Přací věty v současné mluvené britské angličtině

The thesis explores the representation of various optative sentence structures in the present-day spoken British English. The theoretical part of the thesis focuses on how English optative sentences are described by different grammarians (e.g. Dušková et al., Quirk et al., Biber et al., Huddleston and Pullum). The theoretical background of the thesis concentrates primarily on optative sentence structures that are introduced by I wish and If only, on optative sentences with may, optative subjunctive and with the archaic structure Would (to God) that. Other means of expressing a wish in English like imperatives (e.g. imperatives with let) and verbless sentences (formulae) are included in the theoretical part as well. The analytical part of the thesis is divided into Section 1 and Section 2. Section 1 is dedicated to the quantitative analysis of the optatives structures described in the theoretical part (with the exception of imperatives and verbless sentences). Section 2 focuses on an in-depth analysis of optative sentences introduced by I wish and If only. From the Spoken BNC2014, 60 examples of I wish optatives and 40 examples of If only optatives were excerpted and analysed. The analysis focuses on the addressee, verbal tense and the usage of modal verbs. There is also an emphasis on the...Bakalářská práce zkoumá zastoupení různých typů přacích vět v současné mluvené britské angličtině. Teoretická část práce se zaměřuje na to, jak jsou anglické přací věty popsány různými gramatikami (např. Dušková et al., Quirk et al., Biber et al., Huddleston a Pullum). Teoretická část se soustředí především na přací věty uvozené I wish a If only, na přací věty s may, přacím konjunktivem a s archaickou strukturou Would (to God) that. Další způsoby, jak vyjádřit přání v angličtině, jako věty rozkazovací (např. imperativy s let) a věty neslovesné (formule), jsou taktéž zahrnuty v teoretické části. Analytická část práce je rozdělena do Sekce 1 a Sekce 2. Sekce 1 je věnována kvantitativní analýze přacích struktur, které byly popsány v teoretické části (s výjimkou imperativů a neslovesných vět). Sekce 2 se zaměřuje na detailní analýzu vět přacích uvozených I wish a If only. Z britského mluveného korpusu Spoken BNC2014 bylo vyňato a následně zanalyzováno 60 příkladů přacích vět uvozených I wish a 40 příkladů přacích vět uvozených If only. Analýza se soustředí na použitý slovesný čas, na užitá modální slovesa a adresáta. Důraz je také kladen na rozlišení mezi uskutečnitelnými a neuskutečnitelnými přáními (určení časového odkazu) a na otázku, zda se přání vztahuje k mluvčímu či k dalším osobám nebo dějům....Ústav anglického jazyka a didaktikyDepartment of the English Language and ELT MethodologyFaculty of ArtsFilozofická fakult

Characters of Indian Muslims in the short stories by Hindi writer Nasira Sharma

The thesis aims to describe and evaluate the depiction of Indian Muslims in the series of short stories by Nasira Sharma. The writer is one of the Muslim authors who chose to write in Hindi. In her works, Sharma shares in detail but also in discretion her unique insight into the private matters of Muslim families and their coexistence with the Hindu majority on various levels. Rather than focusing on politics, she inspects the human nature and the difficulties the Muslim communities face. As a minority, they live in more challenging conditions compared to the population of purely Muslim countries. Sharma repeatedly draws attention to the root of many of these difficulties, i.e. the voluntary isolation of Islamic communities and their strict observance of traditions. Key words: Muslims, India, Islam, Nasira Sharma, Hindu literature, short storyCílem diplomové práce je popsat a zhodnotit obraz indických muslimů v povídkovém díle hindské autorky Násiry Šarmové. Spisovatelka je jednou z těch muslimských autorů, kteří píší hindsky. Má jedinečný vhled do soukromých zákoutí muslimských rodin a decentně jej se smyslem pro detail uplatňuje ve své tvorbě. Další sféra jejího zájmu je soužití s hinduistickou většinou na různých úrovních. Nedbá příliš o politiku, ale především o lidskou stránku a problémy muslimské obce, které je svým menšinovým postavením v podstatně jiné situaci než obyvatelstvo muslimských zemí. Opakovaně upozorňuje na to, že mnohé těžkosti tkvějí v islámské obci samé, tj. v její dobrovolné izolaci a lpění na tradicích. Klíčová slova: Muslimové, Indie, islám, Násira Šarmová, hindská literatura, povídkaÚstav jižní a centrální AsieInstitute of South and Central AsiaFilozofická fakultaFaculty of Art

