The RESET project: constructing a European tephra lattice for refined synchronisation of environmental and archaeological events during the last c. 100 ka

This paper introduces the aims and scope of the RESET project (. RESponse of humans to abrupt Environmental Transitions), a programme of research funded by the Natural Environment Research Council (UK) between 2008 and 2013; it also provides the context and rationale for papers included in a special volume of Quaternary Science Reviews that report some of the project's findings. RESET examined the chronological and correlation methods employed to establish causal links between the timing of abrupt environmental transitions (AETs) on the one hand, and of human dispersal and development on the other, with a focus on the Middle and Upper Palaeolithic periods. The period of interest is the Last Glacial cycle and the early Holocene (c. 100-8 ka), during which time a number of pronounced AETs occurred. A long-running topic of debate is the degree to which human history in Europe and the Mediterranean region during the Palaeolithic was shaped by these AETs, but this has proved difficult to assess because of poor dating control. In an attempt to move the science forward, RESET examined the potential that tephra isochrons, and in particular non-visible ash layers (cryptotephras), might offer for synchronising palaeo-records with a greater degree of finesse. New tephrostratigraphical data generated by the project augment previously-established tephra frameworks for the region, and underpin a more evolved tephra 'lattice' that links palaeo-records between Greenland, the European mainland, sub-marine sequences in the Mediterranean and North Africa. The paper also outlines the significance of other contributions to this special volume: collectively, these illustrate how the lattice was constructed, how it links with cognate tephra research in Europe and elsewhere, and how the evidence of tephra isochrons is beginning to challenge long-held views about the impacts of environmental change on humans during the Palaeolithic. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd.RESET was funded through Consortium Grants awarded by the Natural Environment Research Council, UK, to a collaborating team drawn from four institutions: Royal Holloway University of London (grant reference NE/E015905/1), the Natural History Museum, London (NE/E015913/1), Oxford University (NE/E015670/1) and the University of Southampton, including the National Oceanography Centre (NE/01531X/1). The authors also wish to record their deep gratitude to four members of the scientific community who formed a consultative advisory panel during the lifetime of the RESET project: Professor Barbara Wohlfarth (Stockholm University), Professor Jørgen Peder Steffensen (Niels Bohr Institute, Copenhagen), Dr. Martin Street (Romisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum, Neuwied) and Professor Clive Oppenheimer (Cambridge University). They provided excellent advice at key stages of the work, which we greatly valued. We also thank Jenny Kynaston (Geography Department, Royal Holloway) for construction of several of the figures in this paper, and Debbie Barrett (Elsevier) and Colin Murray Wallace (Editor-in-Chief, QSR) for their considerable assistance in the production of this special volume.Peer Reviewe

Effect of ondansetron in lower extremity bone surgery on morphine and tramadol consumption using patient controlled analgesia [Alt ekstremite kemik cerrahisinde hasta kontrollü analjezide ondansetronun tramadol ve morfin tüketimine etkisi]

PubMedID: 17457705In this study, we aimed to assess the effect of administration of ondansetron on morphine and tramadol consumptions. After approval by the ethics committee, 120 patients with ASA status I or II, who will undergo elective lower extremity surgery, were included in the study. Patients were randomly divided into 4 groups following the anesthesia induction. Group I received tramadol as PCA with an infusion of 0.3 mg/kg following a loading dose of 1.5 mg/kg administered 1 hour before the end of the surgery. Group II received ondansetron 0.1 mg/kg following induction of anesthesia, additionally. Group III received morphine as PCA with an infusion following a loading dose of 0.15 mg/kg administered 30 minutes before the end of surgery. Group IV received ondansetron 0.1 mg/kg following induction of anesthesia, additionally. Pain scores(VAS), nausea, vomitting and sedation scores, analgesic consumptions and adverse effects were recorded at 5th, 15th, 30th, 45th minutes and 4th, 8th, 12th and 24th hours postoperatively. Postoperative VAS, nausea, vomitting and sedation scores were similar among the groups. The analgesic consumption was found significantly higher at 4th, 8th, 12th and 24th hours in group II. No statistically significant difference was found in analgesic consumption between group III and IV at all times. We concluded that, ondansetron, when administered as nausea prophylaxis in patients receiving tramadol and morphine as PCA, did not effect morphine consumption whereas did increased tramadol consumption

A Performance Task Application for the Development of Elementary School Students’ Perception of Hygiene and Being Healthy

In the present study, the purpose is to determine the effects of performance tasks for the topic of “hygiene and being healthy” on elementary school 4th graders’ opinions about and attitudes towards the value of “hygiene and being healthy”. The study employed a mixed method using both quantitative and qualitative research models. The experimental group consists of 24 and the control group consists of 23 students. The data was collected through hygiene attitude scale and being healthy attitude scale and a feelings and opinions form. In the analysis of the quantitative data, Mann-Whitney U test and in the analysis of the qualitative data descriptive analysis method were used. As a result of the quantitative analysis, it was found that there is a significant difference in hygiene value (U=66.500, p<.05), and being healthy value (U=42.000, p<.05) favoring the experimental group. As a result of the qualitative analysis, one can argue that the experimental group students displayed positive attitudes and behaviors throughout the hygiene and being healthy performance task and they will continue their hygiene and being healthy efforts after the completion of the performance task

The history of public health in the modern Middle East: The environmental–medical turn

The field of Middle Eastern history began as an attempt to understand how Europeans came to dominate the region. As a result, when medicine and the environment were discussed, they were used to highlight European technological and scientific advances in these fields, and describe the processes through which Islamic medical and scientific concepts were replaced. The first wave of scholarship on the history of medicine in the region focused primarily on 19th‐century Egypt, where the state sponsored the development of a public health system to protect military readiness and combat epidemic diseases such as cholera and plague. This article highlights recent scholarship in the history of health, medicine, and the environment during the 19th and early 20th centuries, and illustrates how this lens (the “environmental‐medical turn”) provides new perspectives on the social and political history of the Middle East. I argue that the environmental‐medical turn provides a new avenue for locating illiterate members of society—the peasant and middle classes—in the archive; by exploring moments of crisis leading to protest and rebellion, and examining data revealing hardship and suffering, Middle Eastern historians can explore the complex roots of social and political events, and historians of medicine and the environment can include the region in transnational and comparative studies