Tarihten Tüketime Tuz: İzmir Katip Çelebi Üniversitesi Öğrencilerinin Tuz Tüketimine İlişkin Bilgi, Tutum ve Davranışlarının Değerlendirilmesi

Salt (table salt), one of the few preservation aids in ancient times, is still on our table not only for preservation but also as an indispensable flavor enhancer. From the past to the present, salt has had strategic importance, affecting nations’ culinary cultures and their general health conditions. The feeding habits of the people are very much related to their salt consumption habits, and vice versa. In this study, the knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours of Izmir Katip Celebi University students about salt and salt consumption were studied with a survey. 181 students participated in the study. The first 7 questions of the questionnaire included socio-demographic information, while the following 17 questions were about the students’ knowledge, attitude, and behaviours related to salt and iodized salt. The participants’ current information, attitudes, and salt consumption behaviors were interpreted. It was understood that information need to be provided about the use of iodized salt during food preparation; the iodine deficiency and about how to store, use and consume salt, properly. Also, amount of salt could be written on food packages in a more visible way.Antik çağların ender muhafaza yardımcılarından biri olan tuz (sofra tuzu), sadece muhafaza amacıyla değil, aynı zamanda vazgeçilmez bir lezzet arttırıcı olarak da sofralarımızda yer almaktadır. Tuz, geçmişten günümüze ulusların mutfak kültürlerini ve genel sağlık durumlarını etkileyerek stratejik bir öneme sahip olmuştur. İnsanların beslenme alışkanlıkları, tuz tüketim alışkanlıkları ile çok yakından ilgilidir ve bunun tersi de geçerlidir. Bu çalışmada İzmir Kâtip Çelebi Üniversitesi öğrencilerinin tuz ve tuz tüketimine ilişkin bilgi, tutum ve davranışları anket yöntemiyle incelenmiştir. Çalışmaya 181 öğrenci katılmıştır. Anketin ilk 7 sorusu sosyo-demografik bilgileri içerirken, sonraki 17 soru öğrencilerin tuz ve iyotlu tuz ile ilgili bilgi, tutum ve davranışları ile ilgilidir. Katılımcıların güncel bilgileri, tutumları ve tuz tüketim davranışları yorumlanmıştır. Gıdaların hazırlanması sırasında iyotlu tuz kullanımı; iyot eksikliği ve tuzun nasıl saklanması, kullanılması ve doğru tüketilmesi gerektiği hakkında bilgi verilmesi gerektiği anlaşılmıştır. Ayrıca, gıda paketlerinin üzerine tuz miktarı daha görünür bir şekilde yazılmalıdır

Mechanical, thermal and rheological characterization of polystyrene/organoclay nanocomposites containing aliphatic elastomer modifiers

In this study, organoclay containing polystyrene (PS) based nanocomposites were prepared by extrusion in the presence of aliphatic elastomer modifiers. Three different types of aliphatic elastomeric materials and three different types of organoclays were used. Their effects on the morphology, and mechanical, thermal, and rheological properties of PS were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and x-ray diffraction (XRD), tensile and impact tests, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and melt flow index measurements, respectively. Lotader AX8900, Lotader AX8840 and Lotader 2210 were chosen as the aliphatic elastomeric compatibilizers; and Cloisite 15 A, Cloisite 25 A and Cloisite 30B were chosen as the organoclays. The organoclay content was kept constant at 2 wt% and elastomer content was kept constant at 5 wt% throughout the study. Significant improvement is observed on the basal spacing for 30B containing samples according to XRD analysis. SEM studies indicate that the clay particles mostly reside between the PS matrix and the spherical elastomeric domains. Additions of elastomer and organoclay decrease the MFI value of PS. Mechanical test results show that, improvement is observed in elongation at break of unfilled PS with the addition of elastomers. Organoclay addition increases the tensile modulus of PS. According to thermal characterizations, the glass transition temperature (T-g) of PS decreases with elastomer addition, whereas organoclay addition shifts T-g values to higher temperatures

