Teknologi Dan Teknik Sistem Komputasi Pervasif Dalam Sistem Layanan Kesehatan: Studi Literatur Sistematis

. Technology of pervasive computing can be applied in daily activities such as sport, education, game and public interest such as public health. In healthcare system, the issues about high cost and errors in reviewing of patient record are still a major topic for healthcare provider (hospital). The technology of pervasive computing was developed to address these issues. This study will discuss the technology to support healthcare system. The main purpose is that users need to know the technology and its characteristics in order to prevent fatal actions in its use. The integration of different kinds of technology such as mobile devices, wireless networks, sensors, and wearable technologies is able to give better healthcare service than the technology itself

ADMAN: an Alarm-based mobile Diabetes MANagement system for mobile geriatric teams

In this article, we introduce ADMAN an alarm-based diabetes management system for the disposal of Mobile Geriatric Teams MGT. The system aims at providing a form of remote monitoring in order to control the diabetes rate for elder patients. The system is multidimensional in a way that it resides at the patient mobile machine from a side, the doctor’s mobile machine from another side and can be connected to any other entity related to the MGT that is handling his case (e.g. dietitian)

A global generic architecture for the future Internet of Things

The envisioned 6A Connectivity of the future IoT aims to allow people and objects to be connected anytime, anyplace, with anything and anyone, using any path/network and any service. Because of heterogeneous resources, incompatible standards and communication patterns, the current IoT is constrained to specific devices, platforms, networks and domains. As the standards have been accepted worldwide, most existing IoT platforms use Web Services to integrate heterogeneous devices. Human-readable protocols of Web Services cause non-negligible overhead for object-to-object communication. Other issues, such as: lack of applications and modularized services, high cost of devices and software development also hinder the common use of the IoT. In this paper, a global generic architecture for the future IoT (GGIoT) is proposed to meet the envisioned 6A Connectivity of the future IoT. GGIoT is independent of particular devices, platforms, networks, domains and applications, and it minimizes transmission message size to fit devices with minimal capabilities, such as passive RFID tags. Thus, lower physical size and cost are possible, and network overhead can be reduced. The proposed GGIoT is evaluated via performance analysis and proof-of-concept case studies

Provision of adaptive and context-aware service discovery for the Internet of Things

The IoT concept has revolutionised the vision of the future Internet with the advent of standards such as 6LoWPAN making it feasible to extend the Internet into previously isolated environments, e.g., WSNs. The abstraction of resources as services, has opened these environments to a new plethora of potential applications. Moreover, the web service paradigm can be used to provide interoperability by offering a standard interface to interact with these services to enable WoT paradigm. However, these networks pose many challenges, in terms of limited resources, that make the adaptability of existing IP-based solutions infeasible. As traditional service discovery and selection solutions demand heavy communication and use bulky formats, which are unsuitable for these resource-constrained devices incorporating sleep cycles to save energy. Even a registry based approach exhibits burdensome traffic in maintaining the availability status of the devices. The feasible solution for service discovery and selection is instrumental to enable the wide application coverage of these networks in the future. This research project proposes, TRENDY, a new compact and adaptive registry-based SDP with context awareness for the IoT, with more emphasis given to constrained networks, e.g., 6LoWPAN It uses CoAP-based light-weight and RESTful web services to provide standard interoperable interfaces, which can be easily translated from HTTP. TRENDY's service selection mechanism collects and intelligently uses the context information to select appropriate services for user applications based on the available context information of users and services. In addition, TRENDY introduces an adaptive timer algorithm to minimise control overhead for status maintenance, which also reduces energy consumption. Its context-aware grouping technique divides the network at the application layer, by creating location-based groups. This grouping of nodes localises the control overhead and provides the base for service composition, localised aggregation and processing of data. Different grouping roles enable the resource-awareness by offering profiles with varied responsibilities, where high capability devices can implement powerful profiles to share the load of other low capability devices. Thus, it allows the productive usage of network resources. Furthermore, this research project proposes APPUB, an adaptive caching technique, that has the following benefits: it allows service hosts to share their load with the resource directory and also decreases the service invocation delay. The performance of TRENDY and its mechanisms is evaluated using an extensive number of experiments performed using emulated Tmote sky nodes in the COOJA environment. The analysis of the results validates the benefit of performance gain for all techniques. The service selection and APPUB mechanisms improve the service invocation delay considerably that, consequently, reduces the traffic in the network. The timer technique consistently achieved the lowest control overhead, which eventually decreased the energy consumption of the nodes to prolong the network lifetime. Moreover, the low traffic in dense networks decreases the service invocations delay, and makes the solution more scalable. The grouping mechanism localises the traffic, which increases the energy efficiency while improving the scalability. In summary, the experiments demonstrate the benefit of using TRENDY and its techniques in terms of increased energy efficiency and network lifetime, reduced control overhead, better scalability and optimised service invocation time

