316 research outputs found
NILM techniques for intelligent home energy management and ambient assisted living: a review
The ongoing deployment of smart meters and different commercial devices has made electricity disaggregation feasible in buildings and households, based on a single measure of the current and, sometimes, of the voltage. Energy disaggregation is intended to separate the total power consumption into specific appliance loads, which can be achieved by applying Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring (NILM) techniques with a minimum invasion of privacy. NILM techniques are becoming more and more widespread in recent years, as a consequence of the interest companies and consumers have in efficient energy consumption and management. This work presents a detailed review of NILM methods, focusing particularly on recent proposals and their applications, particularly in the areas of Home Energy Management Systems (HEMS) and Ambient Assisted Living (AAL), where the ability to determine the on/off status of certain devices can provide key information for making further decisions. As well as complementing previous reviews on the NILM field and providing a discussion of the applications of NILM in HEMS and AAL, this paper provides guidelines for future research in these topics.AgĂȘncia financiadora:
Programa Operacional Portugal 2020 and Programa Operacional Regional do Algarve
01/SAICT/2018/39578
Fundação para a CiĂȘncia e Tecnologia through IDMEC, under LAETA:
SFRH/BSAB/142998/2018
SFRH/BSAB/142997/2018
UID/EMS/50022/2019
Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La-Mancha, Spain:
SBPLY/17/180501/000392
Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness (SOC-PLC project):
TEC2015-64835-C3-2-R MINECO/FEDERinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
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A classification of emerging and traditional grid systems
The grid has evolved in numerous distinct phases. It started in the early â90s as a model of metacomputing in which supercomputers share resources; subsequently, researchers added the ability to share data. This is usually referred to as the first-generation grid. By the late â90s, researchers had outlined the framework for second-generation grids, characterized by their use of grid middleware systems to âglueâ different grid technologies together. Third-generation grids originated in the early millennium when Web technology was combined with second-generation grids. As a result, the invisible grid, in which grid complexity is fully hidden through resource virtualization, started receiving attention. Subsequently, grid researchers identified the requirement for semantically rich knowledge grids, in which middleware technologies are more intelligent and autonomic. Recently, the necessity for grids to support and extend the ambient intelligence vision has emerged. In AmI, humans are surrounded by computing technologies that are unobtrusively embedded in their surroundings.
However, third-generation gridsâ current architecture doesnât meet the requirements of next-generation grids (NGG) and service-oriented knowledge utility (SOKU).4 A few years ago, a group of independent experts, arranged by the European Commission, identified these shortcomings as a way to identify potential European grid research priorities for 2010 and beyond. The experts envision grid systemsâ information, knowledge, and processing capabilities as a set of utility services.3 Consequently, new grid systems are emerging to materialize these visions. Here, we review emerging grids and classify them to motivate further research and help establish a solid foundation in this rapidly evolving area
Analysing long-term interactions between demand response and different electricity markets using a stochastic market equilibrium model. ESRI WP585, February 2018
Power systems based on renewable energy sources (RES) are characterised by
increasingly distributed, volatile and uncertain supply leading to growing requirements for
flexibility. In this paper, we explore the role of demand response (DR) as a source of flexibility
that is considered to become increasingly important in future. The majority of research in this
context has focussed on the operation of power systems in energy only markets, mostly using
deterministic optimisation models. In contrast, we explore the impact of DR on generator
investments and profits from different markets, on costs for different consumers from
different markets, and on CO2 emissions under consideration of the uncertainties associated
with the RES generation. We also analyse the effect of the presence of a feed-in premium
(FIP) for RES generation on these impacts. We therefore develop a novel stochastic mixed
complementarity model in this paper that considers both operational and investment
decisions, that considers interactions between an energy market, a capacity market and a
feed-in premium and that takes into account the stochasticity of electricity generation by RES.
