From Physical to Digital, From Interactive to Immersive: Archaeological Uses of 3D, AR, VR, and More

The combination of improved methods and tools, widespread adoption, and continuously-falling barriers to entry has prompted the claim that we are currently living in a ‘golden age of digital archaeology’. This paper provides a background discussion of the use and evolution of digital methods and tools in archaeology, as well as a summary of the conference session “From Physical to Digital, from Interactive to Immersive: Uses of Three– Dimensional Representation, Mixed Reality, and More in the Sharing and Exploration of Archaeological Data,” held at the CAA 2017 conference in Atlanta

The Educational Experience of Virtual Reality: An Archaeological Case Study of the Maya Site, Vista Alegre

Archaeological visualization has a long history within the discipline, relying on technological advancements to aid in recording, interpreting, and educating about sites and projects. Though computer graphics have been used as archaeological visualizations for decades, hardware advancements have begun to allow for broader consumer use of Virtual and Augmented Reality platforms in homes, schools, and museums. This thesis explores the applications of Virtual and Augmented Reality platforms for archaeological visualization, specifically in the area of public education. To this end, a 3D model and virtual experience of the Maya site of Vista Alegre in Mexico are created, methodologically explained, and examined to relate history, theory, and the goals of utilizing this medium within the archaeological discipline while expanding on the ethical requirements and empirical methods of praxis. In all, this technology both produces tangible, quantifiable, and accurate data and makes these data more accessible to the general public. Image from Proskouriakoff (1970[1946]

4D Reconstruction and Visualization of Cultural Heritage: Analysing our Legacy Through Time

Temporal analyses and multi-temporal 3D reconstruction are fundamental for the preservation and maintenance of all forms of Cultural Heritage (CH) and are the basis for decisions related to interventions and promotion. Introducing the fourth dimension of time into three-dimensional geometric modelling of real data allows the creation of a multi-temporal representation of a site. In this way, scholars from various disciplines (surveyors, geologists, archaeologists, architects, philologists, etc.) are provided with a new set of tools and working methods to support the study of the evolution of heritage sites, both to develop hypotheses about the past and to model likely future developments. The capacity to “see” the dynamic evolution of CH assets across different spatial scales (e.g. building, site, city or territory) compressed in diachronic model, affords the possibility to better understand the present status of CH according to its history. However, there are numerous challenges in order to carry out 4D modelling and the requisite multi-data source integration. It is necessary to identify the specifications, needs and requirements of the CH community to understand the required levels of 4D model information. In this way, it is possible to determine the optimum material and technologies to be utilised at different CH scales, as well as the data management and visualization requirements. This manuscript aims to provide a comprehensive approach for CH time-varying representations, analysis and visualization across different working scales and environments: rural landscape, urban landscape and architectural scales. Within this aim, the different available metric data sources are systemized and evaluated in terms of their suitability

VR Technologies in Cultural Heritage

This open access book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the First International Conference on VR Technologies in Cultural Heritage, VRTCH 2018, held in Brasov, Romania in May 2018. The 13 revised full papers along with the 5 short papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 21 submissions. The papers of this volume are organized in topical sections on data acquisition and modelling, visualization methods / audio, sensors and actuators, data management, restoration and digitization, cultural tourism

Illuminating palaeolithic art using virtual reality: A new method for integrating dynamic firelight into interpretations of art production and use

Approaches to Palaeolithic art have increasingly shifted beyond the traditional focus on engraved or depicted forms in isolation, to appreciating the sensorial experience of art making as integral to shaping the form of depictions and the meaning imbued within them. This kind of research appreciates an array of factors pertinent to how the art may have been understood or experienced by people during the Palaeolithic, including placement, lighting, accessibility, sound, and tactility. This paper contributes to this “sensory turn” in Palaeolithic art research, arguing that the roving light cast by the naked flame of fires, torches or lamps is an important dimension in understanding artistic experiences. However, capturing these effects, whether during analysis, as part of interpretation, or presentation, can be challenging. A new method is presented in virtual reality (VR) modelling – applied to Palaeolithic art contexts for the first time - as a safe and non-destructive means of simulating dynamic light sources to facilitate analysis, interpretation, and presentation of Palaeolithic art under actualistic lighting conditions. VR was applied to two Magdalenian case studies: parietal art from Las Monedas (Spain) and portable stone plaquettes from Montastruc (France). VR models were produced using Unity software and digital models of the art captured via whitelight (Montastruc) and photogrammetric (Las Monedas) scans. The results demonstrate that this novel application of VR facilitates the testing of hypotheses related to the sensorial and experiential dimensions of Palaeolithic art, allowing discussions of these elements to be elevated beyond theoretical ideas