New Architectures for ubiquitous networks : use and adaptation of internet protocols over wireless sensor networks

This thesis focuses on the study of low-resource demanding protocols, communication techniques and software solutions to evaluate, optimise and implement Web service in WSNs. We start analysing the Web service architectures in order to choose the most appropriate for the constraints of WSNs, which is REST. Based on this analysis, we review the state-of-the-art of protocols that allows implementing REST Web services. To this end, we adopt the IEEE 802.15.4 standard for the physical and data-link layers, 6LoWPAN for the network layer and CoAP for the application layer. 6LoWPAN defines two forwarding techniques, which are called mesh under (MU) and route over (RO). It also provides a mechanism to fragment packets, which is called 6LoWPAN fragmentation. In part of the thesis, we study the effects that MU and RO have on communications using 6LoWPAN fragmentation. In particular, MU does not prevent forwarding unnecessary fragments and out-of-order delivery, which could lead to an inefficient use of bandwidth and a growth of energy consumption. We propose, then, a novel technique able to improve the performance of MU with fragmented packets, which we refer to as controlled mesh under (CMU). The results of a performance evaluation in a real WSN show that CMU is able to enhance the performance of MU by reducing its packet loss and end-to-end delay. In 6LoWPAN fragmentation, the loss of a fragment forces the retransmission of the entire packet. To overcome this limitation, CoAP defines blockwise transfer. It splits the packet into blocks and sends each one in reliable transactions, which introduces a significant communication overhead. We propose a novel analytical model to study blockwise and 6LoWPAN fragmentation, which is validated trough Monte Carlo simulations. Both techniques are compared in terms of reliability and delay. The results show that 6LoWPAN fragmentation is preferable for delay-constrained applications. For highly congested networks, blockwise slightly outperforms 6LoWPAN fragmentation in terms of reliability. CoAP defines the observe option to allow a client to register to a resource exposed by a server and to receive updates of its state. Existing QoS in the observe option supports partially timeliness. It allows specifying the validity of an update but it does not guarantee its on-time delivery. This approach is inefficient and does not consider applications, i.e. e-health, that requires the delivery of an update within a deadline. With this limitation in mind, we design and evaluate a novel mechanism for update delivery based on priority. The evaluation proves that implementing a delivery order improves the delay and delivery ratio of updates. Our proposal is also able to reduce the energy consumption allowing clients to express the class of updates that they wish to receive. In part of this thesis, we present our original library for TinyOS, which we referred to as TinyCoAP, and the design and implementation of a CoAP proxy. We compare TinyCoAP to CoapBlip, which is the CoAP implementation distributed with TinyOS. TinyCoAP proves to be able to reach a high code optimization and to reduce the impact over the memory of WSN nodes. The evaluation includes also the analysis of the CoAP reliability mechanism, which was still uncovered in the literature. As a novelty, we also compare CoAP with HTTP considering different solutions for the transport layer protocol such as UDP and persistent TCP connections. The CoAP proxy enables Web applications to transparently access the resources hosted in CoAP devices. It supports long-lived communications by including the WebSocket protocol. It also supports Web applications that use the traditional HTTP long-polling technique. Finally, one of the main contributions of the proxy design is the proposal of a standard URI path format to be used by Web