Near-Wake Flow Structure of a Suspended Cylindrical Canopy Patch

Urban stormwater is an important environmental problem, especially for metropolitans worldwide. The most important issue behind this problem is the need to find green infrastructure solutions, which provide water treatment and retention. Floating treatment wetlands, which are porous patches that continue down from the free-surface with a gap between the patch and bed, are innovative instruments for nutrient management in lakes, ponds, and slow-flowing waters. Suspended cylindrical vegetation patches in open channels affect the flow dramatically, which causes a deviation from the logarithmic law. This study considered the velocity measurements along the flow depth, at the axis of the patch, and at the near-wake region of the canopy, for different submerged ratios with different patch porosities. The results of this experimental study provide a comprehensive picture of the effects of different submergence ratios and different porosities on the flow field at the near-wake region of the suspended vegetation patch. The flow field was described with velocity and turbulence distributions along the axis of the patch, both upstream and downstream of the vegetation patch. Mainly, it was found that suspended porous canopy patches with a certain range of densities (SVF20 and SVF36 corresponded to a high density of patches in this study) have considerable impacts on the flow structure, and to a lesser extent, individual patch elements also have a crucial role

Trade between pollution-creating sectors and environment: a comparison of developed and developing countries

Sanayi Devrimi’nden bu yana; gelişmiş ülkelerin küresel çevre kirliliğindeki payının yüksek olduğu bilinmektedir. Bununla birlikte; çevre koruma unsurlarının önemi ortaya çıktıktan sonra, gelişmiş ülkeler dış ticaret ve yatırım yoluyla kirli endüstrilerini gelişmekte olan ülkelere taşıma eğilimine girmişlerdir. Dolayısıyla; günümüzde hızla sanayileşen gelişmekte olan ülkelerin kirlilikteki payı önemli ölçüde artmaktadır. Bu çalışmada Kirlilik Sığınağı Hipotezi ve Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi (ÇKE) birlikte incelenmiştir. İnceleme sonucunda ÇKE’ye göre; kişi başına gelir ile CO2 emisyonu arasındaki ilişki gelişmiş ülkelerde ters-U; gelişmekte olan ülkelerde ise U şeklinde çıkmıştır. Ayrıca gelişmekte olan ülkelerde, kirlilik yaratan sektörlerin ihracattaki payı arttıkça CO2 salımının arttığı da bulgular arasındadır.It has-been a very well known fact that developing countries have had a higher share in creating environmental pollution since the Industrial Revolution. Besides this fact, in the aftermath of emergence of environmental protection necessities, developed countries have tended to carry their pollution creating industries to the developing world by means of foreign trade and investment. As a result of this, rapidly industrializing developing counties have had a more substantial share in the creation of pollution. This work analyzes both the Pollution Haven Hypothesis and Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) thesis at the same time. The study indicates that according to the EKC, there exists an inverse U relationship between CO2 emissions and per capita income in the developed countries while the pattern of the relationship takes a U shape for the developing countries. In the meantime the study also finds out that as the sectors causing more pollution have an increasing share in exports in developing countries, the CO2 emissions do increase too

Flow Characteristics in the Wake Region of a Finite-Length Vegetation Patch in a Partly Vegetated Channel

Aquatic vegetation in rivers and coastal regions controls the flow structure in terms of mean velocity and turbulence. The vegetation in the flow affects the transportation of nutrients, microbes, dissolved oxygen, sediment, and contaminants; therefore, the flow characteristics of different types of vegetation layers should be examined in order to understand the effects of vegetation on the flow structure. In this paper, the effect of the submergence ratio and SVF (Solid Volume of Fraction) of a vegetation patch, which was present across half of the channel in a spanwise direction, on the flow structure at the wake region was examined. For this purpose, different submergence ratios with different SVFs were considered in the experiments, and velocity measurements were performed in the wake region of the vegetation layer with an Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter (ADV). According to the results, the effect of different vegetation heights and SVFs on the velocity distribution was obtained. Moreover, inflectional velocity distribution over the cross-section in the wake region of the vegetation layer was obtained, and it was concluded that jet flow occurred in the non-vegetated half of the channel due to the vegetation layer.Adnan Menderes University (ADU)Adnan Menderes University [MF-17008]The authors would like to acknowledge the funding of the research project (MF-17008) from Adnan Menderes University (ADU). The authors would also like to thank the ADU Civil Engineering Department students Canberk Karacasu and Ridvan Sarigul who helped during the experiments

