Operation of meshed high voltage direct current (HVDC) overlay grids: from operational planning to real time operation

Energy turnaround from conventional to renewable energy generation needs bulk power long distance transmission. This new transmission objective can be meet with an HVDC overlay grid spanning the existing AC transmission system. This thesis proposes an operation management strategy for future HVDC overlay grids subdivided in tertiary, secondary and primary control instances. The tertiary control ensures coordination among HVDC converters and with the AC system. It determines converter reference values on a regular basis. It is proposed for the case of having multiple as well as a single system operator responsible for the overlay HVDC grid. The secondary control instance locally adapts tertiary control’s converter references to the actual grid requirements (e.g. after disturbances). The primary control ensures DC energy balance. Therefore, a continuous p-v-characteristic is proposed as well as two appropriate parameterization methods. One emulates piecewise linear p-v-characteristics and the other performs an automatic parameterization according to available balancing power provision capabilities on related AC point of common coupling. All control methods are validated by numerical case studies.Weltweit aber besonders in Europa steigt der Bedarf große Leistungen über weite Strecken zu transportieren. Dies ist hauptsächlich in der Energiewende und dem damit zusammenhängenden stark ansteigenden Anteil Erneuerbarer Energien und deren Erzeugungszentren begründet. Ein bedeutender Teil der Erneuerbaren Energien wird zukünftig weitab der Lastzentren produziert. Zur Lösung dieser daraus resultierenden neuen Transportaufgabe ist die Hochspannungsgleichstromübertragung (HGÜ) besonders geeignet. Eine redundante und damit auch wirtschaftliche Ausführung stellt das vermaschte HGÜ-Netz dar, das in der Energieversorgungsnetzhiearchie eine neue Netzebene dargestellt und somit als Overlay-HGÜ-Netz bezeichnet wird. Diese Arbeit widmet sich der Fragestellung der Betriebsführung eines Overlaynetzes. Dazu wird eine dreistufige Betriebsführung vorgeschlagen. In Anlehnung an die im europäischen AC-Verbundnetz bestehende Dreiteiligkeit wird eine Untergliederung in folgende Regelungsinstanzen vorgenommen: Tertiär-, Sekundär und Primärregelung. Die Tertiärregelung übernimmt die Koordinierungsaufgabe der Umrichter untereinander und mit dem unterlagerten AC-Netz im Rahmen einer Betriebsplanung. Es ist ein betriebstypisches Aktualisierungsintervall von 15 Minuten vorgesehen, indem die Umrichtersollwerte vorgegeben werden. Deren Bestimmung erfolgt durch ein auf dieses nichtlineare Problem zugeschnittenen AC/DC Optimal Power Flow. Dieses Verfahren fußt auf der Verfügbarkeit aller AC- und DC-Netzinformationen im Gebiet des Overlaynetzes. Im Falle einer föderalen Organisation eines HGÜ-Overlaynetzes in Europa müssen die Zielsetzungen mehrere Übertragungsnetzbetreiber (ÜNB) bei der Bestimmung eines Umrichtersollwertfahrplans berücksichtig werden. Für diesen Fall wird hier eine Methode vorgeschlagen, die mittels eines Aushandlungsprozesses die ÜNB spezifischen Kostenfunktionen für den Einsatz von HGÜ-Umrichtern in der entsprechenden Regelzone zu einer für das gesamte Overlaynetz gültigen Zielfunktion konsolidiert. Dabei werden Grenzwerte der einzelnen beteiligten ÜNB ebenso berücksichtigt wie lokale Zielfunktionen. Die Sekundärregelung passt die von der Tertiärregelung vorgegebenen Umrichtersollwerte innerhalb des 15-min-Betriebsintervalls vor allem im Fall von Störungen an. Dafür wird ein Verfahren vorgeschlagen, das sich der Informationen eines Weitbereichsüberwachungssystems bedient, um signifikante Abweichung der geplanten Leistungsflüsse zu erfassen. Die Umrichterwirkleistungssollwerte werden entsprechend angepasst. Eine Aufteilung von unplanmäßigen Leistungsflüssen zwischen AC und DC-Netz sorgt für eine Entlastung des AC-Netzes und beugt Betriebsmittelüberlastungen und dadurch verursachten Instabilitätsphänomenen vor. Die Primärregelung gewährleistet das Gleichgewicht zwischen ein- und ausgespeister Wirkleistung in das / aus dem HGÜ-Overlaynetz. Ist die diesbezügliche Leistungsbilanz ausgewogen, ist das Energiegleichgewicht, die sogenanntes Energiestabilität, gewahrt. Die DC-Zeitkonstanten sind klein. Nur eine dezentral (am Umrichterstandort) angeordnete Regelung kann zeitlich angemessen reagieren. Diese nutzt eine p-u-Regelcharakteristik, die die Umrichtersollleistung entsprechend der Abweichung von der DC-Sollspannung anpasst. Dafür werden eine kontinuierliche p-u-Charakteristik sowie Verfahren zu deren Parametrierung vorgeschlagen. Für die Bereitstellung von DC-Regelleistung besonders geeignete AC-Knoten können so angemessen für das HGÜ-Overlaynetz genutzt werden. Die Funktionalität des hier vorgeschlagenen dreiteiligen Bertriebsführungsverfahrens für vermaschte HGÜ-Netze wird anhand von numerischen Fallstudien auf Basis einer typischen Netztsituation in Zentraleuropa validiert.There is an increasing demand for long distance bulk power transmission worldwide and particularly in Europe. Energy turnaround from conventional to renewable energy generation is one of the main drivers. This implies that a significant percentage of electricity production is generated remotely from load centers, by huge wind farms, for example. This new transmission objective can be met with high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission. An HVDC grid is favored for redundancy as well as economic reasons. As this HVDC grid will be a new network layer above the existing AC transmission layer, it is referred to as an “overlay” HVDC grid. This thesis proposes a three stage operation management strategy for future HVDC overlay grids. The architecture is comprised of tertiary, secondary and primary control instances which reflect the hierarchy of AC system operation. All control methods have been validated by numerical case studies on a reference grid which is a representative of a typical interconnected network situation in central Europe. The proposed tertiary control ensures coordination among all HVDC converters and with the underlaying AC system. It serves as an example of converter reference value determination in a 15 minutes time interval. Therefore a mixed AC/DC optimal power flow method is proposed which is capable of solving this nonlinear optimization problem based on a complete set of topological and other state information of the entire grid. In the event of having different transmission system operators (TSO) operating only a subset of converters of the HVDC overlay grid, the optimization problem becomes increasingly complex since each TSO might have its own optimization objectives. This problem is addressed by another multiple objective function approach. The proposed method superimposes particular cost functions of related TSO which yields system wide cost functions as a basis for AC/DC power flow optimization. The Secondary control instance adapts the tertiary control’s converter reference values within the 15 minute interval to the actual grid requirements, particularly in the event of grid disturbances. An algorithm is proposed that identifies significant deviations from the actual power flow schedule by a wide are monitoring system. Converter power references are adapted in order to optimally share the deviations between the AC system and the HVDC overlay grid. Since data availability is key for the robust operation of this method, backup mechanisms for data acquisition is also proposed. The Primary control ensures DC energy balance, which is referred to as the energy stability of HVDC grids. Converter reference values for active power need to be adjusted in the event of a mismatch between active power fed to and drawn from the HVDC grid. As the time constants within a DC grid are very small, this is a fast, local control based on p v characteristics; the converter’s power reference is adjusted in accordance with deviation of the DC node voltage from its reference. Furthermore, a continuous p v characteristic is proposed as well as two appropriate parameterization methods. One emulates already existing piecewise linear p v characteristics for DC node voltage control and the other performs an automatic parameterization according to available balancing power provision capabilities on related AC point of common couplings. The latter significantly reduces the additional loading of the AC transmission grid with DC balancing power flows as the AC nodes, which are the most technically feasible, are utilized to provide the most DC balancing power

