Analysis of locking self-taping bone screws for angularly stable plates

Paper focuses on biomechanics, specifically on locking cortical bone screws in angularly stable plates used for the treatment of bone fractures in the medical fields of traumatology and orthopaedics. During extraction of titanium-alloy implants, problems are encountered in an effort to loosen some locking bone screws from the locking holes of an angularly stable plate and the subsequent stripping of the internal hexagon of the screw head. The self-locking of the screw-plate threaded joint was verified by calculation and the effect of the angle of the thread on the head of the locking cortical bone screw on self-locking was evaluated. The magnitude of the torque, causing the stripping of the internal hexagon (the Inbus type head) of a locking cortical bone screw with a shank diameter of 3.5 mm from Ti6Al4 V titanium alloy to ISO 5832-3, was determined experimentally. Also, it was experimentally found that the rotation of the screwdriver end with a hexagonal tip inside the locking cortical bone screw head during stripping of the internal hexagon causes strain of the screw head perimeter and thereby an increase of thread friction. The effect of tightening torque on the possibility of loosening of the locking cortical bone screw from the locking hole of an angularly stable plate was assessed experimentally. From the evaluation of five alternative shapes of locking cortical bone screw heads in terms of the acting stress and generated strains, it follows that the best screw is the screw with the Torx type head, which demonstrates the lowest values of reduced stress and equivalent plastic strain. Based on experiments and simulations the authors recommend that all global producers of locking cortical bone screws for locking holes of angularly stable plates use the Torx type heads, and not heads of the Inbus type or the Square, PH, PZ types.Web of Science37462561

New label no progress: institutional racism and the persistent segregation of Romani students in the Czech Republic

The over-representation of Romani children in special schools in the Czech Republic is well documented and widely condemned. In 2007 the European Court of Human Rights found the state guilty of discrimination against Romani children on the basis of disproportionate placement of children in remedial special schools. In 2015 high numbers of Romani children are still being misdiagnosed with Special Educational Needs and offered a limited and inappropriate education. This article explores the challenges which continue to hamper their successful inclusion in the Czech education system. Using Critical Race Theory as a lens to examine the Czech case, problems with the current policy trajectory are identified. The article shows that institutional racism persists in the Czech Republic, shaping attitudes and practices at all levels. Policy makers demonstrate little recognition of ingrained educational inequalities and Roma continue to be widely perceived as ‘others’ who must learn to adapt to Czech ways rather than as citizens who are entitled to services on their own terms

Industrial property protection

Annotation Innovations have been accompanying the human society during the whole era of its development. The concerns in stimulation of the innovations have lead to efforts for legal protection. Time limitation of patent owner's rights to an exclusive use of a technical solution has been raising opinion disputes during the whole period of its evolution. Even nowadays, in Czech as well as in European context, there are still many questions open in range of the patent protection and to contribute to its better understanding and clarification has been the main goal of this publication. From the point of view of the Czech milieu we have been living in a period of a growing attention paid to innovations while at the same time it has been a period filled with many substantial changes in range of the protection of technical solutions. The Czech Republic's access to the European Patent Convention has within the scope of this international agreement enabled validity of the European patents granted by the decision of the European Patent Office in the Czech territory for the first time. In addition, our country had became a member of the European Communities what has resulted in important changes in legislation regarding the industrial property rights protection and partially regarding the solutions protected by patents as well. These facts have had a considerable impact on the business environment in the Czech Republic, giving the Czech Republic the role of an active player on the European patent playground. This writing deals in particular with the matters of legal protection of inventions and their economic impact, while in some parts of this work, somewhat unsystematically; it swings into contemplations about the industrial property itself. This happens willfully and with an intention to analyze some of the issues in broader context and therewith contribute to better understanding of the complicated and in some cases distinctively contradictory or controversially manifesting relationships. First part of this book characterizes elementary issues of the patent law, thus not only historically but as regards the contemporary European and Czech legal milieu as well. European patent system is represented by the activities of the European Patent Organization and national patent offices. The Community patent system, despite the effort put in during the past 50 years, is still does not exist. However, this does not mean that current system does not provide us with numerous issues enough to contemplate about and analyze. The decisions of the European Patent Office are influenced by the diversity of the historic evolution of the patent systems in various parts of Europe; therefore they can be used as an interesting inspiration and study material for the expert public. That is the reason why there is often referred to them in this work. On the other hand, the legal relations originated from the European patents, after the European patent protection had been granted, are a subject to a review according to the national legislation, therefore it is not surprising that the decisions and results of similar disputes not seldom bring different results. It is therefore worth to analyze them thoroughly. The extent of this work has only allowed me to concentrate only on some of the above mentioned issues, such are the possibility of legal protection of computer2 implemented inventions, issues connected with the extent of the patent protection and basic ideas on financial assessment of technical solutions, primarily of the patents. Some more detailed considerations were included too, such as about the debates and their progress in European level. Herewith I mean the matters concerning the translations of European and possibly Community patents, patent protection quality and in long term, thought until now unsuccessful debates regarding the creation of the European patent judiciary