Clock And Data Recovery Using Bang-bang Pll’s

Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2008Thesis (M.Sc.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, 2008Bu çalışmada, saat ve data işaretlerinin yeniden çıkarımında kullanılan iki konumlu faz kititlemeli çevrimlerden bahsedilmiştir. Sistem seviyesinde hızlı simülasyonlar yapabilmek amacıyla çevrim elemanlarının davranışsal modelleri geliştirilmiştir. İki konumlu kontrol sistemlerinin el ile analizinin oldukça zor olmasından dolayı modelleme zorunlu hale gelmektedir. Ayrıca gerçeklenen elemanların idealsizliklerinden kaynaklanan davranışlar da olabilidiğince modellenmeye çalışılmıştır. Söz konusu faz kilitlemeli çevrimlerin sistem seviyesinde sağlaması gereken özelliklerin kabaca hesaplanması ve datadaki değişim sıklığının bu özellikleri nasıl etkilediği anlatılmıştır. Çevrim elemanlarının tranzistör seviyesinde nasıl gerçeklendiklerinden bahsedilmiştir. Çok kullanılan bir ring osilatör yapısı olan simetrik yüklü osilatör (Maneatis yük) çevrimde etkili bir şekilde kullanabilmek amacıyla modifiye edilmiştir. Osilatörün üretim ve sıcaklık değişimlerini tolere edebilmesi için kazancının yüksek olması gerekir. Bu da sistemin harici gürültü kaynaklarına (besleme, taban gürültüsü gibi) olan duyarlılığını oldukça arttırmaktadır. Bu nedenle osilatörü otomatik olarak kalibre eden bir teknik geliştirilmiştir. Değişik faz kilitlemeli çevrimlere uygulanabilen teknik için osilatörün akım kontollü olması gerekmektedir. Frekans kitlenmesi gerçekleştikten sonra osilatörün akımı bir analog-sayısal çevirici ile örneklenmekte ve asıl sistem bu nokta etrafında daha dar bir bölgede çalışmaktadır. Ayrıca, sıcaklıktan kaynaklanabilecek değişimler de analog-sayısal dönüştürücünün refererans akımı üzerinden kompanze edilmektedir. Son olarak, tasarlanan sistemin simülasyon sonuçları verilmiştir. 0.18um CMOS teknolojisinde tasarlanan devre 5Gb/s data hızlarında çalışabilmektedir.In this work, bang-bang PLL structures, which are extensively used in clock and data recovery systems, are investigated. Behavioral models of loop elements are created to do faster simulations in system level. This step is mandatory in bang-bang systems, which are hard to analyze with simple calculations. Some non-idealities of real circuit elements are inserted to these models. System level design issues of bang-bang PLL’s are discussed and the effect of data transition density to system specifications is mentioned. Transistor level implementations of loop elements are described. A popular delay cell with symmetric loads (Maneatis cell) is modified to be used effectively in a bang-bang loop. Gain of the VCO seems very large after initial design, which is required to cover the operating frequency range over process and temperature corners. Large gain makes the system prone to external noise sources such as noise from power supply, substrate etc. Therefore, an automatic calibration method is developed to reduce the VCO gain. This technique can be applied to any current controlled oscillators in various phase locked loops. After frequency lock is achieved, current of the oscillator is sampled by a current mode ADC and a narrower range is generated around that point. Additionally, frequency variation due to temperature is compensated through the specifically designed reference current of ADC. Finally, simulation results of CDR and calibration circuits are given. CDR is designed in 0.18um CMOS technology and can operate at 5Gb/s data rate.Yüksek LisansM.Sc

