Body size and age structure of a highland population of Hyla orientalis BEDRIAGA, 1890, in northern Turkey

WOS: 000321881700005Body size and age structure of a highland population of Hyla orientalis BEDRIAGA, 1890 (77 = 41) from Kantarh, located at about 800 m a.s.l. in the Black Sea Region of Turkey, was studied using skeletochronology. the maximum observed longevity was eight years in females and seven in males. Age at maturity in this population was three years in females and two in males. There was a significant difference in age between males and females (Independent Sample t test, p < 0.05, t = -2.455). A significant positive correlation was found between age and snout-vent-length both in males and females. To demonstrate the role of altitude on age structure and body size of the Kantarh population, the potential effects of the parameters 'duration of activity period' and 'altitude' were analyzed by comparing present data with data available from the literature

Use of a local anesthetic and opioid combination in spinal anesthesia in short urologic surgeries

Background: To investigate how low-dose levobupivacaine affects both surgical comfort and hemodynamics in patients undergoing short urologic procedures using spinal anesthesia.Methods: Our study was conducted prospectively and double-blind. The study group comprised 40 patients aged 18-65 years from the ASA I-III risk group who had undergone short urological interventions, randomly split into two groups. Informed consent and ethics committee approval were received. Using a media approach and placed in the lateral decubitus position, the patients were given spinal anesthesia using 22 G catheter. Group L was given 1.5ml of levobupivacaine (7.5mg) at 0.5% concentration +0.5ml of saline. Group LF was given 1.2ml levobupivacaine (6mg) at 0.5% concentration +25μg fentanyl (0.5ml) +0.3ml saline. Patient data including peripheral oxygen saturation; systolic, diastolic, mean arterial pressure; time to first postoperative need for analgesics, and spinal block characteristics were recorded at 3, 5, 10, 15, 30, 60, 120 and 360minutes after spinal anesthesia.Results: No significant differences were observed in the demographic and hemodynamic data between groups. Motor blocks were seen to wear off more in Group LF than in Group L at 120minutes. Group LF required first postoperative analgesics later than Group L; this difference was not significant.Conclusions: Sufficient anesthesia was achieved in both groups via spinal block using local anesthetic or local anesthetic plus opioid for relatively short urological procedures. The latter group recovered faster

Anticholinesterases

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) are known serine hydrolase enzymes responsible for the hydrolysis of acetylcholine (ACh). Although the role of AChE in cholinergic transmission is well known, the role of BChE has not been elucidated sufficiently. The hydrolysis of acetylcholine in the synaptic healthy brain cells is mainly carried out by AChE; it is accepted that the contribution to the hydrolysis of BChE is very low, but both AChE and BChE are known to play an active role in neuronal development and cholinergic transmission. Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a muscle disease characterized by weakness in skeletal muscles and rapid fatigue. Anticholinesterases, which are not only related to the immune origin of the disease but also have only symptomatic benefit, have an indispensable role in the treatment of MG. Pyridostigmine, distigmine, neostigmine, and ambenonium are the standard anticholinesterase drugs used in the symptomatic treatment of MG. All of these compounds may increase the response of the myasthenic muscle to recurrent nerve impulses, primarily by protecting the endogenous ACh