Toward Reliable and Efficient Message Passing Software for HPC Systems: Fault Tolerance and Vector Extension

As the scale of High-performance Computing (HPC) systems continues to grow, researchers are devoted themselves to achieve the best performance of running long computing jobs on these systems. My research focus on reliability and efficiency study for HPC software. First, as systems become larger, mean-time-to-failure (MTTF) of these HPC systems is negatively impacted and tends to decrease. Handling system failures becomes a prime challenge. My research aims to present a general design and implementation of an efficient runtime-level failure detection and propagation strategy targeting large-scale, dynamic systems that is able to detect both node and process failures. Using multiple overlapping topologies to optimize the detection and propagation, minimizing the incurred overhead sand guaranteeing the scalability of the entire framework. Results from different machines and benchmarks compared to related works shows that my design and implementation outperforms non-HPC solutions significantly, and is competitive with specialized HPC solutions that can manage only MPI applications. Second, I endeavor to implore instruction level parallelization to achieve optimal performance. Novel processors support long vector extensions, which enables researchers to exploit the potential peak performance of target architectures. Intel introduced Advanced Vector Extension (AVX512 and AVX2) instructions for x86 Instruction Set Architecture (ISA). Arm introduced Scalable Vector Extension (SVE) with a new set of A64 instructions. Both enable greater parallelisms. My research utilizes long vector reduction instructions to improve the performance of MPI reduction operations. Also, I use gather and scatter feature to speed up the packing and unpacking operation in MPI. The evaluation of the resulting software stack under different scenarios demonstrates that the approach is not only efficient but also generalizable to many vector architecture and efficient

