8 research outputs found

    Informing Pedagogical Action: Aligning Learning Analytics With Learning Design.

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    Abstract This article considers the developing field of learning analytics and argues that to move from small-scale practice to broad scale applicability, there is a need to establish a contextual framework that helps teachers interpret the information that analytics provides. The article presents learning design as a form of documentation of pedagogical intent that can provide the context for making sense of diverse sets of analytic data. We investigate one example of learning design to explore how broad categories of analytics-which we call checkpoint and process analytics-can inform the interpretation of outcomes from a learning design and facilitate pedagogical action. Keywords learning analytics, learning design, pedagogical intent This article examines two relatively new concepts within education, learning analytics, that is, the collection, analysis, and reporting of data associated with student learning behavior, and learning design, that is, the documented design and sequencing of teaching practice, and how together these may serve to improve understanding and evaluation of teaching intent and learner activity. Learning analytics offers a passive method of gathering information on how learners are interacting with learning resources, each other, and their teachers. Unlike traditional surveys or focus groups, which rely on participants both opting to provide feedback and accurately remembering and reporting pas

    OASEARCH: Modelo de aplicaciรณn basado en web semรกntica para la bรบsqueda de objetos de aprendizaje mediante perfilado de consultas

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    Uno de los aspectos que determina la calidad de un Sistema Educativo Basado en la Web es la manera en que este proporciona a los estudiantes los objetos de aprendizaje que mejor se adaptan a sus condiciones especรญficas -- Es por lo anterior que se hace necesario contar con mecanismos de bรบsqueda para estos objetos que puedan ser usados fรกcilmente por la aplicaciรณn o por los usuarios de la misma y que entreguen los resultados mรกs relevantes posibles en un contexto determinado -- Mรบltiples mecanismos se han propuesto para la bรบsqueda de recursos digitales en la web -- El enfoque fundamental de recuperaciรณn de la informaciรณn ha sido utilizado por muchos aรฑos con bastante รฉxito pero con el advenimiento de las tecnologรญas que componen lo que se conoce como La Web Semรกntica es posible definir nuevas representaciones para los datos que permiten obtener una mayor precisiรณn y relevancia de los resultados obtenidos -- El presente documento presenta un nuevo enfoque para la construcciรณn de motores de bรบsqueda para objetos de aprendizaje basado en La Web Semรกntica que se apoya en la definiciรณn previa o perfilado de consultas de una manera desacoplada de la aplicaciรณn -- Con este enfoque es posible construir Conceptos de Bรบsqueda que son especificados en una Ontologรญa de Dominio de tal manera que luego puede ser utilizada por la aplicaciรณn para entregar sus resultados en un entorno distribuido de repositorios RDF que se basen en el estรกndar LOM para la descripciรณn de metadato

    TOM: TUTOR INTELIGENTE ORIENTANDO A CONSTRUร‡รƒO DE MAPAS CONCEITUAIS

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    A tutoria รฉ um mรฉtodo para interaรงรฃo pedagรณgica utilizada a milhares de anos. Nessa interaรงรฃo o tutor avalia aprendizado do aluno durante o curso das experiรชncias de aprendizagem, sana dรบvidas, acompanha sua frequรชncia, afere sua motivaรงรฃo e fornece suporte, geralmente tempestivo, para que a sobrecarga cognitiva, decorrente do prรณprio processo de aprendizagem, seja minimizada, a fim de tornar esse momento agradรกvel e satisfatรณrio. Ter o conhecimento das necessidades dos alunos รฉ ainda um grande desafio para os professores indistintamente, isso porque, รฉ o primeiro passo para fornecer uma ajuda relevante de modo a contribuir para seu aprendizado. Sob essa perspectiva desenvolvemos uma tรฉcnica baseada em regras de associaรงรฃo da mineraรงรฃo de dados a fim de identificar as falhas conceituais em estudantes para que, uma vez conhecida essa lacuna do conhecimento, ela seja preenchida de modo a potencializar o processo cognitivo. Com o objetivo testar essas regras, construรญmos um sistema tutor inteligente capaz de usรก-las e assim, orientar o aluno na construรงรฃo de mapas conceituais a partir de um tema proposto, tendo como principal diretriz o mapa referรชncia do professor e as respectivas regras de associaรงรฃo que cada conceito deste mapa possui. Assim, a informaรงรฃo faltante ao aluno nรฃo รฉ apresentada de modo desestruturado, mas com diferentes nรญveis de granularidade, similaridades e na sequรชncia mais apropriada para catalisar o aprendizado. Este mรฉtodo possui como questรฃo subjacente uma abordagem pedagรณgica que utiliza aspectos da teoria da aprendizagem significativa defendida por Ausubel e complementada por Novak

