One of the fundamental factors ın ottoman modernization: bureaucracy

Osmanlı modernleşmesinin nasıl gerçekleştiğinden ziyade kimler tarafından nasıl gerçekleştirildiği daha önemli bir konudur. Çünkü Osmanlı’da toplum ve buna bağlı olarak Batı normlarında şekillenmesi gereken devlet aygıtının modernleşmesi, kimlerin eliyle, hangi kriterler göze alınarak ve ne amaçla yapıldığı sorularının yanıt bulunabilmesi için incelenmesi gereken bir süreçtir. Bu bağlamda Osmanlı modernleşmesinin köklerine inmek ve daha sonra Osmanlı modernleşmesinin tüm yönleriyle ele alınabilmesi için devlet bürokrasisinin yapısı anlaşılmalıdır. Bu bağlamda değerlendirildiğinde günümüzde zaman zaman sosyal, ekonomik ve siyasal yönden başarılı olup, olmadığı tartışılan Osmanlı modernleşmesinin topyekûn bir “devleti kurtarma” projesi olduğu iddia edilmektedir. Bu şekilde ele alındığı zaman Osmanlı modernleşmesinin, toplumdan ziyade bürokrasinin bir meselesi olduğu gibi bir sonuçla karşılaşılmaktadır. Ancak bu zümre büyük oranda devleti kurtarma gibi bir misyonla hareket etseler de kendi zihin yapılarına göre yeni bir “Osmanlı toplumu oluşturabilme” adına da belli bir mücadeleyi çok yönlü bir şekilde vermişlerdir. Bu süreç halktan kopuk, halkın sorunlarını anlamayan, fakat devlet ile toplumu ısrarlı bir şekilde uygulanmaya çalışılan total modernleşme çabalarıyla şekillendirmeye çalışan ve günümüzde de tartışılan sorunlu bir reform anlayışını doğurmuştur. Bu anlayış, bir dönemden sonra “Batılılaşma” gibi bir sürece devlet ile toplumu taşımış, ancak bu noktadan sonra modernleşmenin ülke adına sürekli “sancılı” bir şekilde gelişmesine zemin hazırlamıştır. Bu anlamda toplum ile bürokrasinin istek ve talepleri büyük oranda örtüşmemiştir. Bu durum bazı dönemlerde Türkiye özelinde modernleşmenin bürokratik amaçlarla yüklü, ancak geniş halk kitlelerine kabul ettirilememiş bir proje olarak görülmesine neden olabilmiştir.The important question in the Ottoman modernization is not how it happened, but rather who made it happen in what way. It is important to study the process of modernization of the ottoman society, and the related modernization of the state apparatus by sculpting it to adhere to western norms, by examining by whom, following what criteria, and chasing what goals it was accomplished. In this context it is necessary to get to the roots of Ottoman modernization and subsequently get an understanding of the bureaucratic structure of the state to grasp the various components of Ottoman modernization. If viewed in this context, the Ottoman modernization, which in our time is more or less frequently debated for its rate of success, or the lack thereof, in terms of social, economical and political achievement, can be looked upon as a project of “saving the state“. Processed in this matter, Ottoman modernization can seem a matter of bureaucracy and not a matter of society. Even though this particular category of people proceeded with a mission of saving the state, they were in a multi facetted struggle to “create a new Ottoman society“ according to their own views. This process proceeded in a matter detached from the people, without any understanding of the people‘s troubles, as a forcibly carried out total modernization of the state and the society, and also led to a problematic understanding of reform in present time. In time, this understanding carried the state and the society to a process resembling “Westernization“, but subsequently repeatedly inflicted the country with “painful“ developments in the name of modernization. In this sense, the wishes and requirements of the society and the bureaucracy have largely failed to overlap. This situation has from time to time made Turkish modernization seem a project mainly consistent of bureaucratic objectives, without acceptance in the gross majority of the people