Narrating the Regulation: The Pharmaceutical Policy in the Czech Republic as an Example

Katedra sociologieDepartment of SociologyFaculty of Social SciencesFakulta sociálních vě

Struggle for the power of State securiy's archives

The aim of this thesis is discussion about the archives of former Czechoslovak STB (State Security). It shows how some people argued about authenticity of those documents trying to prove their falseness or genuineness.This discussion is then brought into context with collective memory issues. The thesis follwes the process of bit-by-bit publication of the archives. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org

Industrial property protection

Anotace Inovace provázejí celý rozvoj lidské společnosti. Zájem na jejich stimulaci postupně vyústil v jejich právní ochranu. Časově omezené právo majitelů patentů k výlučnému užívání technických řešení bylo po celou dobu vývoje předmětem názorových sporů. I v současné době je jak v českém, tak i evropském kontextu řada otázek o patentové ochraně otevřených a příspěvek k jejich podrobnějšímu poznání či objasnění má být hlavním smyslem této práce. Z pohledu českého prostředí jde o období vzrůstajícího zájmu o inovace, ale současně i o období naplněné v oblasti ochrany technických řešení řadou podstatných změn. Česká republika přistoupila k Dohodě o udělování evropských patentů a tím v rámci mezinárodní smlouvy poprvé umožnila na našem území i platnost patentů, které jsou udělovány rozhodnutím Evropského patentového úřadu. Stejně tak se Česká republika stala plnoprávnou členskou zemí evropských společenství a tím došlo k významným změnám pokud jde o právní úpravu vztahů týkajících se oblasti průmyslově právní ochrany, částečně i vztahů týkajících se patentově chráněných řešení. Tyto skutečnosti mají značné dopady na podnikatelské prostředí v České republice, ale přinášejí současně pro nás i pozici aktivního hráče na rozbouřeném kolbišti evropského patentového prostředí. Práce se zabývá otázkami právní ochrany vynálezů a jejími ekonomickými dopady, ale v některých pasážích, poněkud nesystémově, přechází do širších úvah o průmyslovém vlastnictví. Děje se tak vědomě se záměrem analyzovat některé vztahy z této oblasti v širších souvislostech a přispět k lepšímu objasnění značného rozsahu souvisejících otázek a někdy i protichůdně působících či kontroverzních vztahů. Šíře záběru této práce má napomoci k nabídce využití systému právní ochrany vynálezů většímu spektru uživatelů. Univerzitní pracoviště, výzkumné ústavy a obchodní společnosti jsou sice co do své hospodářské podstaty odlišnými subjekty, ale právní ochrana vynálezů může všem nabídnout své přednosti. V první hlavní části práce jsou charakterizovány základní otázky patentového práva a to nejen z pohledu historického, ale i současného českého a následně i evropského právního prostředí. Evropský patentový systém je dnes reprezentován činností regionální Evropské patentové organizace a národních patentových úřadů. Komunitární patentový systém přes téměř padesátileté úsilí stále schází. To ale neznamená, že stávající systém neposkytuje dostatek podnětů pro řadu úvah a analýz. Rozhodnutí Evropského patentového úřadu jsou významně ovlivněna různorodostí historického vývoje patentového systému v různých částech Evropy, a proto poskytují zajímavou inspiraci a studijní materiál pro odbornou veřejnost. Proto je často v této práci na tato rozhodnutí odkazováno. Na straně druhé jsou právní vztahy z evropských patentů po udělení patentové ochrany posuzovány podle národních právních předpisů, takže nemůže být s podivem, že rozhodnutí a výsledky sporných záležitostí stejného charakteru nezřídka přinášejí rozdílné výsledky. Stojí proto za to je podrobněji analyzovat. Rozsah práce umožnil věnovat se podrobněji jen některým z těchto otázek. Patří sem například schopnost patentové ochrany vynálezů implementovaných počítačem, otázky spojené s rozsahem patentové ochrany a základní myšlenky o ekonomickém oceňování technických řešení, především patentů. Jsou sem zahrnuty i podrobnější úvahy o debatách a jejich pokroku na evropské úrovni. Zde mám na mysli záležitosti týkající se překladů jak evropských, tak i potenciálně komunitárních patentů, kvality patentové ochrany a dlouhodobě, taktéž zatím neúspěšně, vytvářeného evropského soudního patentového systému.Annotation Innovations have been accompanying the human society during the whole era of its development. The concerns in stimulation of the innovations have lead to efforts for legal protection. Time limitation of patent owner's rights to an exclusive use of a technical solution has been raising opinion disputes during the whole period of its evolution. Even nowadays, in Czech as well as in European context, there are still many questions open in range