    Technologies to enhance self-directed learning from hypertext

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    With the growing popularity of the World Wide Web, materials presented to learners in the form of hypertext have become a major instructional resource. Despite the potential of hypertext to facilitate access to learning materials, self-directed learning from hypertext is often associated with many concerns. Self-directed learners, due to their different viewpoints, may follow different navigation paths, and thus they will have different interactions with knowledge. Therefore, learners can end up being disoriented or cognitively-overloaded due to the potential gap between what they need and what actually exists on the Web. In addition, while a lot of research has gone into supporting the task of finding web resources, less attention has been paid to the task of supporting the interpretation of Web pages. The inability to interpret the content of pages leads learners to interrupt their current browsing activities to seek help from other human resources or explanatory learning materials. Such activity can weaken learner engagement and lower their motivation to learn. This thesis aims to promote self-directed learning from hypertext resources by proposing solutions to the above problems. It first presents Knowledge Puzzle, a tool that proposes a constructivist approach to learn from the Web. Its main contribution to Web-based learning is that self-directed learners will be able to adapt the path of instruction and the structure of hypertext to their way of thinking, regardless of how the Web content is delivered. This can effectively reduce the gap between what they need and what exists on the Web. SWLinker is another system proposed in this thesis with the aim of supporting the interpretation of Web pages using ontology based semantic annotation. It is an extension to the Internet Explorer Web browser that automatically creates a semantic layer of explanatory information and instructional guidance over Web pages. It also aims to break the conventional view of Web browsing as an individual activity by leveraging the notion of ontology-based collaborative browsing. Both of the tools presented in this thesis were evaluated by students within the context of particular learning tasks. The results show that they effectively fulfilled the intended goals by facilitating learning from hypertext without introducing high overheads in terms of usability or browsing efforts

    Learning Activities with Semantic. Hypermedia in Higher Education

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    The increasing use of information and communication technologies (ICT) in diverse professional and personal contexts calls for new knowledge, and a set of abilities, competences and attitudes, for an active and participative citizenship. In this context it is acknowledged that universities have an important role innovating in the educational use of digital media to promote an inclusive digital literacy. The educational potential of digital technologies and resources has been recognized by both researchers and practitioners. Multiple pedagogical models and research approaches have already contributed to put in evidence the importance of adapting instructional and learning practices and processes to concrete contexts and educational goals. Still, academic and scientific communities believe further investments in ICT research is needed in higher education. This study focuses on educational models that may contribute to support digital technology uses, where these can have cognitive and educational relevance when compared to analogical technologies. A teaching and learning model, centered in the active role of the students in the exploration, production, presentation and discussion of interactive multimedia materials, was developed and applied using the internet and exploring emergent semantic hypermedia formats. The research approach focused on the definition of design principles for developing class activities that were applied in three different iterations in undergraduate courses from two institutions, namely the University of Texas at Austin, USA and the University of Lisbon, Portugal. The analysis of this study made possible to evaluate the potential and efficacy of the model proposed and the authoring tool chosen in the support of metacognitive skills and attitudes related to information structuring and management, storytelling and communication, using computers and the internet

    Modelo para la generaciรณn de cursos virtuales usando tecnologรญas de la web semรกntica para sistemas de gestiรณn de aprendizaje

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    La oferta de educaciรณn virtual crece rรกpidamente y a su vez el uso de entornos virtuales de aprendizaje (VLE). La mayorรญa de docentes explotan muy limitadamente los VLEs, debido a su conocimiento limitado de pedagogรญas y de las teorรญas de diseรฑo instruccional. La revisiรณn de la literatura analizada, dio como resultado que pocos modelos de diseรฑo instruccional han incluido el uso de las tecnologรญas de la web semรกntica para sus soluciones educativas. Sin embargo, aquellos trabajos que toman en cuenta dichas tecnologรญas, se enfocan mรกs en el contenido especรญfico del diseรฑo de curso y otros trabajos asumen que el docente deberรญa conocer acerca de diseรฑo instruccional. Esto permitiรณ notar, que no se toma en cuenta aspectos como: el enfoque pedagรณgico, es decir las teorรญas de aprendizaje y/o de diseรฑo instruccional, el contexto del curso y la secuencia de actividades. Adicionalmente, ninguno de los trabajos considera la integraciรณn a un VLE. Se identifica los factores que influyen en el modelado del proceso de creaciรณn de contenido educativo en cursos online para entornos LMS tradicionales, y se propone un Modelo para el proceso de construcciรณn de cursos virtuales utilizando tecnologรญas de le web semรกntica como RDF, OWL, SWRL, SPARQL para sistemas de gestiรณn de aprendizaje. Este modelo permite producir en forma estructurada, organizada y pedagรณgicamente asistida, las plantillas de cursos virtuales. Para plasmar el modelo se plantea una arquitectura que permite desarrollar mรณdulos de creaciรณn de plantillas de cursos en el sistema de gestiรณn de aprendizaje Moodle. Se acompaรฑa de la descripciรณn del desarrollo de los diferentes mรณdulos de creaciรณn de cursos virtuales mediante la metodologรญa SCRUM. Para validar el modelo propuesto se plantean dos estudios: el primero aplicado en docentes universitarios respecto a cuatro aspectos analizados: facilidad de uso, soporte pedagรณgico, satisfacciรณn y tiempo; se observรณ que existe una diferencia significativa a favor de la construcciรณn de cursos virtuales en un LMS en donde se incorpora el modelo propuesto. En el segundo estudio, aplicado en estudiantes universitarios, se observรณ que, en el aspecto de la facilidad de uso, sรญ existe una diferencia significativa a favor del uso del aula virtual usada por los estudiantes y que fue creada por un docente con el mรณdulo que incorpora el modelo propuesto. Se afirma entonces que el modelo planteado ofrece mejoras con respecto al proceso de creaciรณn de aulas virtuales tradicional que se incorpora en un LMS.Abstract: The virtual education offer grows rapidly and, in turn, the use of virtual environment of learning (VLE). Most teachers exploit in a very limited way the VLEs due to the limited knowledge of the of pedagogy and instructional design theories. The analyzed systematic review of literature resulted in the fact that few models of instructional design have included the use of semantic web technologies for their educational solutions. However, those works that take into account such technologies focus more on the specific content of course design and other works assume that the teacher should know about the instructional design. This permitted to note that aspects such as the pedagogic focus (i.e., the learning theories and instructional design theories), the course context and the activity sequence are not considered. Additionally, no work considers the integration to a VLE. Factors influencing on the modelling of the creation process of educational content in online courses for traditional LMS environment are identified, and a Model for the construction process of virtual courses is proposed, using semantic web technologies such as RDF, OWL, SWRL, and SPARQL for learning management systems. This model can produce in a structured, organized and pedagogically-assisted way, the designs of virtual courses templates. To put into practice the model, an architecture allowing to develop modules of design creation of courses in the Moodle learning management system is stated. Included there is the description of the development of the different virtual course creation modules through SCRUM methodology. To validate the proposed model, two studies are stated: the first one is applied to university teachers as to four analyzed aspects: usability, pedagogic support, satisfaction and time. It is observed that there is a significant difference in favor of the construction of virtual courses in a LMS where the proposed model is incorporated. In the second study is applied to university students, it was observed that in the aspect of usability, there is a significant difference in favor of the use of the virtual classroom used by students, which was created by a teacher with a module incorporating the proposed model. It is, therefore, affirmed that the proposed model offers improvements as to the traditional creation process of virtual classrooms incorporated into an LMS.Doctorad