Ekonomik Ve Politik Faktörlerin İnsani Gelişmişlik Üzerindeki Etkileri

Ülkelerin refah düzeylerinin belirlenmesinde çok farklı makroekonomik değişkenler kullanılmaktadır. Söz konusu endeksler kullanılırken ekonomik, politik ve sosyo-ekonomik faktörlerin göz önünde bulundurulması önem taşımaktadır. Bu göstergeler; insani gelişmişlik endeksi, enflasyon ve işsizlik oranlarını bir arada barındıran hoşnutsuzluk endeksi, ülkelerin genel ekonomik yapılarındaki serbestliklerini gösteren ekonomik özgürlük endeksi, politikalarındaki değişmelerin etkilerini gösteren politik özgürlük endeksi olarak ifade edilebilir. Bu çalışmanın temel amacı, hoşnutsuzluk endeksi, politik istikrar, ekonomik özgürlük, küresel barış ve yaşam memnuniyetlerinin insani gelişmeyle nasıl bir ilişki içinde olduğunu ortaya koymaya yöneliktir. Bu amaçla çalışmada öncelikle söz konusu endeksler açıklanmıştır. Çalışmanın analiz kısmında ekonomik ve politik faktörler ile insani gelişmişlik arasında nasıl bir ilişkinin olduğu ortaya konulmasına yönelik olarak Robust yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Analiz sonuçlarına göre bağımsız değişkenlerden politik istikrar ve ekonomik özgürlük endeksi iktisadi beklentilere uygun sonuç vermiştir. Analizde yer alan küresel barış ve yaşam memnuniyeti endeksleri, bağımlı değişken olan insani gelişmişlik endeksi ile negatif yönlü bir ilişki olduğu görülmektedir. Yine analiz sonuçlarına göre teoriyle uyumlu olarak, politik istikrar ve ekonomik özgürlük endekslerindeki olumlu gelişmelerin insani gelişmeye de olumlu katkı verdikleri sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. 

Patients non-covıd-19 diagnosis in pandemic clinics: three case reports

With the pandemic process, the frequency of clinicians' referrals for thoracic imaging has increased. In this article, three cases diagnosed other than COVID-19 in pandemic clinics are presented. A 33-years-old male admitted to the pandemic clinic with sore throat and dyspnea for two days. A large pneumothorax was observed on thorax imaging. The tube thoracostomy was performed. The patient was discharged after 14 days of follow-up. A 31-years-old female patient was admitted to pandemic clinic with the complaints of exertional dyspnea, cough, sore throat and abdominal pain for two weeks. Massive effusion was observed on thorax imaging. As a result of further examinations, the patient was diagnosed with metastatic colon carcinoma. An 18-years-old male patient was admitted to the pandemic clinic with chest pain lasting for a day. Mediastinal emphysema was observed on thorax imaging. The increased number of thoracic imaging during the pandemic process will lead to an increase in the incidence of asymptomatic and subclinical thoracic pathologies. This increase of incidence should be reveled with further epidemiological studies.Pandemi süreciyle birlikte klinisyenlerin toraks görüntülesine başvuru sıklığı artmıştır. Bu yazımızda pandemi kliniklerinde COVİD-19 dışı tanı konulan üç olgu sunulmuştur. Otuzüç yaşında erkek hasta pandemi kliniğine iki gündür devam eden göğüs ağrısı nefes darlığı şikayeti ile başvurdu. Toraks görüntülemesinde geniş pnömotoraks izlendi. Hastaya tüp torakostomi uygulandı. Hasta 14 gün izlem sonrası taburcu edildi. Otuzbir yaşında kadın hasta pandemi kliniğine iki haftadır devam eden efor dispnesi, öksürük, göğüs ağrısı ve karın ağrısı şikayeti ile başvurdu. Toraks görüntülemesinde massif efüzyon izlendi. Ileri tetkikler sonucu hastaya metastatic kolon carsinomu tanısı konuldu. Onsekiz yaşında erkek hasta pandemi kliniğine bir gündür devam eden göğüs ağrısı nedeniyle kabul edildi. Toraks görüntülemesinde mediastinal amfizem izlendi. Pandemik süreç sırasında artan torasik görüntüleme sayısı, asemptomatik ve subklinik torasik patolojilerin görülme sıklığında artışa neden olacaktır. İnsidanslardaki bu artış geniş epidemiyolojik çalışmalar ile ortaya konulmalıdır

Evaluation of tissue oxygenation in cesarean cases under spinal anesthesia: A prospective observational study