of the patent protection and to contribute to its better understanding and clarification has been the main goal of this publication. From the point of view of the Czech milieu we have been living in a period of a growing attention paid to innovations while at the same time it has been a period filled with many substantial changes in range of the protection of technical solutions. The Czech Republic's access to the European Patent Convention has within the scope of this international agreement enabled validity of the European patents granted by the decision of the European Patent Office in the Czech territory for the first time. In addition, our country had became a member of the European Communities what has resulted in important changes in legislation regarding the industrial property rights protection and partially regarding the solutions protected by patents as well. These facts have had a considerable impact on the business environment in the Czech Republic, giving the Czech Republic the role of an active player on the European patent playground. This writing deals in particular with the matters of legal protection of inventions and their economic impact, while in some parts of this work, somewhat unsystematically; it swings into contemplations about the industrial property itself. This happens willfully and with an intention to analyze some of the issues in broader context and therewith contribute to better understanding of the complicated and in some cases distinctively contradictory or controversially manifesting relationships. First part of this book characterizes elementary issues of the patent law, thus not only historically but as regards the contemporary European and Czech legal milieu as well. European patent system is represented by the activities of the European Patent Organization and national patent offices. The Community patent system, despite the effort put in during the past 50 years, is still does not exist. However, this does not mean that current system does not provide us with numerous issues enough to contemplate about and analyze. The decisions of the European Patent Office are influenced by the diversity of the historic evolution of the patent systems in various parts of Europe; therefore they can be used as an interesting inspiration and study material for the expert public. That is the reason why there is often referred to them in this work. On the other hand, the legal relations originated from the European patents, after the European patent protection had been granted, are a subject to a review according to the national legislation, therefore it is not surprising that the decisions and results of similar disputes not seldom bring different results. It is therefore worth to analyze them thoroughly. The extent of this work has only allowed me to concentrate only on some of the above mentioned issues, such are the possibility of legal protection of computer2 implemented inventions, issues connected with the extent of the patent protection and basic ideas on financial assessment of technical solutions, primarily of the patents. Some more detailed considerations were included too, such as about the debates and their progress in European level. Herewith I mean the matters concerning the translations of European and possibly Community patents, patent protection quality and in long term, thought until now unsuccessful debates regarding the creation of the European patent judiciary

The Strategy for the Development of the Infrastructure for Spatial Information in the Czech Republic

Spatial information is often not effectively handled and used, e.g., in public administration. The key reason is that information about what spatial data exists, and where and under which circumstances it can be used, is missing. This leads to a situation whereby data are gathered and maintained multiple times. In October 2014, the Czech government approved the conception of The Strategy for the Development of the Infrastructure for Spatial Information in the Czech Republic to 2020 (GeoInfoStrategy), which serves as a basis for the National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI). Furthermore, in June 2015 the GeoInfoStrategy Action Plan was approved. The vision of the GeoInfoStrategy is that the Czech Republic will use spatial information effectively by 2020. The innovative approach of the GeoInfoStrategy to build the NSDI includes cooperation between all parties—not only public administration, but also the private sector, academia, professional associations and user communities. The principles defined in the GeoInfoStrategy are general and can serve as best practice for other countries building an NSDI that should meet the requirements of all target groups working with spatial information