HBIM, dibujo 3D y realidad virtual aplicados a sitios arqueológicos y ruinas antiguas

[EN] Data collection, documentation and analysis of the traces of ancient ruins and archaeological sites represent an inestimable value to be handed down to future generations. Thanks to the development of new technologies in the field of computer graphics, Building Information Modelling (BIM), Virtual Reality (VR) and three-dimensional (3D) digital survey, this research proposes new levels of interactivity between users and virtual environments capable of communicating the tangible and intangible values of remains of ancient ruins. In this particular field of development, 3D drawing and digital modelling are based on the application of new Scan-to-HBIM-to-VR specifications capable of transforming simple points (point clouds) into mathematical models and digital information. Thanks to the direct application of novel grades of generation (GOG) and accuracy (GOA) it has been possible to go beyond the creation of complex models for heritage BIM (HBIM) and explore the creation of informative 3D representation composed by subelements (granular HBIM objects) characterized by a further level of knowledge. The value of measurement, 3D drawing and digital modelling have been investigated from the scientific point of view and oriented to the generation of a holistic model able to relate both with architects, engineers, and surveyors but also with archaeologists, restorers and virtual tourists.[ES] La captura de datos, la documentación y el análisis de los restos de las ruinas antiguas y  de  los sitios arqueológicos representan una herencia inestimabile que debe ser transferida a las generaciones futúras. Gracias al desarrollo de las nuevas tecnologías en el campo de los gráficos por ordenador, el modelado de información de la construción (BIM), la realidad virtual (RV) y el levantamiento  digital tridimensional (3D), esta investigación propone nuevos niveles de interacción entre los usuarios y los entornos digitales que pueden comunicar los valores tangibiles e intangibles de los restos de las ruinas antiguas. En este particular ámbito de desarrollo, el dibujo 3D y la modelización digital se basan en la aplicación de las nuevas especificaciones escaneado-a-HBIM-a-RV, capaces de transformar puntos simples (nubes de puntos) en modelos matemáticos e informacción digital. Gracias a la aplicación directa de los GOG (grados of generación) y GOA (grados de exactitud) ha sido posible ir más allá de la creacción de los complejos BIM patrimoniales (HBIM) y explorar la creacción de representaciones 3D, formada por sub-elementos (objetos HBIM granulares) caracterizados por un mayor nivel de conocimiento. El valor de la medición, el dibujo 3D y el modelado digital ha sido investigado desde un enfoque científico y orientado a la generación de un modelo holístico capaz de relacionar tanto a arquitectos, ingenieros y aparejadores con arqueológos, restauradores y turistas virtuales.Banfi, F. (2020). HBIM, 3D drawing and virtual reality for archaeological sites and ancient ruins. Virtual Archaeology Review. 11(23):16-33. https://doi.org/10.4995/var.2020.12416OJS16331123Alby, E., Vigouroux, E., & Elter, R. (2019). Implementation of survey and three-dimensional monitoring of archaeological excavations of the Khirbat al-Dusaq site, Jordan. International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, XLII-2/W15, 41-47. https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-2-W15-41-2019Alia, A., & Cuomo, L. (2017). Bajardo 360: Strategie di rigenerazione per un borgo dell'entroterra ligure (Master's thesis Politecnico di Milano ICAR/21 Urbanistica).Antonopoulou, S., & Bryan, P. (Eds.). (2017). Historic England BIM for Heritage: Developing a Historic Building Information Model. Swindon: Historic England. Retrieved March 10, 2019, from https://historicengland.org.uk/imagesbooks/publications/bim-for-heritage/heag-154-bim-for-heritage/Anzani, A., Baila, A., Penazzi, D., & Binda, L. (2004). Vulnerability study in seismic areas: the role of on-site and archives investigation. In IV International Seminar on Structural Analysis of Historical Constructions (Vol. 2, pp. 1051-1059).Arayici, Y., Counsell, J., Mahdjoubi, L., Nagy, G. A., Hawas, S., & Dweidar, K. (Eds.) (2017). Heritage building information modelling. Abingdon: Routledge. Taylor & Francis. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315628011Banfi, F. (2019). HBIM generation: extending geometric primitives and bim modelling tools for heritage structures and complex vaulted systems. International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, XLII-2/W15, 139-148. https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-2-W15-139-2019Banfi, F. (2017). BIM orientation: grades of generation and information for different type of analysis and management process. International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, XLII(2/W5), 57-64. https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-2-W5-57-2017Banfi, F., Brumana, R., & Stanga, C. (2019). Extended reality and informative models for the architectural heritage: from scan-to-BIM process to virtual and augmented reality. Virtual Archaeology Review, 10(21), 14-30. https://doi.org/10.4995/var.2019.11923Barba, S., Barbarella, M., Di Benedetto, A., Fiani, M., & Limongiello, M. (2019). Quality assessment of UAV photogrammetric archaeological survey. International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing & Spatial Information Sciences, XLII-2/W9, 93-100. https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-2-W9-93-2019Barazzetti, L., Banfi, F., Brumana, R., Gusmeroli, G., Previtali, M., & Schiantarelli, G. (2015). Cloud-to-BIM-to-FEM: Structural simulation with accurate historic BIM from laser scans. Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory, 57, 71-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.simpat.2015.06.004Binda, L., Anzani, A., Baila, A., & Penazzi, D. (2004). Indagine conoscitiva, per l'analisi di vulnerabilità, di due centri storici liguri. In XI Cong. Naz. L'Ingegneria Sismica in Italia (pp. 1-8). Padova: Servizi Grafici Editoriali.Bolognesi, C., & Aiello, D. (2019). The secrets of s. Maria delle Grazie: virtual fruition of an iconic milanese architecture. International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing & Spatial Information Sciences, XLII-2/W15, 185-192. https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-2-W15-185-2019Brumana, R., Banfi, F., Cantini, L., Previtali, M., & Della Torre, S. (2019). HBIM level of detail-geometry and survey analysis for architectural preservation. International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing & Spatial Information Sciences, XLII-2/W11, 293-299. https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-2-W11-293-2019Brumana, R., Condoleo, P., Grimoldi, A., Banfi, F., Landi, A. G., & Previtali, M. (2018). HR LOD based HBIM to detect influences on geometry and shape by stereotomic construction techniques of brick vaults. Applied Geomatics, 10(4), 529-543. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12518-018-0209-3Biagini, C., Capone, P., Donato, V., & Facchini, N. (2016). Towards the BIM implementation for historical building restoration sites. Automation in Construction, 71, 74-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2016.03.003Böhler, W., & Marbs, A. (2004). 3D scanning and photogrammetry for heritage recording: a comparison. In S. Anders Brandt (Ed.), Proceedings of 12th International Conference on Geoinformatics (pp. 291-298). Gävle, Sweden.Caballero Zoreda, L. (2010). Experiencia metodológica en Arqueología de la Arquitectura de un grupo de investigación. In Actas del congreso Arqueología aplicada al estudio e interpretación de edificios históricos. Últimas tendencias metodológicas (pp. 103-119). Madrid: Ministerio de Cultura.Chiabrando, F., Lo Turco, M., & Rinaudo, F. (2017). Modeling the decay in an HBIM starting from 3D point clouds. a followed approach for cultural heritage knowledge. International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing & Spatial Information Sciences, XLII-2/W5, 605-612. https://doi:10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-2-W5-605-2017Cogima, C. K., Paiva, P. V. V., Dezen-Kempter, E., Carvalho, M. A. G., & Soibelman, L. (2019). The role of knowledge-based information on BIM for built heritage. In Advances in Informatics and Computing in Civil and Construction Engineering (pp. 27-34). Cham: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00220-6_4Cuca, B., & Barazzetti, L. (2018). Damages from extreme flooding events to cultural heritage and landscapes: water component estimation for Centa River (Albenga, Italy). Advances in Geosciences, 45, 389-395. https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-45-389-2018Della Torre, S. (2012). Renovation and post-intervention management. Annales, Series Historia et Sociologia, 22(2), 533-538.Diara, F., & Rinaudo, F. (2019). From reality to parametric models of cultural heritage assets for HBIM. International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing & Spatial Information Sciences, XLII-2/W15, 413-419, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-2-W15-413-2019Dore, C., Murphy, M., McCarthy, S., Brechin, F., Casidy, C., & Dirix, E. (2015). Structural simulations and conservation analysis-historic building information model (HBIM). International Archives of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, XL-5/W4, 351-357. https://doi:10.5194/isprsarchives-XL-5-W4-351-2015Fai, S., & Rafeiro, J. (2014). Establishing an appropriate level of detail (LoD) for a building information model (BIM)-West Block, Parliament Hill, Ottawa, Canada. ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, II-5, 123-130. https://doi:10.5194/isprsannals-II-5-123-2014Fazio, L., & Lo Brutto, M. (2019). 