The Relationship between Assertiveness Self-Esteem and Social Anxiety of Adolescent

People get in social contact with each other all the time while satisfying their needs. Social anxiety, which is an important psychological barrier in social relations, by its simplest definition is having problem in social relations by the fear of experiencing negative evaluation of others. Social anxiety can be seen among adolescents more frequently because of the characteristics of the developmental period. At this period, assertive adolescents can express themselves better when compared by their shy counterparts. In this study, it was aimed to explain if adolescents’ self-esteem, and assertiveness are the significant predictors of the social anxiety. Study group consists of 229 female (62%) and 140 male (38%) adolescents, in total 369 adolescents having secondary school education. Data was gathered by Social Anxiety Inventory for Adolescents, Assertiveness Inventory and Coopersmith Self-esteem Inventory. Criterion variable of the study is determined as social anxiety and predictor variables are determined as assertiveness and self-esteem. Data was analyzed by Pearson product moment correlation and linear regression methods. Assertiveness and self-esteem predicts the 42 per cent of the variance on social anxiety of the adolescents. Results indicate that shyness is a significant positive predictor of social anxiety while self-esteem is a significant negative predictor of social anxiety. However, it is found that assertiveness is not a significant predictor of social anxiety.Bireyler ihtiyaçlarını karşılarken sürekli iletişim ve etkileşim halindedir. Sağlıklı sosyal ilişkiler oluşturmanın önünde ciddi bir engel olan sosyal kaygı ise en basit şekilde bireyin olumsuz değerlendirilme korkusundan dolayı toplumsal ilişkilerinde sıkıntı yaşamasıdır. Sosyal kaygı özellikle ergenlik döneminin özelliklerinden dolayı ergenler arasında daha yaygın olabilmektedir. Güvengen ergenler kendilerini daha rahat ifade edebilirken çekingen olan ergenler kendilerini ifade edebilme konusunda sıkıntı yaşayabilmektedirler. Bu çalışmanın amacı ergenlerin sosyal kaygı düzeyleri ile güvengenlik ve öz-saygıları arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemektir. Araştırmanın çalışma grubunu yaşları 14 ile 18 arasında değişen 229 kadın (%62) ve 140 erkek (%38) olmak üzere toplam 369 lise öğrencisi oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmanın verileri Ergenler için Sosyal Kaygı Ölçeği, Kendini Belirleme (Güvengenlik) Ölçeği ve Coopersmith Öz-Saygı Envanteri ile elde edilmiştir. Araştırmanın yordanan değişkeni sosyal kaygı ve yordayan değişkenleri güvengenlik ve öz-saygı olarak belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen verilerin analizi için Pearson Momentler Çarpımı Korelasyon tekniği ve çoklu doğrusal regresyon analizi kullanılmıştır. Güvengenlik ve öz-saygı ergenlerin sosyal kaygılarının toplam varyansının %42’ini açıklamaktadır. Araştırma sonuçları incelendiğinde çekingenliğin ergenlerin sosyal kaygı düzeylerini pozitif yönde anlamlı düzeyde yordadığı ve öz-saygının ise ergenlerin sosyal kaygı düzeylerini negatif düzeyde anlamlı olarak yordadığı bulunmuştur. Bununla birlikte güvengenlik ergenlerin sosyal kaygılarını anlamlı düzeyde yordamamaktadı

The description of the characteristics of the individual, family, abuse and assessment of the effects of these characteristics both on the possibility of being abused and on the occurence of a psychiatric disorder among adolescent cases that were sexually abused: a controlled study