The domestication of financial objects: Narrativisation, appropriation and affectivation

The article explores the general question of how family members articulate the rational and moral dimensions of the economy and the role in this played by language and family discourse--how families do the economy with words. It examines the resources family members employ family discourse to interpret and justify their economic behaviour, and puts forth the hypothesis that economic terms are re-articulated through everyday practices in the family world and that conversations inoculate expert terms with specific meanings. The article introduces the moral economy as a crucial principle of sense-making in family economic discourse and highlights the perception of the future as a key distinction between financial market economies and family-specific moral economies. Three mechanisms by which finance is domesticated are identified: (1) narrativisation--where financial objects are interpreted through the narratives of family history; (2) appropriation--where financial objects are embedded in the family moral economy; and (3) affectivation--where emotions change the meanings attached to financial objects. Narrativisation situates financial objects in time, appropriation sets them in the context of the family-specific moral economy, and affectivation connects them with personal identity and authentic experience.85787

Centrality as a Method for the Evaluation of Semantic Resources for Disaster Risk Reduction

Clear and straightforward communication is a key aspect of all human activities related to crisis management. Since crisis management activities involve professionals from various disciplines using different terminology, clear and straightforward communication is difficult to achieve. Semantics as a broad science can help to overcome communication difficulties. This research focuses on the evaluation of available semantic resources including ontologies, thesauri, and controlled vocabularies for disaster risk reduction as part of crisis management. The main idea of the study is that the most appropriate source of broadly understandable terminology is such a semantic resource, which is accepted by—or at least connected to the majority of other resources. Important is not only the number of interconnected resources, but also the concrete position of the resource in the complex network of Linked Data resources. Although this is usually done by user experience, objective methods of resource semantic centrality can be applied. This can be described by centrality methods used mainly in graph theory. This article describes the calculation of four types of centrality methods (Outdegree, Indegree, Closeness, and Betweenness) applied to 160 geographic concepts published as Linked Data and related to disaster risk reduction. Centralities were calculated for graph structures containing particular semantic resources as nodes and identity links as edges. The results show that (with some discussed exceptions) the datasets with high values of centrality serve as important information resources, but they also include more concepts from preselected 160 geographic concepts. Therefore, they could be considered as the most suitable resources of terminology to make communication in the domain easier. The main research goal is to automate the semantic resources evaluation and to apply a well-known theoretical method (centrality) to the semantic issues of Linked Data. It is necessary to mention the limits of this study: the number of tested concepts and the fact that centralities represents just one view on evaluation of semantic resources

Centrality as a Method for the Evaluation of Semantic Resources for Disaster Risk Reduction

Clear and straightforward communication is a key aspect of all human activities related to crisis management. Since crisis management activities involve professionals from various disciplines using different terminology, clear and straightforward communication is difficult to achieve. Semantics as a broad science can help to overcome communication difficulties. This research focuses on the evaluation of available semantic resources including ontologies, thesauri, and controlled vocabularies for disaster risk reduction as part of crisis management. The main idea of the study is that the most appropriate source of broadly understandable terminology is such a semantic resource, which is accepted by—or at least connected to the majority of other resources. Important is not only the number of interconnected resources, but also the concrete position of the resource in the complex network of Linked Data resources. Although this is usually done by user experience, objective methods of resource semantic centrality can be applied. This can be described by centrality methods used mainly in graph theory. This article describes the calculation of four types of centrality methods (Outdegree, Indegree, Closeness, and Betweenness) applied to 160 geographic concepts published as Linked Data and related to disaster risk reduction. Centralities were calculated for graph structures containing particular semantic resources as nodes and identity links as edges. The results show that (with some discussed exceptions) the datasets with high values of centrality serve as important information resources, but they also include more concepts from preselected 160 geographic concepts. Therefore, they could be considered as the most suitable resources of terminology to make communication in the domain easier. The main research goal is to automate the semantic resources evaluation and to apply a well-known theoretical method (centrality) to the semantic issues of Linked Data. It is necessary to mention the limits of this study: the number of tested concepts and the fact that centralities represents just one view on evaluation of semantic resources