3D Survey for the archaeological study and virtual reconstruction of the "Sanctuary of Isis" in the ancient Lilybaeum (Italy). Virtual Archaeology Review, 11(22), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.4995/var.2020.11928Garagnani, S., Gaucci, A., & Gruška, B. (2016). From the archaeological record to ArchaeoBIM: the case study of the Etruscan temple of Uni in Marzabotto. Virtual Archaeology Review, 7(15), 77-86. https://doi.org/10.4995/var.2016.5846Georgopoulos, A., (2018a). Contemporary Digital Technologies at the Service of Cultural Heritage. In B. Chanda, S. Chaudhuri, S. Chaudhury (Eds.), Heritage Preservation (pp. 1-20). Singapore: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7221-5_1Georgopoulos, A., Ioannidis, C., Soile, S., Tapeinaki, S., Chliverou, R., Moropoulou, A., Tsilimantou, E., & Lampropoulos, K. (2018b). The role of Digital Geometric Documentation in the Rehabilitation of the Tomb of Christ. In 3rd International Congress & Expo Digital Heritage 2018. https://10.1109/DigitalHeritage.2018.8810044Grussenmeyer, P., Landes, T., Voegtle, T., & Ringle, K. (2008). Comparison Methods of Terrestrial Laser Scanning, Photogrammetry and Tacheometry Data for Recording of Cultural Heritage Buildings. International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 37(B5): 213-218. https://www.isprs.org/proceedings/XXXVII/congress/5_pdf/38.pdfIoannides, M., Magnenat-Thalmann, N., & Papagiannakis, G. (2017). Mixed Reality and Gamification for Cultural Heritage. Cham: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49607-8Khalil, A., & Stravoravdis, S. (2019). H-BIM and the domains of data investigations of heritage buildings current state of the art. International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing & Spatial Information Sciences, XLII-2/W11, 661-667. https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-2-W11-661-2019Korumaz, M., Betti, M., Conti, A., Tucci, G., Bartoli, G., Bonora, V., ... & Fiorini, L. (2017). An integrated Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS), Deviation Analysis (DA) and Finite Element (FE) approach for health assessment of historical structures. A minaret case study. Engineering Structures, 153, 224-238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.10.026Kuo, C. L., Cheng, Y. M., Lu, Y. C., Lin, Y. C., Yang, W. B., & Yen, Y. N. (2018). A Framework for Semantic Interoperability in 3D Tangible Cultural Heritage in Taiwan. In Euro-Mediterranean Conference (pp. 21-29). Cham: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01765-1_3Kumar, S. S., & Cheng, J. C. (2015). A BIM-based automated site layout planning framework for congested construction sites. Automation in Construction, 59, 24-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2015.07.008Lerma, J. L., Navarro, S., Cabrelles, M., & Villaverde, V. (2010). Terrestrial laser scanning and close range photogrammetry for 3D archaeological documentation: the Upper Palaeolithic Cave of Parpalló as a case study. Journal of Archaeological Science, 37(3), 499-507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2009.10.011López, F. J., Lerones, P. M., Llamas, J., Gómez-García-Bermejo, J., & Zalama, E. (2018). Linking HBIM graphical and semantic information through the Getty AAT: Practical application to the Castle of Torrelobatón. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering (Vol. 364, No. 1, p. 012100). IOP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/364/1/012100Masiero, A., Chiabrando, F., Lingua, A. M., Marino, B. G., Fissore, F., Guarnieri, A., & Vettore, A. (2019). 3D modeling of Girifalco Fortress. International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing & Spatial Information Sciences, XLII-2/W9, 473-478, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-2-W9-473-2019Nieto Julián, J. E., & Moyano Campos, J. J. (2013). La necesidad de un modelo de información aplicado al patrimonio arquitectónico. In 1er Congreso Nacional BIM-EUBIM. Valencia, Spain. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/4979/bf843da620460cdaa4c3520acd5d5ad8a23c.pdfNieto Julián, J., & Moyano Campos, J. (2014). The paramental study on the model of information of historic building or "HBIM Project". Virtual Archaeology Review, 5(11), 73-85. https://doi.org/10.4995/var.2014.4183Parrinello, S., Bercigli, M., & Bursich, D. (2017). From survey to 3D model and from 3D model to "videogame". The virtual reconstruction of a Roman Camp in Masada, Israel. DISEGNARECON, 10(19), 11.1-11.19.Penna, A., Calderini, C., Sorrentino, L., Carocci, C. F., Cescatti, E., Sisti, R., ... & Prota, A. (2019). Damage to churches in the 2016 central Italy earthquakes. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 17(10), 5763-5790. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-019-00594-4Piegl, L., & Tiller, W. (2012). The NURBS book. Springer Science & Business Media. Cham: Springer.Previtali, M., Barazzetti, L., Banfi, F., & Roncoroni, F. (2019). Informative content models for infrastructure load testing management: the Azzone Visconti Bridge In Lecco. International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, XLII-2/W11, 995-100. https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-Archives-XLII-2-W11-995-2019Pybus, C., Graham, K., Doherty, J., Arellano, N., & Fai, S. (2019). New Realities for Canada's Parliament: a Workflow for Preparing Heritage Bim for Game Engines and Virtual Reality. International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, XLII-2/W15, 945-952. https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-2-W15-945-2019Reina Ortiz, M., Yang, C., Weigert, A., Dhanda, A., Min, A., Gyi, M., ... & Santana Quintero, M. (2019). Integrating heterogeneous datasets in HBIM of decorated surfaces. International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, XLII-2/W15, 981-988. https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-2-W15-981-2019Riveiro, B., & Lindenbergh, R. (Eds.) (2020). Laser Scanning: An Emerging Technology in Structural Engineering. CRC Press. London: Taylor & Francis Group. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781351018869Rossi, C. (2019). Aristotle's mirror: combining digital and material culture. International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, XLII-2/W11, 1025-1029. https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-2-W11-1025-2019, 2019.Russo, M., Remondino, F., & Guidi, G. (2011). Principali tecniche e strumenti per il rilievo tridimensionale in ambito archeologico. Archeologia e calcolatori, 22, 169-198.Rua, H., & Alvito, P. (2011). Living the past: 3D models, virtual reality and game engines as tools for supporting archaeology and the reconstruction of cultural heritage-the case-study of the Roman villa of Casal de Freiria. Journal of Archaeological Science, 38(12), 3296-3308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2011.07.015Scianna, A., Gristina, S., & Paliaga, S. (2014). Experimental BIM applications in archaeology: a work-flow. In Euro-Mediterranean Conference (pp. 490-498). Cham: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13695-0_48Stampouloglou, M., Toska, O., Tapinaki, S., Kontogianni, G., Skamantzari, M., & Georgopoulos, A. (2019). 3D documentation and virtual archaeological restoration of Macedonian tombs. International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, XLII-2/W11, 1073-1080, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-2-W11-1073-2019Saglietto G. (ND). Breve guida illustrata di Bajardo (Imperia). Municipality of Bajardo.Stanga, C., Spinelli, C., Brumana, R., Oreni, D., Valente, R., & Banfi, F. (2017). A n-d virtual notebook about the basilica of S. Ambrogio in Milan: information modeling for the communication of historical phases subtraction process. International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, XLII-2/W5, 653-660. https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-2-W5-653-2017Solarino, S. (2007). Il terremoto del 23 Febbraio 1887 in Liguria Occidentale, Descrizioni, considerazioni e prevenzione 120 anni dopo il grande evento, in "Memoria in occasione della mostra Terremoti: conoscerli per difendersi" . Retrieved from https://docplayer.it/18977788-Il-terremoto-del-23-febbraio-1887-in-liguria-occidentale-descrizioni-considerazioni-e-prevenzione-120-anni-dopo-il-grande-evento.htmlTrizio, I., Savini, F., Giannangeli, A., Boccabella, R., & Petrucci, G. (2019). The Archaeological Analysis of Masonry for the Restoration Project in HBIM. International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, XLII-2/W9, 715-722. https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-2-W9-715-2019Tucci, G., Conti, A., Fiorini, L., Corongiu, M., Valdambrini, N., & Matta, C. (2019). M-BIM: a new tool for the Galleria dell'Accademia di Firenze. Virtual Archaeology Review, 10(21), 40-55. https://doi.org/10.4995/var.2019.11943Quattrini, R., Clementi, F., Lucidi, A., Giannetti, S., & Santoni, A. (2019). From TLS to FE analysis: points cloud exploitation for structural behaviour definition. The San Ciriaco's bell tower. International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, XLII-2/W15, 957-964. https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-2-W15-957-2019Valente, R., Brumana, R., Oreni, D., Banfi, F., Barazzetti, L., & Previtali, M. (2017). Object-oriented approach for 3D archaeological documentation. International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, XLII-2/W5, 707-712. https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-2-W5-707-2017Yang, X., Koehl, M., & Grussenmeyer, P. Mesh-to-BIM: from segmented mesh elements to BIM model with limited parameters. International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, XLII-2, 1213-1218. https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-2-1213-201