Objective: Hypotension is common in cesarean section due to the sympathetic blockage induced by spinal anesthesia. We aimed to investigate the effect of vasoactive drugs and fluids, and uterotonic drugs on tissue oxygenation. Methodology: Patients scheduled for elective cesarean section were included in this study. Routine monitoring values, thenar oxygen saturation and hemoglobin (Hb) indices were recorded preoperatively at the operating table (T1), at 3rd minute after spinal block (T2) and after the administration of uterotonic drugs (T3). Results: Data of 61 patients were analyzed. In 24 cases (39%), Hb values were < 11 g/dl. The incidence of hypotension following spinal anesthesia was 34.4%. The mean amount of ephedrine administered before the baby removal was similar in all patients (214 mg). Baseline StO2 values of anemic patients were similar to that of non-anemic patients; tissue hemoglobin index values of the former were significantly lower (p = 0.017). T3 systolic arterial blood pressures of patients with intraoperative hypotension were significantly lower (p = 0.001); tissue oxygen saturation and Hb indices were similar (p = 0.301). Conclusion: Tissue oxygenation may be influenced by the presence of anemia, hypovolemia, and hypotension. Its measurement may be influenced by pregnancy-dependent factors like edema and adipose tissue thickness in the monitoring site. We found that maintaining systolic blood pressure above 100 mmHg in this patient cohort was sufficient to preserve tissue oxygenation despite presence of anemia; and tissue oxygen saturation and hemoglobin indices were reliable

Financial literacy and its status in the mathematics curriculums of TurkeyFinansal okuryazarlık ve Türkiye matematik öğretim programlarındaki konumu

The aim of the study is to analyse the position of financial literacy that increases its popularity in the worldwide in the mathematics curriculums of Turkey. Thus, the mathematics curriculums of elementary and secondary school emerged after 2005 are analysed. In this process, there are three main development points: 2005, 2013, 2017. The curriculums are analysed by domains declared in literacy analysing of Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), by the initiatives of various countries which carried out related works, and by the framework of financial literacy. These situations are important for people and their families. Recently, The theme of financial literacy has been noticed in the education area. Financial literacy education initiatives and awareness working are carried out in developed and developing countries by leading The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). The theme of financial literacy has been a fundamental factor in curriculums some countries such as Australia, Canada, The United Kingdom, and The United States. In Turkey, the head “Conscious Consumption Aritmetry” is added to mathematics curriculums in 2009, and the theme of financial literacy is declared in the curriculums in 2017. The mathematics curriculums of elementary and secondary school published in 2005 include financial knowledge &amp; skills, and relationships between mathematical and financial concepts implicitly. But its position has reduced in the new curriculums in years. In elementary level, the head “our money” is included all of them although the head “Conscious Consumption Aritmetry” has been handled at various levels. In Turkey, the theme of financial literacy should be integrated into related curriculums like mathematics. So, firstly an educational policy should be occurred intended for financial literacy and the curriculums should be revised according to financial literacy.Extended English abstract is in the end of Full Text PDF (TURKISH) file.ÖzetEkonomik İşbirliği ve Kalkınma Örgütü (OECD) öncülünde gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan ülkelerde okul çağındaki öğrenciler ve yetişkinler için finansal okuryazarlık eğitimleri ve bilinçlendirme çalışmaları yürütülmektedir. Kanada, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri, Birleşik Krallık, Avustralya gibi birçok ülkede finansal okuryazarlık, öğretim programlarında temel faktörlerden biri olarak yerini almıştır. Bu çalışmanın amacı dünyada önemi giderek artan finansal okuryazarlığın Türkiye’de uygulanan matematik öğretim programlarındaki durumunu incelemektir. Nitel araştırma desenine sahip bu çalışmada 2005 yılından sonra geliştirilen 2005 ilköğretim ve ortaöğretim, 2013 ilkokul, ortaokul ve ortaöğretim, 2017 ilkokul-ortaokul ve ortaöğretim matematik öğretim programları doküman incelemesi yöntemi ile ele alınmaktadır. Dikey karşılaştırma yaklaşımının benimsendiği çalışmada dokümanlar finansal okuryazarlık literatürü ve uluslararası öğrenci değerlendirme sınavı (PISA)’nın finansal okuryazarlık yaklaşımı çerçevesinde değerlendirilmektedir. Öğretim hedefleri, kazanımlar ve öğrenme süreçlerinin analizinde içerik analizi uygulanmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular ışığında, Türkiye’de 2009 yılında matematik öğretim programına “Bilinçli Tüketim Aritmetiği” başlığıyla finansal okuryazarlığa adım atıldığı, 2017 yılındaki değişiklikle “finansal okuryazarlık” kavramının kazanımlarda yer bulduğu görülmektedir. 2005 ilköğretim ve ortaöğretim matematik öğretim programlarında örtük şekilde finansal bilgi ve becerilere farklı öğrenme alanlarında yer verildiği, matematiksel ve finansal kavramlar arasında ilişkilendirmeler yapıldığı ancak bu durumun revize edilen yeni programlarda giderek zayıfladığı saptanmıştır. Programların oluşumundaki önemi ve yoğunluğu dikkate alındığında finansal okuryazarlığa yönelik bir eğitim politikası oluşturulması ve buna uygun olarak öğretim programlarının revize edilmesi gerektiği görülmektedir

