43,932 research outputs found
Cultural Influences in Probabilistic Thinking
Concerns about students' difficulties in statistics and probability and a lack of research in this area outside of western countries led to a case study which explored form five (14 to 16 year olds) students' ideas in this area. The study focussed on probability, descriptive statistics and graphical representations. This paper presents and discusses the ways in which students made sense of probability constructs (equally likely and proportional reasoning) obtained from the individual interviews. The findings were interpreted in relation to cultural perspective. The findings revealed that many of the students used strategies based on cultural experiences (beliefs, everyday and school experiences) and intuitive strategies. While the results of the study confirm a number of findings of other researchers, the findings go beyond those discussed in the literature. The use of beliefs, everyday and school experiences was considerably more common than that discussed in literature. The paper concludes by suggesting some implications for teachers and researchers
Influence of culture on secondary school students' understanding of statistics: A Fijian perspective
Although we use statistical notions daily in making decisions, research in statistics education has focused mostly on formal statistics. Further, everyday culture may influence informal ideas of statistics. Yet, there appears to be minimal literature that deals with the educational implications of the role of culture. This paper will discuss the interaction between statistical cognition and culture, reporting on the effects of culture on secondary studentsâ statistical ideas. It will draw on examples from my work and that of a few others who have studied cultural influences on statistical ideas to explain how statistics is tied to cultural practices. The paper will consider the issues arising out of the literature and offer suggestions for meeting the challenges
Semantic indeterminacy in object relative clauses
This article examined whether semantic indeterminacy plays a role in comprehension of complex structures such as object relative clauses. Study 1 used a gated sentence completion task to assess which alternative interpretations are dominant as the relative clause unfolds; Study 2 compared reading times in object relative clauses containing different animacy configurations to unambiguous passive controls; and Study 3 related completion data and reading data. The results showed that comprehension difficulty was modulated by animacy configuration and voice (active vs. passive). These differences were well correlated with the availability of alternative interpretations as the relative clause unfolds, as revealed by the completion data. In contrast to approaches arguing that comprehension difficulty stems from syntactic complexity, these results suggest that semantic indeterminacy is a major source of comprehension difficulty in object relative clauses. Results are consistent with constraint-based approaches to ambiguity resolution and bring new insights into previously identified sources of difficulty. (C) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved
Zero Shot Learning for Code Education: Rubric Sampling with Deep Learning Inference
In modern computer science education, massive open online courses (MOOCs) log
thousands of hours of data about how students solve coding challenges. Being so
rich in data, these platforms have garnered the interest of the machine
learning community, with many new algorithms attempting to autonomously provide
feedback to help future students learn. But what about those first hundred
thousand students? In most educational contexts (i.e. classrooms), assignments
do not have enough historical data for supervised learning. In this paper, we
introduce a human-in-the-loop "rubric sampling" approach to tackle the "zero
shot" feedback challenge. We are able to provide autonomous feedback for the
first students working on an introductory programming assignment with accuracy
that substantially outperforms data-hungry algorithms and approaches human
level fidelity. Rubric sampling requires minimal teacher effort, can associate
feedback with specific parts of a student's solution and can articulate a
student's misconceptions in the language of the instructor. Deep learning
inference enables rubric sampling to further improve as more assignment
specific student data is acquired. We demonstrate our results on a novel
dataset from Code.org, the world's largest programming education platform.Comment: To appear at AAAI 2019; 9 page
Multiobjective Tactical Planning under Uncertainty for Air Traffic Flow and Capacity Management
We investigate a method to deal with congestion of sectors and delays in the
tactical phase of air traffic flow and capacity management. It relies on
temporal objectives given for every point of the flight plans and shared among
the controllers in order to create a collaborative environment. This would
enhance the transition from the network view of the flow management to the
local view of air traffic control. Uncertainty is modeled at the trajectory
level with temporal information on the boundary points of the crossed sectors
and then, we infer the probabilistic occupancy count. Therefore, we can model
the accuracy of the trajectory prediction in the optimization process in order
to fix some safety margins. On the one hand, more accurate is our prediction;
more efficient will be the proposed solutions, because of the tighter safety
margins. On the other hand, when uncertainty is not negligible, the proposed
solutions will be more robust to disruptions. Furthermore, a multiobjective
algorithm is used to find the tradeoff between the delays and congestion, which
are antagonist in airspace with high traffic density. The flow management
position can choose manually, or automatically with a preference-based
algorithm, the adequate solution. This method is tested against two instances,
one with 10 flights and 5 sectors and one with 300 flights and 16 sectors.Comment: IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation (2013). arXiv admin note:
substantial text overlap with arXiv:1309.391
Computational Methods for Probabilistic Inference of Sector Congestion in Air Traffic Management
This article addresses the issue of computing the expected cost functions
from a probabilistic model of the air traffic flow and capacity management. The
Clenshaw-Curtis quadrature is compared to Monte-Carlo algorithms defined
specifically for this problem. By tailoring the algorithms to this model, we
reduce the computational burden in order to simulate real instances. The study
shows that the Monte-Carlo algorithm is more sensible to the amount of
uncertainty in the system, but has the advantage to return a result with the
associated accuracy on demand. The performances for both approaches are
comparable for the computation of the expected cost of delay and the expected
cost of congestion. Finally, this study shows some evidences that the
simulation of the proposed probabilistic model is tractable for realistic
instances.Comment: Interdisciplinary Science for Innovative Air Traffic Management
(2013
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