Anaerobic bioremediation of PAH contaminated soil : assessment of the degradation of contaminants and biogas production under thermophilic and mesophilic conditions

The degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) including fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene and pyrene were investigated under thermophilic and mesophilic anaerobic-methanogenic conditions. By using central composite design, the impact of PAH concentration and soil to inocula ratio were systematically studied for their influence on PAH removal and biogas production. During the first 30 days, PAH concentration decreased in all samples indicating that the inocula used were able to biodegrade the contaminants; although an inhibition effect was initially observed in biogas production. Phospholipids fatty acids analysis was used to monitor the microbial communities present during the process. These communities were more complex in samples containing moderate to high PAH contamination concentrations. After 50 days, the concentration of PAHs increased in the majority of samples indicating possible reversed biotransformation of these compounds

Elimination of Isoxazolyl-Penicillins antibiotics in waters by the ligninolytic native Colombian strain Leptosphaerulina sp. considerations on biodegradation process and antimicrobial activity removal

In this work, Leptosphaerulina sp. (a Colombian native fungus) significantly removed three Isoxazolyl-Penicillin antibiotics (IP): oxacillin (OXA, 16000 µg L-1), cloxacillin (CLX, 17500 µg L-1) and dicloxacillin (DCX, 19000 µg L-1) from water. The biological treatment was performed at pH 5.6, 28 °C, and 160 rpm for 15 days. The biotransformation proccess and lack of toxicity of the final solutions (antibacterial activity (AA) and cytotoxicity) were tested. The role of enzymes in IP removal was analysed through in vitro studies with enzymatic extracts (crude and pre-purified) from Leptosphaerulina sp., commercial enzymes and enzymatic inhibitors. Futhermore, the applicabililty of mycoremediation process to a complex matrix (simulated hospital wastewater) was evaluated. IP were considerably abated by the fungus, OXA was the fastest degraded (day 6), followed by CLX (day 7) and DCX (day 8). Antibiotics biodegradation was associated to laccase and versatile peroxidase action. Assays using commercial enzymes (i.e. laccase from Trametes versicolor and horseradish peroxidase) and inhibitors (EDTA, NaCl, sodium acetate, manganese (II) ions) confirmed the significant role of enzymatic transformation. Whereas, biomass sorption was not an important process in the antibiotics elimination. Evaluation of AA against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 revealed that Leptosphaerulina sp. also eliminated the AA. In addition, the cytotoxicity assay (MTT) on the HepG2 cell line demonstrated that the IP final solutions were non-toxic. Finally, Leptosphaerulina sp. eliminated OXA and its AA from synthetic hospital wastewater at 6 days. All these results evidenced the potential of Leptosphaerulina sp. mycoremediation as a novel environmentally friendly process for the removal of IP from aqueous systems

Analysis of historical medical forms of heroin and cocaine

Katedra analytické chemieDepartment of Analytical ChemistryFaculty of SciencePřírodovědecká fakult

Analysis of historical medical forms of heroin and cocaine

Katedra analytické chemieDepartment of Analytical ChemistryFaculty of SciencePřírodovědecká fakult

Comparison of ecotoxicity and persistent organic pollutant bioavailability in real contaminated soil, using selective supercritical fluid extraction (SFE)

The amount of bioavailable polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in contaminated soil was estimated using Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). The toxicity of contaminated soil was determinated using different organisms: earthworms Eisenia fetida, duckweed Lemna minor, crustacean Heterocypris incongruens, bioluminiscent bacterium Vibrio fischeri and worms Enchytraeus crypticus. There was a different amount of bioavailable fraction in each soil. There was close relationship between ecotoxicity and bioavailability in PAHs contaminated soi