The effect of number of bootstrap samples, trimming proportion and distribution to the results in bootstrap-t and percentile bootstrap methods

Bootstrap yöntemler, kestiricinin veya test istatistiğinin dağılımının bilinmediği durumlarda çıkarsama yapılmasını sağlayan ve eldeki rassal örneklemden tekrarlı olarak yapılan seçimler ile yeni örneklemler türetme ilkesine dayanan yöntemlerdir. Bootstrap yöntemlerde; tekrar sayısı, budanmış ortalama içeren bir yöntem ile birlikte kullanılırlarsa budama yüzdesi ve kitle dağılımının yöntemin performansını nasıl etkilediği tartışılmakta olan konulardır [1-7]. Bu çalışmada; tek örneklem hipotez testi yapmak amacıyla Tukey-McLaughlin testinin [8] bootstrap-t ile birlikte kullanımı ve yüzdelik bootstrap, iki örneklem hipotez testi yapmak amacıyla ise Yuen testinin [9] bootstrap-t ile birlikte kullanımı ve yüzdelik bootstrap yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Bahsedilen yöntemlerin performansları; farklı tekrar sayıları, budama yüzdeleri ve kitle dağılımları kullanılarak gerçekleşen 1. Tip hata değerlerine göre karşılaştırılmıştır. Karşılaştırma bir simülasyon çalışması ve ayrıca iki gerçek veri seti ile yapılmıştır. Kitle budanmış ortalaması için tek ve iki örneklemde hipotez testi yöntemi, budama yüzdesi ve tekrar sayısı için öneriler geliştirilmiştir.Bootstrap methods are procedures which enable to make inference when the distribution of estimator or test statistics is unknown, and based on the principle of generating new samples by using the original random sample with replacement. In bootstrap methods, how number of bootstrap samples, trimming proportion if they are used with a method that involves trimmed mean and population distribution affect the performance of the methods are issues that have been discussed [1-7]. In this study; with the aim of performing one sample hypothesis testing use of Tukey-McLaughlin test [8] with bootstrap-t and percentile bootstrap, and with the aim of performing two samples hypothesis testing use of Yuen test [9] with bootstrap-t and percentile bootstrap are used. The performances of these methods are compared in terms of actual type 1 error rates by using different number of bootstrap samples, trimming proportions and population distributions. The comparison is done with a simulation study by using theoretical distributions and two real data sets. Suggestions for the method to be used, trimming proportion and number of bootstrap samples are developed