Bu araştırmada bir yıl içinde çocuğun cinsel kötüye kullanımı yakınması ile başvuran 11 -18 yaş arası çocuk ve ergenler cinsel istismara uğrayan ergen olgularda bireysel, ailesel ve istismara ait özelliklerin tanımlanması, bireysel, ailesel ve istismara ait özelliklerin psikiyatrik bozukluk oluşum üzerine etkisi olup olmadığının karşılaştırılması ve başa çıkma mekanizmaları ile aile işlevlerinin ve anne ve babaların tutum farklılıklarının olgu olmaya etkisinin belirlenmesi amacıyla değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışmada 24'ü kız, 7'si erkek toplam 31 olgu ve 47'si kız, 14'ü erkek 61 sağlıklı ergenden oluşmaktadır. Her iki gruba da Okul Çağı Çocukları İçin Duygulanım Bozuklukları ve Şizofreni Görüşme Çizelgesi-Şimdi ve Yaşam Boyu Versiyonu ile tanı açısından taranmıştır. Çalışmaya katılan tüm çocuk ve ergenler ile anneleri tarafından Stresle Başa Çıkma Yolları Ölçeği - Ergen Formu, Stresle Baş Etme Tarzları Ölçeği - Erişkin Formu Formu, Aile Değerlendirme Ölçeği ve Aile Hayatı ve Çocuk Yetiştirme Tutumu Ölçeği doldurulmuştur. Değerlendirmeler sonunda, olgu olmayı belirleyen faktörler arasında okula gitmeme, kardeş sayısının çok olması, kaçıncı çocuk olduğu, fiziksel hastalık varlığı, zeka düzeyinin düşüklüğü, anne eğitiminin düşük olması, baba alkol kullanımı, marital sorun, aile içi şiddet ve ailede cinsel örselenme öyküsünün olduğu, olgu grubunda daha yüksek oranda psikopatoloji ve belirti olduğu saptanmıştır. Araştırma grubunda anksiyete bozukluğu ve depresif bozukluklar en sık görülen tanılar olmuştur. Olgu grubundaki çocuklarda tanıya etki olduğu saptanan tek sosyo-demografik değişkenin, sosyo-ekonomik düzey olduğu, belirlenmiştir. Ana baba tutumlarının psikopatoloji gelişimi üzerine etkisi saptanamamışÃ¦ aile işlevleriyle ilgili olarak ise olgu grubunda iletişim ve gerek ilgiyi gösterme alt testlerinde iki grup arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı düzeyde farklılık saptanmıştır. Başa çıkma biçimleriyle ilgili olarak ise olgu grubunun problem odaklı başa çıkmaları daha az kullandığı ve bu başa çıkma biçimini daha az kullanmanın olgu olma riskini arttırdığı tespit edilmiştir. Tanı almayı etkileyebilecek yordayıcıları saptamaya yönelik çalışmalardan da ruh sağlığına yönelik yordayıcı sonuçlara ulaşılabileceği düşünülmektedir. Anahtar kelimeler: Cinsel istismar, başa çıkma, psikopatoloji, yordayıcı, risk faktörleri In this study, children and adolescents of ages 11-18 that were sexually abused and were admitted to the clinic within a year, with the complaint of sexual misuse, were assessed to determine the description of the characteristics of individual, family and abuseæ to compare whether the features of the individual, family and abuse have an effect on the formation of a psychiatric disorder or not. In conjuction with this, another objective of this study was to establish whether the coping mechanisms and the family functioning as well as the difference in parental attitudes have an effect on being a case or not. The study sample contains 31 casesæ 24 girls and 7 boys, and a control group that contains 61 healthy adolescents of which 47 are girls and 14 are boys. The Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia For School Aged Children were applied to bothgroups to undergo a diagnostic screening. Ways of Coping Checklist ( SBYO)- Adolescent Form, Ways of Coping Inventory (SBO), Family Functioning Inventory (ADO) and Parent Attitude Research Instrument (PARI) were applied to all of the children, adolescents and their mothers in the study. As a result of the assessments, the factors that determined being sexually abused (to represent a case) were found to be not attending school, having multiple siblings, which child the case was within the family, the occurence of a physical illness, low IQ, low education levels of the mother, paternal alcohol use, marital disturbances, the positive story for familial physical and sexual abuse, more positive symptoms and psychopathology in the group who were subject to sexual abuse. The most frequently encountered diagnoses were anxiety disorders and depressive disorders in the study sample. The only sociodemographic variable that was determined to have an effect on the diagnosis within the children case group was socioeconomic status. No effect of parental attitudes was detected on the development of psychopathology and as for family functioning, considering the interaction and attentive caring subscales in the case group, the mean of subtest scores were significantly low statitistically. As for the coping strategies, the case group was found to be using the coping mechanisms focused on problem solving less and that this type of a coping strategy may indeed increase the risk of being a case itself. It is also suggested that, through the studies assigning the predictors affecting the diagnosis, one may reach results that may predict mental health. Key words: Sexual abuse, risk factors, coping, psychopathology, predicto

Ham Petrolün Suda Çözünebilen Kısımlarının Pelvicachromis pulcher (Boulenger, 1901) (Cichlidae, Teleostei) Bağırsak ve Karaciğeri Üzerindeki Etkileri [1]

In order to make a contribution to displaying of the harmful eff ects of the petrochemical production processes to our health and environment, it has been investigated the histopathological changes obseved in the intestine and hepatic tissues of Pelvicachromis pulcher, a teleost fish, after a 15-day exposure to 40% sublethal concentrations of the water-soluble fractions of crude oil, by light microscopy. Several histological alterations such as prominent ulceration, desquamation, lymphocyte infiltration and necrosis, were noted for the intestinal tissue of the crude oil exposed animals when compared with controls. the liver was also shown marked deformative changes identified as steatozis, hemorrhage, dilatation of sinusoids and pronounced hepatocellular degeneration which was specially characterized pyknotic and karyorrhetic nuclei. It was concluded that the water soluble fractions of crude oil was drastically eff ected both of the tissues studied, as expected.Petrokimyasal üretim süreçlerinin sağlığımız ve çevremiz üzerindeki zararlı etkilerinin ortaya konmasına katkıda bulunmak amacıyla, 15 gün süreyle %40'lık subletal konsantrasyonda ham petrolün suda çözünebilen kısımlarına maruz bırakılan bir teleost türünün, Pelvicachromis pulcher'in bağırsak ve karaciğer dokularında gözlenen histopatolojik değişimler ışık mikroskobu ile araştırıldı. Kontrol grubuyla karşılaştırıldığında, ham petrole maruz bırakılan örneklerin bağırsaklarında göze çarpan ülserasyon, deskuamasyon, lenfosit infiltrasyonu ve nekroz gibi ciddi histolojik değişimler not edildi. Karaciğerde steatosis, hemoraji, sinüzoidlerde genişleme ve özellikle piknotik ve karyoretik nukleuslarla karakterize edilen çarpıcı hepatosellüler bozulma olarak ayırt edilen belirgin deformasyonlar gösterdiği tespit edildi. Ham petrolün suda çözünebilen kısımlarının her iki dokuda da, beklenildiği üzere önemli ölçüde etkili olduğu sonucuna varıldı