Diyabetik albino Balb/ c farelerdea aminoguanidinin böbrek üzerindeki etkisi

Bu çalışmanın amacı, uyarılabilir nitrik oksit sentaz (iNOS) aktivasyonunun ve nitrik oksidin streptozotos in (STZ) ile uyarılmış diyabetik farelerde böbrek dokusunu nasıl etkilediğini ve etkisinin spesifik bir iNOS inhibitörü olan a minoguanidin (AG) ile önlenip önlenemediğini öğrenmektir. Yirmi dört erkek fare, 90 gün boyunca günlük 100 mg. kg - 1 AG (AG Grubu), tek doz 150 mg. kg- 1 STZ (STZ Grubu),tek doz 150 mg. kg - 1 STZyi takiben 90 gün boyunca günlük 100 mg. kg - 1 AG (STZ - AG Grubu) ve sadece intraperitonal fizyolojik tuzlu su (Kontrol Grubu) alan dört gruba ayrılmıştır. NADPH - diaforez (NADPH -d) dağılımı, STZ uygulanmış hayvanların böbrek kesitlerinde kontrolle karşılaştırıldığında daha fazlaydı. STZ uygulaması proksimal tübüllerde fırç a kenarların devamlılığının bozulmasına, glomerulus endotelinde hasara ve juks taglomerular hücrelerde renin granüllerinin daha fazla olmasına yol açmıştır . STZ uygulamasını takiben verilen AG, böbrek korteksindeki histolojik ve sitolojik değişiklikleri kıs men önlemiştir ve renin dağılımı kontrol hayvanlardakine benzer şekilde olmuştur. Uyarılabilir nitrik oksit (iNO) artışıyla böbrekte meydana gelen bozulmanın AG uygulamasıyla kısmen önlenebildiği bulunmuştur. Diyabette, artan iNOS ile jukstaglomerular hücr elerde reningranülleri dağılımı arasında olası bir ilişki vardırThe aim of this study is to find out how activated inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and nitric oxide (NO) affect kidney tissue in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice and whether its influence can be prevented by aminoguanidine (AG), a specific iNOS inhibitor. Twenty-four male mice were divided into four study groups (n=6) receiving a daily dose of 100 mg.kg-1 AG for 90 days (Group AG), a single dose of 150 mg.kg-1 STZ (Group STZ), a single dose of 150 mg.kg-1 STZ followed by daily administration of 100 mg.kg-1 AG for 90 days (Group STZ-AG), and intraperitoneally injections of saline only (Group Control) for 90 days. Dispersion of NADPH-diaphorase (NADPH-d) was stronger in the kidney sections of STZ-treated animals compared with the controls. STZ treatment caused disruption of continuity of the brush borders in proximal tubules, glomerular endothelial damage, and considerable renin granules in the juxtaglomerular cells. AG administration following STZ treatment partly prevented histological and cytological changes in kidney cortex, and renin dispersion was similar to that in control animals. We found that increased inducible nitric oxide (iNO) caused kidney tissue degeneration that could be prevented to some extent by AG treatment. There is a possible relationship between increased iNOS and dispersion of renin granules in juxtaglomerular cells in diabetes

Water absorptıon, thıckness swellıng and mechanıcal propertıes of cement bonded wood composıte treated wıth water repellent

In this study, the purpose was to improve outdoor performance of cement bonded wood composite due to their biodegradation and sensitivity to moisture especially in warm and humid climates. Cement bonded wood composites were treated with different concentrations (10 %, 25 %, 50 %, 75 % and 100 %) of water repellent. Water repellent used was an organo-silicon based, nano-sized, eco-friendly, water-based agents. Dipping and pressure systems were applied for composite treatment. Water absorption, thickness swelling, accelerated weathering, color changes and mechanical properties after accelerated weathering were determined for treated and untreated cement-bonded composites. Results showed that treatment of composites with water repellent provided a transparent layer on composite surface. Thus, lower water absorption and thickness swelling results in the beginning of immersion in water. Treated and untreated composites were exposed to an accelerated weathering test for 350 h. Their mechanical strength including modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity and internal bonding properties were decreased after 350 h of weathering. However, overall results after weathering test showed that all panels’ mechanical properties provided minimum modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity and internal bonding requirements of the EN standards

Solving Inverse PDE Problems using Grid-Free Monte Carlo Estimators

Modeling physical phenomena like heat transport and diffusion is crucially dependent on the numerical solution of partial differential equations (PDEs). A PDE solver finds the solution given coefficients and a boundary condition, whereas an inverse PDE solver goes the opposite way and reconstructs these inputs from an existing solution. In this article, we investigate techniques for solving inverse PDE problems using a gradient-based methodology. Conventional PDE solvers based on the finite element method require a domain meshing step that can be fragile and costly. Grid-free Monte Carlo methods instead stochastically sample paths using variations of the walk on spheres algorithm to construct an unbiased estimator of the solution. The uncanny similarity of these methods to physically-based rendering algorithms has been observed by several recent works. In the area of rendering, recent progress has led to the development of efficient unbiased derivative estimators. They solve an adjoint form of the problem and exploit arithmetic invertibility to compute gradients using a constant amount of memory and linear time complexity. Could these two lines of work be combined to compute cheap parametric derivatives of a grid-free PDE solver? We investigate this question and present preliminary results.Comment: 9 pages (2 pages references and appendix), 9 figure