Effects of sulfur supplementation on thyroid hormones in angora goats fed with a high-nitrate diet

Bu çalışma, yüksek diyetli nitrat alımı ve inorganik kükürt ilavesinin Ankara keçilerindeki tiroid hormonlarına etkisini belirlemek amacıyla yapıldı. Çalışmada, yaklaşık 14 aylık yaştaki 18 erkek Ankara keçisi 3 gruba bölündü: kontrol grup bazal diyetle beslendi, nitrat grubu 1500 ppm nitrat ilave edilen bazal diyetle beslendi ve nitrat+kükürt grubu 1500 ppm nitrat ve %1.8 sodyum sülfat ilave edilen bazal diyetle beslendi. Çalışmanın 45., 90., 135. ve 180. günlerinde serum örneklerinde tiroid uyarıcı hormon (TSH), total ve serbest triiyodotironin (TT3 veFT3) ve tetraiyodotironin (TT4 ve FT4) düzeyleri ölçüldü. 180. günde, TT4 hariç, serum TSH, total ve serbest T3 ve serbest T4 konsantrasyonları nitrat+kükürt grubunda kontrol ve nitrat grubundan daha yüksekti (P<0.01). Bu çalışma, Ankara keçilerinin tiroid hormonları dikkate alındığında 1500 ppm nitrat içeren bir beslemeyi tolere edebileceğini ve inorganik kükürdün doza bağlı olarak tiroid hormonları üzerine yüksek nitratlı diyetin olumsuz etkilerini hafifletmek için doğal bir kaynak görevi görebileceğini önermektedir.This study was to aimed for determination the effect of high dietary nitrate intake and inorganic sulphur supplementation on thyroids hormones in Angora goats. In this study, eighteen male Angora goats aged 14 months were divided into three groups (n = 6): control group fed with a basal diet, nitrate group fed with a basal diet supplemented with 1500 ppm nitrate, and nitrate + sulfur group fed with a basal diet supplemented with 1500 ppm nitrate and 1.8% sodium sulfate. On days 45, 90, 135, and 180 of the study, the concentrations of the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), total and free triiodothyronine (TT3 and FT3), and tetraiodothyronine (TT4 and FT4) were measured in the serum samples. On day 180, except for TT4, the serum TSH and total and free T3 and free T4 concentrations were higher (P<0.05) in the nitrate + sulfur group than in the control and nitrate groups. This study suggested that Angora goats could tolerate a feed containing 1500 ppm nitrate with respect to the thyroid hormones, and inorganic sulfur might serve as a natural source for alleviating the negative effects of the high-nitrate diet on the thyroid gland in a dose-dependent manner

Characteristics of school injuries presenting to the emergency department

School injuries account for approximately one-fifth of pediatric injuries. We aimed to investigate the frequency and severity of school injuries among school-aged children and determine clinical diagnoses and surgery requirement data. Methods In this prospective study, children who were admitted to the emergency department due to school accidents over a 5-month period were included. Demographics, activity during trauma, mechanism of trauma, nature, severity, emergency department outcomes, and surgery requirement were evaluated. Results The study included a total of 504 school-aged children, of whom 327 (64.9%) were male and 177 (35.1%) were female. Of the children, 426 (84.5%) had no evidence of injury or minor injury, while 78 (15.5%) had moderate or severe injury. There was a statistically significant difference between these two groups in terms of gender ( p = 0.031). Of the 78 children with moderate or severe injuries, 45 had extremity fractures, 18 had lacerations, 5 had maxillofacial injuries, 4 had cerebral contusion, 1 had lung contusion, and 1 had cervical soft-tissue damage. Two patients with fractures and two with eyelid lacerations were treated surgically, and four patients with brain contusion were hospitalized for a close follow-up. Conclusion This study revealed that the most common moderate or severe injuries in school accidents referred to emergency department were distal radius fractures and lacerations