Investigation of Serum NO, ADMA and Apelin Levels in Thyroid Dysfunction

Thyroid gland diseases are among the most common endocrine diseases and still continue to be an important health problem especially in developing countries. It was aimed to investigate serum NO, ADMA and Apelin levels in patients with thyroid dysfunction. This study was conducted with 150 thyroid patients and 50 healthy subjects. Study subjects were divided into three groups; control (n=50), hyperthyroid ( n=75) and hypothyroid (n=75). Serum TSH, FT3, FT4   levels  were  measured  by  chemiluminescence  method  NO  level  were  measured  by spectrophotometric method, ADMA and apelin levels were measured by ELISA. Serum NO levels were higher in hypothyroid group than in hyperthyroid group, and the difference was statistically significant. Serum ADMA levels of the hyperthyroid group were significantly higher than the other two groups and the difference was statistically significant. The levels  of  serum  apelin  were  statistically significantly higher in the hyperthyroid group than the other two groups. In patients with hyperthyroidism, ADMA and Apelin levels were higher, while NO level was lower. However, NO level was higher in patients with hypothyroidims than the other two groups. Apelin, which has been emphasized  as  a  preventive  and  therapeutic  agent  particularly  for  the cardiovascular system, might have increased in hyperthyroid patients, regardless of NO, to protect cardiovascular system from possible adverse effects of ADMA. Keywords: Asymmetric dimethylarginine, apelin, nitric oxide, thyroid dysfunction DOI: 10.7176/JMPB/67-03 Publication date:August 31st 202

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy technique in a patient with situs inversus totalis

Situs inversus totalis is a rare congenital anomaly. It mayproduce difficulties in diagnosis and therapeutic managementof abdominal pathology, particularly in laparoscopicsurgery because of the mirror-image anatomy. Here wereport a case of situs inversus totalis and cholelithiasissuccessfully treated laparoscopically.Key words: Situs inversus totalis, cholelithiasis, laparoscopiccholecystectom

Elit taekwondo sporcularında aile-antrenör-kulüp desteği ve başarı motivasyonu arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi

<!-- /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin:0cm; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} @page Section1 {size:612.0pt 792.0pt; margin:70.85pt 70.85pt 70.85pt 70.85pt; mso-header-margin:35.4pt; mso-footer-margin:35.4pt; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> The purpose of the survey, achievement motivation of athletes supported by detection of the relationship between viewing and elite Taekwondo athletes support to detect the level of motivation and success in the years, in sports, sex, marital status, education level and income groups in terms of significant differences is not available to investigate. Research to date in April 2009 in Turkey (Kayseri) the 300 athletes participating in the Taekwondo Championships 138 athletes selected from the random method has participated as volunteers. Achievement motivation and support Araştırmada scale is used to detect scale. Moreover, survey research took place in the form of 6 individual questions. Research data in computer environment was evaluated, and personal information ort he frequency and percentage distribution table, success, motivation and support to detect the relationship between the direction of the determination to Pearson correlation analysis, athlete support to detect and achievement motivation level demographic findings of significant differences available to the middle to put the bilateral groups Mann-Whitney test, Kruskal Wallis test analysis of the two groups than are used. According to research results, success, motivation and support for athletes to detect a relationship between the 0.05 level was found in the positive way.Araştırmanın amacı, sporcularda başarı motivasyonu ile destek algılaması arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi ve elit taekwondo sporcularının destek algılaması ile başarı motivasyon düzeylerinde yaş, spor yılı, cinsiyet, medeni durum, eğitim düzeyi ve gelir grupları açısından anlamlı farklılıkların bulunup bulunmadığını araştırmaktır.Araştırmaya Nisan 2009 tarihlerinde Kayseri’de yapılan Türkiye taekwondo şampiyonasına katılan 300 sporcudan tesadüfi yöntemle seçilmiş 138 sporcu gönüllü olarak katılmıştır.Araştırmada başarı motivasyonu ölçeği ve destek algılaması ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Ayrıca araştırmanın anket formunda 6 adet kişisel soru yer almıştır.Araştırma verileri bilgisayar ortamında değerlendirilmiş olup, kişisel bilgiler için frekans ve yüzdelik dağılım tablosu, başarı motivasyonu ile destek algılaması arasındaki ilişkinin yönünü tayin etmek için pearson korelasyon analizi, sporcuların destek algılaması ve başarı motivasyon düzeylerinde demografik bulgular açısından anlamlı farklılıkların bulunup bulunmadığını ortaya koymak için ise, ikili gruplarda Mann-Whitney test, ikiden çok gruplarda Kruskal Wallis test analizleri kullanılmıştır.Araştırma sonuçlarına göre, sporcularda başarı motivasyonu ile destek algılaması arasında 0,05 düzeyinde pozitif yönlü bir ilişki bulunmuştur