IoT and Sensor Networks in Industry and Society

The exponential progress of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is one of the main elements that fueled the acceleration of the globalization pace. Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence (AI) and big data analytics are some of the key players of the digital transformation that is affecting every aspect of human's daily life, from environmental monitoring to healthcare systems, from production processes to social interactions. In less than 20 years, people's everyday life has been revolutionized, and concepts such as Smart Home, Smart Grid and Smart City have become familiar also to non-technical users. The integration of embedded systems, ubiquitous Internet access, and Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communications have paved the way for paradigms such as IoT and Cyber Physical Systems (CPS) to be also introduced in high-requirement environments such as those related to industrial processes, under the forms of Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT or I2oT) and Cyber-Physical Production Systems (CPPS). As a consequence, in 2011 the German High-Tech Strategy 2020 Action Plan for Germany first envisioned the concept of Industry 4.0, which is rapidly reshaping traditional industrial processes. The term refers to the promise to be the fourth industrial revolution. Indeed, the first industrial revolution was triggered by water and steam power. Electricity and assembly lines enabled mass production in the second industrial revolution. In the third industrial revolution, the introduction of control automation and Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) gave a boost to factory production. As opposed to the previous revolutions, Industry 4.0 takes advantage of Internet access, M2M communications, and deep learning not only to improve production efficiency but also to enable the so-called mass customization, i.e. the mass production of personalized products by means of modularized product design and flexible processes. Less than five years later, in January 2016, the Japanese 5th Science and Technology Basic Plan took a further step by introducing the concept of Super Smart Society or Society 5.0. According to this vision, in the upcoming future, scientific and technological innovation will guide our society into the next social revolution after the hunter-gatherer, agrarian, industrial, and information eras, which respectively represented the previous social revolutions. Society 5.0 is a human-centered society that fosters the simultaneous achievement of economic, environmental and social objectives, to ensure a high quality of life to all citizens. This information-enabled revolution aims to tackle today’s major challenges such as an ageing population, social inequalities, depopulation and constraints related to energy and the environment. Accordingly, the citizens will be experiencing impressive transformations into every aspect of their daily lives. This book offers an insight into the key technologies that are going to shape the future of industry and society. It is subdivided into five parts: the I Part presents a horizontal view of the main enabling technologies, whereas the II-V Parts offer a vertical perspective on four different environments. The I Part, dedicated to IoT and Sensor Network architectures, encompasses three Chapters. In Chapter 1, Peruzzi and Pozzebon analyse the literature on the subject of energy harvesting solutions for IoT monitoring systems and architectures based on Low-Power Wireless Area Networks (LPWAN). The Chapter does not limit the discussion to Long Range Wise Area Network (LoRaWAN), SigFox and Narrowband-IoT (NB-IoT) communication protocols, but it also includes other relevant solutions such as DASH7 and Long Term Evolution MAchine Type Communication (LTE-M). In Chapter 2, Hussein et al. discuss the development of an Internet of Things message protocol that supports multi-topic messaging. The Chapter further presents the implementation of a platform, which integrates the proposed communication protocol, based on Real Time Operating System. In Chapter 3, Li et al. investigate the heterogeneous task scheduling problem for data-intensive scenarios, to reduce the global task execution time, and consequently reducing data centers' energy consumption. The proposed approach aims to maximize the efficiency by comparing the cost between remote task execution and data migration. The II Part is dedicated to Industry 4.0, and includes two Chapters. In Chapter 4, Grecuccio et al. propose a solution to integrate IoT devices by leveraging a blockchain-enabled gateway based on Ethereum, so that they do not need to rely on centralized intermediaries and third-party services. As it is better explained in the paper, where the performance is evaluated in a food-chain traceability application, this solution is particularly beneficial in Industry 4.0 domains. Chapter 5, by De Fazio et al., addresses the issue of safety in workplaces by presenting a smart garment that integrates several low-power sensors to monitor environmental and biophysical parameters. This enables the detection of dangerous situations, so as to prevent or at least reduce the consequences of workers accidents. The III Part is made of two Chapters based on the topic of Smart Buildings. In Chapter 6, Petroșanu et al. review the literature about recent developments in the smart building sector, related to the use of supervised and unsupervised machine learning models of sensory data. The Chapter poses particular attention on enhanced sensing, energy efficiency, and optimal building management. In Chapter 7, Oh examines how much the education of prosumers about their energy consumption habits affects power consumption reduction and encourages energy conservation, sustainable living, and behavioral change, in residential environments. In this Chapter, energy consumption monitoring is made possible thanks to the use of smart plugs. Smart Transport is the subject of the IV Part, including three Chapters. In Chapter 8, Roveri et al. propose an approach that leverages the small world theory to control swarms of vehicles connected through Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communication protocols. Indeed, considering a queue dominated by short-range car-following dynamics, the Chapter demonstrates that safety and security are increased by the introduction of a few selected random long-range communications. In Chapter 9, Nitti et al. present a real time system to observe and analyze public transport passengers' mobility by tracking them throughout their journey on public transport vehicles. The system is based on the detection of the active Wi-Fi interfaces, through the analysis of Wi-Fi probe requests. In Chapter 10, Miler et al. discuss the development of a tool for the analysis and comparison of efficiency indicated by the integrated IT systems in the operational activities undertaken by Road Transport Enterprises (RTEs). The authors of this Chapter further provide a holistic evaluation of efficiency of telematics systems in RTE operational management. The book ends with the two Chapters of the V Part on Smart Environmental Monitoring. In Chapter 11, He et al. propose a Sea Surface Temperature Prediction (SSTP) model based on time-series similarity measure, multiple pattern learning and parameter optimization. In this strategy, the optimal parameters are determined by means of an improved Particle Swarm Optimization method. In Chapter 12, Tsipis et al. present a low-cost, WSN-based IoT system that seamlessly embeds a three-layered cloud/fog computing architecture, suitable for facilitating smart agricultural applications, especially those related to wildfire monitoring. We wish to thank all the authors that contributed to this book for their efforts. We express our gratitude to all reviewers for the volunteering support and precious feedback during the review process. We hope that this book provides valuable information and spurs meaningful discussion among researchers, engineers, businesspeople, and other experts about the role of new technologies into industry and society

Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Approaches to Energy Demand-Side Response: A Systematic Review

Recent years have seen an increasing interest in Demand Response (DR) as a means to provide flexibility, and hence improve the reliability of energy systems in a cost-effective way. Yet, the high complexity of the tasks associated with DR, combined with their use of large-scale data and the frequent need for near real-time de-cisions, means that Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) — a branch of AI — have recently emerged as key technologies for enabling demand-side response. AI methods can be used to tackle various challenges, ranging from selecting the optimal set of consumers to respond, learning their attributes and pref-erences, dynamic pricing, scheduling and control of devices, learning how to incentivise participants in the DR schemes and how to reward them in a fair and economically efficient way. This work provides an overview of AI methods utilised for DR applications, based on a systematic review of over 160 papers, 40 companies and commercial initiatives, and 21 large-scale projects. The papers are classified with regards to both the AI/ML algorithm(s) used and the application area in energy DR. Next, commercial initiatives are presented (including both start-ups and established companies) and large-scale innovation projects, where AI methods have been used for energy DR. The paper concludes with a discussion of advantages and potential limitations of reviewed AI techniques for different DR tasks, and outlines directions for future research in this fast-growing area

Efficiency and Sustainability of the Distributed Renewable Hybrid Power Systems Based on the Energy Internet, Blockchain Technology and Smart Contracts

The climate changes that are visible today are a challenge for the global research community. In this context, renewable energy sources, fuel cell systems, and other energy generating sources must be optimally combined and connected to the grid system using advanced energy transaction methods. As this book presents the latest solutions in the implementation of fuel cell and renewable energy in mobile and stationary applications such as hybrid and microgrid power systems based on energy internet, blockchain technology, and smart contracts, we hope that they are of interest to readers working in the related fields mentioned above