We use a Benders decomposition algorithm to reduce the computational expenses of the
model and apply the model to a case study based on the future Irish power system. We find
that DR particularly increases renewable generator profits. While DR may reduce consumer
costs from the energy market, these savings may be (over)compensated by increasing costs
from the capacity market and the feed-in premium. This result highlights the importance of
considering such interactions between different markets
Economic opportunities of AMI implementation : a review
Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) is rapidly becoming a key element for the modernization and disruption of power grids, generating benefits and opportunities to all actors involved in its implementation. In order to guarantee a correct deployment of AMI, a wide knowledge of its advantages and challenges is needed, that takes into account previous experiences and latest advances that have been made in the field. In this paper, a review of literature is used as a mean to collect the relevant information concerning AMI, so as to conclude which are the opportunities that AMI provides to all parties involved. This is achieved by searching in the most important data bases and specialized sources such as IEEE and IEA. It was found that this infrastructure, does indeed help improve efficiency and leads to positive economic effects impacting variables like costs and prices
Information Feedback, Behaviour and âSmart Metersâ: Using behavioural economics to improve our knowledge about the potential effectiveness of Smart Meters to use electricity efficiently
As part of the development of the European electricity grid, the EU has decided that âSmart Metersâ should be installed in 80% of the households of the EU by 2020. It is expected that this will lead to a reduction of energy use in the residential sector in the order of 10%. Driven by the so-called âInformation-Deficitâ model, a critical assumption in this policy development is that provision of information, via âSmart Metersâ, enables energy end-users to make more informed, and thus better, decisions in relation to their energy service demands (e.g. lighting). However, even if there is some evidence that feedback to consumers stimulate an efficient use of energy, the magnitude of this reduction is debated. In fact, findings from behavioural economics suggest that behavioural biases (e.g. loss aversion) and cognitive limitations restrict end-users from displaying purely rational behaviour, which in turn limits the effect (and policy expectations) of policies applying the information-deficit model. The thesis at hand addresses these issues explicitly and provides empirical analyses of how behavioural biases affects consumersâ response to energy-related information. To that end, experimental research covering eight field exercises and a Smart Meter experiment was conducted. The thesis aimed to generate knowledge about the applicability and implications of using behavioural economics to deliver feedback to electricity consumers. With due limitations, the experiments illustrate that a knowledge-gap exists, and that information can help correct consumer behaviour, but that the framing and salience of this information can affect the magnitude of the response. The Smart Meter experiment on loss aversion took place in a real-life setting where consumers actually used and paid for the electricity. Results show that the intervention group reduced its electricity use, and that those reductions were larger than those found for the reference group (for both daily and standby consumption). Compared to related research, findings revealed that reductions in electricity use were also larger than the average electricity reduction found in other studies of feedback on electricity use. As a whole, it is concluded that feedback information can contribute to efficient electricity use and thus contribute to meeting EU policy targets. However, the (expected) effects depend on how feedback is designed, framed and presented. The Smart Meter experiment indicates an enhanced effect on electricity use reduction as a result loss aversion, but further research (e.g. large scale trials) is needed for more conclusive and statistically significant results
Green architecture and sustainability apllied on buildings evaluation systems for"blank" smart cities and "converted" smart cities
Tese de Doutoramento em Arquitetura, com a especialização em Tecnologias e Gestão da Construção apresentada na Faculdade de Arquitetura da Universidade de Lisboa para obtenção do grau de Doutora.O desenvolvimento sucessivo de Cidades Inteligentes pelo mundo, tem criado uma atitude negativa e prejudicial que resulta na dificuldade de atração de habitantes para estes espaços. As novas tecnologias não são suficientemente impulsionadoras para garantir uma taxa de adoção sustentåvel dentro destas novas cidades. O conceito de Cidades Inteligentes Climåticas visam resolver esta questão tendo em conta aspectos relacionados na base da habitabilidade e da sustentabilidade.
Enquanto o papel da arquitetura nas Cidades Inteligentes ClimĂĄticas Ă© ainda mais importante do que Cidades Inteligentes, os princĂpios que se encontram subjacentes na sua concepção e, em Ășltima instĂąncia, no seu sucesso, nĂŁo foram ainda sistematicamente estudados e avaliadas.
Este trabalho sistematiza e valida as necessidades de Cidades Inteligentes ClimĂĄticas e propĂ”e um conjunto de princĂpios para a sua planificação, concepção e manutenção. As necessidades foram validadas com os casos de estudo da cidade de âSongdo Cityâ em Incheon, na Coreia do Sul, em Ulaanbaatar na MongĂłlia e em Minsk na BielorrĂșsia.
Com a definição dos princĂpios orientadores subjacentes Ă concepção de Cidades Inteligentes ClimĂĄticas, o quadro proposto permitirĂĄ que arquitetos, engenheiros, governos, e organizaçÔes internacionais afiram soluçÔes a serem implementadas mundialmente.
Estes princĂpios podem ser facilmente implementados em intervençÔes em cidades europeias, nas cidades emergentes e, em paĂses subdesenvolvidos que estĂŁo sujeitos a um mau planeamento estratĂ©gico.ABSTRACT: Successive deployments of Smart Cities around the world are hindered by the difficulty in attracting a critical mass of inhabitants. New technology is not enough as a driver to guarantee a sustained adoption rate within the new cities. The concept of Climate Smart City aims at solving this issue by putting aspects related to liveability and sustainability at the centre.
While the role of architecture in Climate Smart Cities is even more important than in Smart Cities, the principles that underlie their design and, ultimately, their success, have never been systematically studied and assessed.
This research work systematises and validates the needs of Climate Smart Cities and then proposes a framework of principles for their planning, design and maintenance. The needs are validated with field studies of Songdo City in Incheon, South Korea, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia and Minsk, Belarus.
By defining the guiding principles underlying the design of Climate Smart Cities, the proposed framework will also enable architects, engineers, decision-makers and, international organisations to benchmark the solutions to be implemented. These principles can be readily implemented in interventions planned for European cities, emerging cities and, underdeveloped cities subject to poorly strategic planning.N/
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