applications to access to a CoAP resource.Esta tesis se enfoca en el estudio de protocolos de bajo consumo, técnicas de comunicación y software con el fin de evaluar, optimizar y desarrollar servicios Web en WSNs. Empezamos analizando la arquitectura de servicios Web con el objetivo de elegir la arquitectura más apropiada debido a las limitaciones de WSNs. Ésta se denomina REST. En base a este análisis, revisamos el estado del arte de los protocolos que permiten desarrollar servicios Web. Con este objetivo adoptamos el estándar IEEE 802.15.4 por la capa física y de enlace, 6LoWPAN por la de red y CoAP por la capa de aplicación. 6LoWPAN define dos técnicas de enrutamiento, denominadas 'Mesh Under' (MU) y 'Route Over' (RO). Asimismo ofrece un mecanismo para fragmentar paquetes, llamado 6LoWPAN fragmentation. En parte de la tesis estudiamos los efectos que MU y RO tienen sobre la comunicación que utiliza 6LoWPAN fragmentation. En particular, MU no previene enrutar fragmentos innecesarios y la entrega fuera de orden, lo cual podría provocar un uso ineficiente de ancho de banda y un crecimiento del consumo energía. Proponemos entonces nueva técnica capaz de mejorar las prestaciones de MU con paquetes fragmentados que denominamos 'Controlled Mesh Under' (CMU). Los resultados de una evaluación en una WSN real demuestran que CMU es capaz de mejorar las prestaciones de MU reduciendo la pérdida de paquetes y el retraso end-to-end. En 6LoWPAN fragmentation, la pérdida de un fragmento causa la retransmisión del paquete entero. Para evitar esta limitación CoAP define blockwise transfer. Esto divide el paquete en bloques y los envía en comunicaciones fiables provocando overhead. Proponemos un nuevo modelo analítico para estudiar blockwise y 6LoWPAN fragmentation cuya validación se realiza mediante simulaciones de Monte Carlo. Ambas técnicas se comparan en términos de fiabilidad y retraso. Los resultados muestran que es preferible usar 6LoWPAN fragmentation para las aplicaciones con restricciones en retraso. Para las redes mas congestionadas, blockwise mejora ligeramente 6LoWPAN fragmentation en términos de fiabilidad. CoAP define la opción observe para permitir a un cliente registrarse a un recurso proporcionado por un servidor y recibir actualizaciones de su estado. La QoS ofrecida por la opción observe proporciona soporte parcial por el timeliness. Esta permite especificar la validez de una actualización pero no garantiza su entrega a tiempo. Este enfoque es ineficiente y no incluye aplicaciones, como por ejemplo e-health que requieren la entrega de las actualizaciones en un plazo determinado. Teniendo en cuenta esta limitación, diseñamos y evaluamos un mecanismo novedoso para la entrega de actualizaciones basada en la prioridad. La evaluación demuestra que la implementación de una orden de entrega mejora la tasa de llegada y el retraso de las actualizaciones. Nuestra propuesta es capaz de reducir el consumo de energía permitiendo a los clientes expresar el tipo de actualización que desean recibir. En parte de esta tesis presentamos nuestra librería original pro TinyOS a la que nos referimos como TinyCoAP, así como el diseño y desarrollo de un Proxy CoAP. Comparamos TinyCoAP a CoapBlip, que es la aplicación distribuida con TinyOS. TinyCoAP demuestra ser capaz de alcanzar una alta optimización de código y reducir el impacto sobre la memoria de nodos de WSNs. La evaluación también incluye el análisis de la fiabilidad de CoAP que no había sido estudiada en la literatura. Como novedad también comparamos CoAP con HTTP, considerando diferentes soluciones para el protocolo de transporte como UDP y conexiones TCP persistentes. El Proxy CoAP permite a las aplicaciones Web acceder de manera transparente a los recursos almacenados en dispositivos CoAP. Éste incluye el protocolo WebSocket, que permite el establecimiento de conexiones long-lived. También permite el uso de aplicaciones Web con la tradicional técnica HTTP long-pollin