türkiye and investigated the changes in the organic carbon and enzyme activity contents of the soils at the end of the 41-day incubation period. In the study, four different fungal species (Verticillium dahliae (SOR-8), Rhizoctonia solani (S-TR-6), Fusarium oxysporum (HMK2-6), and Trichoderma sp.) were used and catalase, urease, and alkaline phosphatase activities were examined. Results showed that the values of SOC were V. dahliae (7.46%), Trichoderma sp. (7.27%), R. solani (7.03%), Control (6.97%), and F. oxysporum (6.7%) in pastureland and were V. dahlia (4.72%), control (4.69%), F. oxysporum (4.65%), R. solani (4.37%), and Trichoderma sp. (4.14%) in agricultural land, respectively. SOC and soil enzyme activities were significantly affected by land use types (p < 0.05). The higher SOC and enzyme activities were observed in pastureland. Finally, it was determined that soil organic carbon and soil enzyme activities were affected by fungi. This study is important in terms of revealing that the effects of fungi on soil organic carbon and enzyme activities are different in various land types

Effects of Fungi on Soil Organic Carbon and Soil Enzyme Activity under Agricultural and Pasture Land of Eastern Türkiye

Soil organic matter (SOM) is a heterogeneous mixture of materials ranging from fresh plant tissues to highly decomposed humus at different stages of decomposition. Soil organic carbon (SOC) status is directly related to the amount of organic matter in soil and therefore is generally used to measure it. Soil carbon sequestration refers to the removal of carbon (C) containing substances from the atmosphere and its storage in soil C pools. The soil microbial community (SMC) plays an important role in the C cycle, and its activity is considered to be the main driver of differences in C storage potential in soil. The composition of SMC is crucial for maintaining soil ecosystem services, as the structure and activity of SMC also regulate the turnover and distribution of nutrients, as well as the rate of soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition. Here, we applied fungi on the soils taken from two fields, one used as a pasture and one for agriculture (wheat cultivation), in a histosol in the eastern part of Türkiye and investigated the changes in the organic carbon and enzyme activity contents of the soils at the end of the 41-day incubation period. In the study, four different fungal species (Verticillium dahliae (SOR-8), Rhizoctonia solani (S-TR-6), Fusarium oxysporum (HMK2-6), and Trichoderma sp.) were used and catalase, urease, and alkaline phosphatase activities were examined. Results showed that the values of SOC were V. dahliae (7.46%), Trichoderma sp. (7.27%), R. solani (7.03%), Control (6.97%), and F. oxysporum (6.7%) in pastureland and were V. dahlia (4.72%), control (4.69%), F. oxysporum (4.65%), R. solani (4.37%), and Trichoderma sp. (4.14%) in agricultural land, respectively. SOC and soil enzyme activities were significantly affected by land use types (p < 0.05). The higher SOC and enzyme activities were observed in pastureland. Finally, it was determined that soil organic carbon and soil enzyme activities were affected by fungi. This study is important in terms of revealing that the effects of fungi on soil organic carbon and enzyme activities are different in various land types

Determination of Coherent to Compton Scattering Differential Cross-Section Ratios of some Inorganic Materials with EDXRF

In this study, we aimed to determine coherent to Compton scattering differential cross section ratios of some inorganic materials (BaSO4, CaF2, Mg2SiO4, MgSO4, and ZnSO4(7H2O)) for several scattering angles (95°, 105°, 115°, 125°, and 135°). Coherent to Compton scattering differential cross section ratios were investigated experimentally by using an HPGe detector, which has a resolution of 199.6 eV at the 5.9 keV. The samples were excited with 59.54 keV gamma rays emitted from Am241 point source. The intensity ratios were corrected due to the photopeak efficiency of the gamma detector and absorption of photons in the target and air. It is observed that coherent to Compton scattering differential cross section ratios decrease with increasing scattering angle.The accepted manuscript in pdf format is listed with the files at the bottom of this page. The presentation of the authors' names and (or) special characters in the title of the manuscript may differ slightly between what is listed on this page and what is listed in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript; that in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript is what was submitted by the author

Stability of nanofluids: fundamentals, state-of-the-art, and potential applications: analysis, design, and application

STABILITY OF NANOFLUIDS: FUNDAMENTALS, STATE OF THE ART, AND POTENTIAL APPLICATIONSThe stability of advanced materials should be investigated in four main sub-classes: i. Thermodynamic stability, ii. Kinetic stability, iii. Chemical stability, and iv. Dispersion stability [15]. In this Chapter, only the dispersion and kinetic stability of nanofluids (related with nanoparticle aggregation) are elaborated

Gold-in-Water Nanofluids in Microchannels: Surfactant Effect

Heat transfer and pressure drop performance of gold-in-water nanofluids in microchannels are experimentallyinvestigated. Gold nanoparticles are suspended in de-ionized (DI) water. The nanofluid stability is maintained bypolyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) for over 4 years. Nanofluids are tested in rectangular, MEMS produced coppermicrochannels of 70 μm x 50 μm cross-sectional area in a very low Reynolds number range of 30 &lt; Re &lt; 50.The performances of DI-water, PVP added DI-water, and gold-in-water nanofluid with added PVP arecompared. The nanofluids always yielded a higher heat transfer coefficients than PVP-DI water solution. Foroccasional combinations of the particle size, volumetric concentration and flow rate, gold nanofluids yieldedhigher heat transfer coefficients compared to DI water as well. The effects of flow rate and particle size on thefigure of merit (FM) are presented. The study is rare in dealing with pure metals (gold), and is important inemphasizing the surfactant effects on stable duration of nanofluids, and their thermal performance

Variations in the course of internal carotid artery

Amaç: Arterya karotis interna (AKİ) tiroid kıkırdağın üst kenarı hizasında, arterya karotis communis’in uç dalı olarak başlar. Boyun diseksiyonu sırasında, bölgeye ait anatomik detayların iyi bilinmesi, cerrahlara, bu komplikasyonlardan kaçınmada, önemli ölçüde yardımcı olacaktır. Yapmış oldu- ğumuz çalışmada Türk toplumuna ait AKİ’nin seyir varyasyonlarını ve görülme sıklıklarını tespit etme amaçlandı. Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışma multidedektör komputerize tomografi anjiografi (MDCTA) görüntüleri üzerinde gerçekleştirildi. Çalışmaya yaşları 31 ile 86 arasında yer alan 94 hasta (32 kadın-62 erkek) (94 sağ-94 sol, toplam 188 olgu) dahil edildi. Bulgular: Çalışmamızda AKİ’nin servikal bölgede 4 farklı seyir tipi gösterdiği tespit edildi. Tartışma: Çalışmamızda ortaya koyduğumuz seyir varyasyonlarının cerrahlar ve radyologlara teşhis ve tedavi açısından faydalı olacağını düşünmekteyiz.Objective: Internal carotis artery (ICA), begins as three branches of arteria carotis communis, aligned with the upper edge of cartilago thyroidea. Knowing the anatomic details of this area well, will help the surgeons to a great extent in preventing complications during dissection of the neck region. This study was aimed to determine the variations in the course of ICA and its frequency of appearance in Turkish population. Material and Methods: This study was performed on multidedectör computerize tomografi anjiografi (MDCTA) image. In this study 94 patients aged between 31 and 86 (32 females-62 males), (94 right-94 left, total 188 cases) were included. Results: In our study, ICA cervical area was found to exhibit 4 different variation types. Conclusion: We believe that the variation types determined and exhibited in our study will be helpful for surgeons and radiologists in their diagnosis and treatments