Identification of virulence genes carried by bacteriophages obtained from clinically isolated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Bacteriophages play an important role in the pathogenicity of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) either by carrying accessory virulence factors or several superantigens. Despite their importance, there are not many studies showing the actual distribution of the virulence genes carried by the prophages obtained from the clinically isolated Staphylococcus. In this study, we investigated prophages obtained from methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains isolated from hospital- and community-associated (HA-CA) infections for the virulence factors. In the study, 43 phages isolated from 48 MRSA were investigated for carrying toxin genes including the sak, eta, lukF-PV, sea, selp, sek, seg, seq chp, and scn virulence genes using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Southern blot. Restriction fragment length polymorphism was used to analyze phage genomes to investigate the relationship between the phage profiles and the toxin genes’ presence. MRSA strains isolated from HA infections tended to have higher prophage presence than the MRSA strains obtained from the CA infections (97% and 67%, respectively). The study showed that all the phages with the exception of one phage contained one or more virulence genes in their genomes with different combinations. The most common toxin genes found were sea (83%) followed by sek (77%) and seq (64%). The study indicates that prophages encode a significant proportion of MRSA virulence factors

Pityriasis Rosea in a Pregnancy

A pregnant woman with Pitriasis rosea whose lesion onset is in first trimester is presented. No interventions were undertaken and her eruption remitted completely 6-7 weeks. We found no evidence of active infection for HHV-6 and HHV-7. A girl with a birth weight 2000 kg was born at 34 weeks and 6 days. She had to stay in the neonatal intensive care unit for 5 days. The baby is now 6 months of age and is healthy. In order to evaluate whether PR especially when it develops within the first weeks’ gestation, is associated with adverse pregnancy outcome, further investigations are required

Sustainability Reporting and Performances of the Companies in the Istanbul Stock Exchange Sustainability Index

In today's business world, in which it is difficult to survive, the economic life of products, services or knowledge is considerably reduced. Competitors produce similar products or extra-featured ones instantly. In this environment, the contribution of companies to the social and economic environment is a preferred criterion by consumers alongside products or services. Therefore, consumers need to obtain more detailed information about companies. Besides, this drastic change in the market encourages companies to become sustainable. Sustainable business means the company puts consumed products back. Corporate sustainability, corresponds to sustainability at the level of the company, and gives equal importance to company growth and profitability together with environmental and social issues. The BIST Sustainability Index started to be calculated by the Istanbul Stock Exchange (BIST) in 2014 to evaluate the sustainability performance of companies in Turkey. The main objective of this study is to present the importance of sustainability reports in Turkey. To this aim, the performances of 15 companies in the BIST Sustainability Index were compared the periods before and after entering the index. On the other hand, sustainability reporting practices should be encouraged to increase studies on this issue. In this context, to remain on the agenda of the issue is a further objective of this study. To achieve these objectives, the financial data of the companies in the period before and after entering to the BIST Sustainability Index were analyzed using t-test in Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) package. The results of the study showed that no significant difference between the performances of the companies in terms of the net profit margin, the return on assets and equity capital in these periods could be found. Therefore, it can be said that insufficient importance is given to sustainability issues in Turkey. The reasons for this situation might be considered as a lack of awareness due to the recent introduction and calculation of the index. It is expected that the awareness of firms and investors about sustainability will increase, and that they will demonstrate the necessary importance to this issue over time