Net Neutrality

This book is available as open access through the Bloomsbury Open Access programme and is available on www.bloomsburycollections.com. Chris Marsden maneuvers through the hype articulated by Netwrok Neutrality advocates and opponents. He offers a clear-headed analysis of the high stakes in this debate about the Internet's future, and fearlessly refutes the misinformation and misconceptions that about' Professor Rob Freiden, Penn State University Net Neutrality is a very heated and contested policy principle regarding access for content providers to the Internet end-user, and potential discrimination in that access where the end-user's ISP (or another ISP) blocks that access in part or whole. The suggestion has been that the problem can be resolved by either introducing greater competition, or closely policing conditions for vertically integrated service, such as VOIP. However, that is not the whole story, and ISPs as a whole have incentives to discriminate between content for matters such as network management of spam, to secure and maintain customer experience at current levels, and for economic benefit from new Quality of Service standards. This includes offering a ‘priority lane' on the network for premium content types such as video and voice service. The author considers market developments and policy responses in Europe and the United States, draws conclusions and proposes regulatory recommendations

Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Reconfigurable Communication-centric Systems on Chip 2010 - ReCoSoC\u2710 - May 17-19, 2010 Karlsruhe, Germany. (KIT Scientific Reports ; 7551)

ReCoSoC is intended to be a periodic annual meeting to expose and discuss gathered expertise as well as state of the art research around SoC related topics through plenary invited papers and posters. The workshop aims to provide a prospective view of tomorrow\u27s challenges in the multibillion transistor era, taking into account the emerging techniques and architectures exploring the synergy between flexible on-chip communication and system reconfigurability

Flexitranstore

This open access book comprises 10 high-level papers on research and innovation within the Flexitranstore Project that were presented at the FLEXITRANSTORE special session organized as part of the 21st International Symposium on High Voltage Engineering. FLEXITRANSTORE (An Integrated Platform for Increased FLEXIbility in smart TRANSmission grids with STORage Entities and large penetration of Renewable Energy Sources) aims to contribute to the development of a pan-European transmission network with high flexibility and high interconnection levels. This will facilitate the transformation of the current energy production mix by hosting an increasing share of renewable energy sources. Novel smart grid technologies, control and storage methods, and new market approaches will be developed, installed, demonstrated, and tested introducing flexibility to the European power system. FLEXITRANSTORE is developing a next-generation Flexible Energy Grid (FEG) that will be integrated into the European Internal Energy Market (IEM) through the valorization of flexibility services. This FEG addresses the capabilities of a power system to maintain continuous service in the face of rapid and large swings in supply or demand. As such, a wholesale market infrastructure and new business models within this integrated FEG must be upgraded for network players, and offer incentives for new ones to join, while at the same time demonstrating new business perspectives for cross-border resource management and energy trading

Using MapReduce Streaming for Distributed Life Simulation on the Cloud

Distributed software simulations are indispensable in the study of large-scale life models but often require the use of technically complex lower-level distributed computing frameworks, such as MPI. We propose to overcome the complexity challenge by applying the emerging MapReduce (MR) model to distributed life simulations and by running such simulations on the cloud. Technically, we design optimized MR streaming algorithms for discrete and continuous versions of Conway’s life according to a general MR streaming pattern. We chose life because it is simple enough as a testbed for MR’s applicability to a-life simulations and general enough to make our results applicable to various lattice-based a-life models. We implement and empirically evaluate our algorithms’ performance on Amazon’s Elastic MR cloud. Our experiments demonstrate that a single MR optimization technique called strip partitioning can reduce the execution time of continuous life simulations by 64%. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to propose and evaluate MR streaming algorithms for lattice-based simulations. Our algorithms can serve as prototypes in the development of novel MR simulation algorithms for large-scale lattice-based a-life models.https://digitalcommons.chapman.edu/scs_books/1014/thumbnail.jp

Net Neutrality

This book is available as open access through the Bloomsbury Open Access programme and is available on www.bloomsburycollections.com. Chris Marsden maneuvers through the hype articulated by Netwrok Neutrality advocates and opponents. He offers a clear-headed analysis of the high stakes in this debate about the Internet's future, and fearlessly refutes the misinformation and misconceptions that about' Professor Rob Freiden, Penn State University Net Neutrality is a very heated and contested policy principle regarding access for content providers to the Internet end-user, and potential discrimination in that access where the end-user's ISP (or another ISP) blocks that access in part or whole. The suggestion has been that the problem can be resolved by either introducing greater competition, or closely policing conditions for vertically integrated service, such as VOIP. However, that is not the whole story, and ISPs as a whole have incentives to discriminate between content for matters such as network management of spam, to secure and maintain customer experience at current levels, and for economic benefit from new Quality of Service standards. This includes offering a ‘priority lane' on the network for premium content types such as video and voice service. The author considers market developments and policy responses in Europe and the United States, draws conclusions and proposes regulatory recommendations