On ordinal utility, cardinal utility, and random utility

Though the Random Utility Model (RUM) was conceived  entirely in terms of ordinal utility, the apparatus throughwhich it is widely practised exhibits properties of  cardinal utility.  The adoption of cardinal utility as a  working operation of ordinal is perfectly valid, provided  interpretations drawn from that operation remain faithful  to ordinal utility.  The paper considers whether the latterrequirement holds true for several measurements commonly  derived from RUM.  In particular it is found that  measurements of consumer surplus change may depart from  ordinal utility, and exploit the cardinality inherent in  the practical apparatus.

Lifting As We Climb : An Exploration of Older Black Men\u27s Willingness to Help Younger Black Men Seeking Work

This exploratory study examines the role that older black men\u27s attitudes play in their willingness to offer job-linking assistance to younger black men. A series of in-depth interviews were conducted with ten black male business owners 35-years-old or older to determine their disposition towards younger black men, their ability to provide job-linking assistance, and their willingness to provide assistance. The study found that despite negative opinions towards their younger counterparts, the older black men in the sample were willing to offer job-linking assistance. However, the men\u27s own problems with perceived discrimination, as well as a troubled economy provide barriers to their do so

On Γίγνων

Abstract for On Γίγνων This paper will examine C.D.C Reeve’s use of ἀγάλματα as a birth metaphor in the dialogue the Symposium, and compare it to the other birth metaphors as found in the Theaetetus. This paper posits that there is a difference betwixt the ἀγάλματα found in Socrates and the διάνοια with which certain men are found to be pregnant[1]. The relationship of ἀγάλματα and διάνοια are commensurate to the relationship of διάνοια and νοήσις as found in the hierarchy of understanding in the soul in the line metaphor of the Republic. The paper will seek to prove this thesis by means of close philological and philosophical examination of the selection and use of words chosen in birth metaphors in the dialogues of first the Theaetetus, then in the Symposium.[2] Having established the difference and connection of the birth metaphors in the prior dialogues, the paper will then move into a comparison of the birth metaphors to the line metaphor in the Republic. This paper ultimately seeks to clarify the role and meaning of διάνοια within the Platonic dialogues, and how it will consequentially affect the philosophic ideas and ideals. [1] As is described as offspring in the Theaetetus. [2] Although other dialogues will be mentioned to further elucidate a point, these will be the three main dialogues used

Factors influencing the rates, processes and magnitude of accumulation of carbon in desert soils

This report summarizes research funded through NASA's Soil Landscape Climate Program which includes studies of the systematics of carbon storage and flux in the terrestrial environment, specifically terrestrial soils. Efforts focussed on the nature of carbon behavior in arid environments, where the majority of the carbon is present as inorganic carbon stored as pedogenic carbonate in desert calcic soils. Studies were supported of soils in two areas of western North America's major deserts: the Mojave Desert and the Chihuahuan Desert. Part 1 of this report summarizes the results of research conducted in the area of the Providence Mountains, California in the eastern Mojave Desert. Part 2 of this report summarizes the results of research in the Sevilleta Wildlife Refuge in central New Mexico, one of the sites of the UMN Biology Department's Long Term Ecological Research