O Papel do Ecoturismo no Desenvolvimento Regional em Perspectiva Teórica-Prática: o Caso de Sapanca

Development theories are described as a comprehensive philosophy that underpins development policies. Tourism, which is used as a development tool for developing countries, is a field that is influenced by developmental theories and shaped by the perspectives of these theories. Therefore, understanding development theories is important for understanding the development process of tourism. This study was carried out in Turkey which is one of the countries where ecotourism is used as a development tool. In this context, Turkey's emerging ecotourism area of Sapanca, which is defined as the study of the universe and the new regionalism theory shaping tourism policy aimed to investigate the reflections of real life through ecotourism. In this regard, a questionnaire answered by 395 local people were matched for the reflection of regional development theories in the region base on the theory and practice.  From the research results, it was concluded that ecotourism policies prepared under the new regionalism theories have a positive effect on the development of the region. Therefore, the answers of the questionnaire has proved that ecotourism has been successfully applied within the scope of the new regionalism theory in the regional development of Sapanca both in theory and practice. Key words: Regional Development; Ecotourism; Regional Development Theory; Sapanca; Turkey.Las teorías del desarrollo se describen como una filosofía integral que sustenta las políticas de desarrollo. El turismo, que se utiliza como herramienta de desarrollo para los países en desarrollo, es un campo que está influenciado por las teorías del desarrollo y moldeado por las perspectivas de estas teorías. Por lo tanto, comprender las teorías del desarrollo es importante para comprender el proceso de desarrollo del turismo. Este estudio se centró en Turquía, es uno de los países donde el ecoturismo como herramienta de desarrollo. En este contexto, el área de ecoturismo emergente de Turquía de Sapanca, que se define como el estudio del universo y la nueva teoría del regionalismo que configura la política turística, tiene como objetivo investigar los reflejos de la vida real a través del ecoturismo. En esta dirección, se aplicó un cuestionario a 395 personas de la población local y se emparejó la teoría y la práctica para la reflexión de las teorías del desarrollo regional en la región. Como resultado de la investigación se concluye que las políticas de ecoturismo elaboradas bajo las nuevas teorías del regionalismo tienen un efecto positivo en el desarrollo de la región. Por tanto, las respuestas dadas demuestran que el ecoturismo se ha aplicado con éxito en el ámbito de la nueva teoría del regionalismo en el desarrollo regional de Sapanca tanto en la teoría como en la práctica. Palabras clave: Desarrollo Regional; Ecoturismo; Teoría del Desarrollo Regional; Sapanca; Turquía.As teorias de desenvolvimento são descritas como uma filosofia abrangente que sustenta as políticas de desenvolvimento. O turismo, utilizado como ferramenta de desenvolvimento para os países em desenvolvimento, é um campo influenciado pelas teorias do desenvolvimento e moldado pelas perspectivas dessas teorias. Portanto, a compreensão das teorias do desenvolvimento é importante para a compreensão do processo de desenvolvimento do turismo. Este estudo tratou da Turquia, um dos países onde o ecoturismo como ferramenta de desenvolvimento está. Neste contexto, a emergente área de ecoturismo de Sapanca, que se define como o estudo do universo e a nova teoria do regionalismo que molda a política de turismo, teve como objetivo investigar os reflexos da vida real através do ecoturismo. Nesse sentido, foi aplicado um questionário a 395 pessoas da população local e a teoria e a prática foram combinadas para a reflexão das teorias do desenvolvimento regional da região. Como resultado da pesquisa, concluiu-se que as políticas de ecoturismo elaboradas com base nas novas teorias do regionalismo têm um efeito positivo no desenvolvimento da região. Portanto, as respostas dadas comprovam que o ecoturismo tem sido aplicado com sucesso no âmbito da nova teoria do regionalismo no desenvolvimento regional de Sapanca tanto na teoria quanto na prática. Palavras-chave: Desenvolvimento Regional; Ecoturismo; Teoria do Desenvolvimento Regional; Sapanca; Turquia