The effects of sodium perchlorate on the liver of Molly Fish (Poecilia sphenops, Cyprinidae, Teleostei)

Adult male molly fishes were reared up to ten days in control water or in water containing sodium perchlorate at concentrations of 1, 5, 25 and 125 ppm. Remarkable steatosis, fibrosis, hyperemia and necrosis were distinguished in parallel with increasing sodium perchlorate concentrations. The striking cellular damages were observed especially in 25 and 125 ppm sodium perchlorate exposed animals. The exposition to 25 ppm sodium perchlorate induced hepatocellular breakdowns and nuclearpolymorphism. In 125 ppm sodium perchlorate exposed fish, hyperemia and widened necrotic areas were discovered. The results were evaluated as being the first documentation of histopathological effects of sodium perchlorate on teleost liver

TÜRKİYE’DE BİR DERMATOLOJİ KLİNİĞİNDE OBSESİF KOMPULSİF BOZUKLUK VE DİĞER I. EKSEN BOZUKLUKLARININ FENOMENOLOJİSİ VE YAYGINLIĞI

Background: Previous studies report that many obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) patients seek help especially from dermatology clinics. The aims of the present study were: to determine the prevalence of OCD and other DSM-IV Axis I disorders among patients attending an outpatient clinic of dermatology, to identify any possible relationship between dermatological diseases and OCD, to determine the clinical and phenomenological features of the OCD subgroup in this population. Methods: The study was conducted in the Dermatology Outpatient Clinic of Istanbul University, Cerrahpaşa Medical Faculty. To achieve randomization, every fifth patient applying for the first time within the denoted period was included. Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID-I), Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Symptoms Scale (Y-BOCS), and a Case Report (CRF) were used for psychiatric evaluation. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS for Windows, Version 11.5, Chicago, IL., USA) was used for statistical analyses. Descriptive statistics, chi-square test and One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA, via Kruskal-Wallis test) were used for comparisons. The results were interpreted within a confidence interval (CI) of 95 % and p was set at 0.05. Results: Among 99 patients 21 (21.2%) were diagnosed as having OCD and 34 were (34.3%) found to have other mental disorders whereas 44 (44.4%) had no psychopathology. OCD was found to be significantly commoner among those who had disease more than a year. The most common obsession was found to be contamination (63.6%), ordering (22.7%) and symmetry (18.1%). Most frequent compulsions were found to be Washing/ Cleaning (63.6%), checking (40.9%) and counting (31.8%). Psycho-cutenous disorders and eczema were found to be related with OCD. Conclusion: We have found increased prevalences of both OCD and other axis I disorders among dermatology patients, especially those with psycho-cutenous reactions and eczema and we argue that a closer cooperation among dermatology and psychiatry is needed also in Turkey

Quality of life, depression, and anxiety in Turkish children with vitiligo and their parents

BACKGROUND: Vitiligo is a chronic skin condition among psychocutaneous diseases that significantly affect psychiatric well-being of patients, social interactions, and overall quality of life. Only a limited number of studies about psychiatric well-being and quality of life in children with vitiligo and their parents are available. AIMS: With this study, we aimed to assess anxiety, depression, and quality of life in children diagnosed with vitiligo and their parents. METHODS AND MATERIAL: Forty-one vitiligo patients aged 9–16 years 30 healthy controls along with their parents were asked to fill out self-report forms that assessed quality of life (Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory – Child Form; PedsQL-C and Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory – Parent Form; PedsQL-P), anxiety (State–Trait Anxiety Inventory – STAI-C for children and Beck Anxiety Inventory – BAI for parents), and depression (Children’s Depression Inventory – CDI and Beck Depression Inventory – BDI for parents). RESULTS: Between groups, significant differences were found in PedsQL-C subscales measuring school functioning, psychosocial health, and overall quality of life. Regarding PedsQL-P scores, there was a significant difference in physical functioning, social functioning, and overall quality of life. No statistical significance was found between groups regarding CDI and STAI-C scores. There was a significant difference in BDI, with higher scores in parents of children with vitiligo. CONCLUSIONS: We believe measuring life quality with standardized instruments and techniques would be important in the assessment of the patient to evaluate the efficacy of treatment, specifically in chronic disorders. Further studies addressing these issues, especially in children, adolescents, and their parents are warranted