VR Technologies in Cultural Heritage

This open access book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the First International Conference on VR Technologies in Cultural Heritage, VRTCH 2018, held in Brasov, Romania in May 2018. The 13 revised full papers along with the 5 short papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 21 submissions. The papers of this volume are organized in topical sections on data acquisition and modelling, visualization methods / audio, sensors and actuators, data management, restoration and digitization, cultural tourism

Digital modes of interpretation of Pictish sculpture

Funding: Scottish Funding Council.Cultural heritage is no longer something that can only be experienced in a museum exhibition. Digital tools have facilitated the distribution of material relating to artefacts, both in its representation and in presenting its context. This paper describes how digital modelling techniques can be synthesised with 3D scanning to digitally restore artefacts and create authentic replicas of their original states. The digital artefacts can then be used to assist the process of interpreting these artefacts in diverse forms, both in the museum and outside the museum. The study looks at Pictish sculpture as a case-study, restoring 3D models of two stones, and creating varying opportunities for their interpretation. As part of this study, new interactive tools, a virtual reality environment, and a virtual tour are built to assist immersive interpretation of the Pictish sculpture. The application of these digitised objects serves as an opportunity for informal learning. These applications were evaluated during a drop-in session. Findings show that all participants enjoyed the immersive mode of learning with 89% also showing a willingness to learn more about the topic.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

3D digital modelling, fabrication and installation for understanding space and place

Traditionally the teaching of history or theory on art and design courses often takes place in a lecture theatre. Space and place theory is integral to informing the practice led and practice-based experiences in architecture, interior and the built environment. The research team has investigated how digital modeling, fabrication and population tools can enhance the understanding of current theoretical debates surrounding space and place. The aim is to integrate inter-disciplinary practice allowing us to address key research questions relating to the emergence of digital fabrication and its potential impact upon art and design education. The purpose is to provide an engaging and informative situated display, offering an experiential and intuitive frame of reference for constructing and placing objects, activities or events into their spatial context. The research has potential to act as an integrative experiential framework through which we can learn more about different contexts or connections between themes or theories which provides a deeper understanding of space or place. In this new work with Taylor, Benincasa, and Unver evolve their practice through translating 3D research data for a series of new digital and physical experiments intended for enhancing or informing teaching and learning in art, design & architecture. The researchers experimented with a range of 3D software and the functionality of different tool parameters. Fabrication apps and 3D crowd simulation animation tools were used for the first time in this research to explore digital fabrication using cardboard in order to compose and construct 2D and 3D physical simulations of this well-known built environment in the landscape. The fabricated physical cardboard models we produced were located in studio spaces and 3D visual projection live drawing experiences were tested with students and staff working together. The 2D and 3D simulations that the team envisioned are both digital and real; and when installed facilitate a more kinesthetic experience of learning as students are able to create together, and interact with fabricated structures. This evolving research demonstrates how these 3D models, animations and fabrications have the potential to be used together as a catalyst to explore multiple projections of space, place identities, historical and cultural built environment concepts for art, design and architecture students at undergraduate and postgraduate level