    ํ•™์Šต๋ถ„์„ํ•™ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ํ† ๋ก ํ™œ๋™ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™” ์›๋ฆฌ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ์‚ฌ๋ฒ”๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ต์œกํ•™๊ณผ, 2017. 8. ๋‚˜์ผ์ฃผ.์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ํ† ๋ก ์€ ์›๊ฒฉ๋Œ€ํ•™์ด๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฒ„ ๋Œ€ํ•™, ๋ฌต์Šค ์ œ๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€ ๋“ฑ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ์„ ์ „์ œ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ต์œก๊ธฐ๊ด€๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ „ํ†ต์  ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ต์œก๊ธฐ๊ด€์—์„œ๋„ ๋„๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณดํŽธ์ ์ธ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ํ•™์Šต ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ๊ต์ˆ˜๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ถ”์„ธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ํ† ๋ก ์˜ ์งˆ์„ ๋†’์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ ๋˜ํ•œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฒฝ์ฃผ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ํ•™์Šต์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•™์Šต์— ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜๋Š” ์ •๋ณด๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ง€ํ–ฅํ•˜๋Š” ํ•™์Šต๋ถ„์„ํ•™์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ๊ฐ๊ด‘์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ•™์Šต๋ถ„์„์€ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ํ† ๋ก ์˜ ์งˆ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•™์Šต๋ถ„์„์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ํ˜„์žฌ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํ† ๋ก ํ™œ๋™์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ† ๋ก ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์€ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด์ง€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•™์Šต์ž์˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌ, ํ† ๋ก ์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ฑ, ํ† ๋ก ์˜ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ, ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์˜ ์–‘์ƒ ๋“ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํ•™์Šต์ž๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ์ ์ ˆํžˆ ๊ฐ€๊ณตํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜๋ฏธ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ •๋ณด๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์ด๋Š” ํ•™์Šต์ž์™€ ๊ต์ˆ˜์ž ๋ชจ๋‘์—๊ฒŒ ํฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ํ† ๋ก ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ƒ์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ๋“œ๋ฌผ๊ฒŒ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ๋งŒ ํ‘œํ˜„๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ๋Œ€๊ฐœ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์น˜๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„๋‚˜ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ์ฆ‰, ์‹œ๊ฐ์  ํ‘œ์ƒ์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ด๋‹ค. ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์‹œ๊ฐ์  ํ‘œ์ƒ์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ ์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์„ ๋“ค์—ฌ ํ†ตํ•ฉ์ ์ธ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์–ป๋Š” ๋ฐ์— ์œ ๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ํ† ๋ก ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ํ•™์Šต์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์ œ๊ณต๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ •๋ณด๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ์ข…๋ฅ˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋˜ ์ด๋ฅผ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™”ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์—๋Š” ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์›๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ ์šฉ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€? ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ํ† ๋ก ์—์„œ ํ•™์Šต๋ถ„์„์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ์ •๋ณด๋“ค์„ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ํ•™์Šต์ž๋‚˜ ๊ต์ˆ˜์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์ œ๊ณตํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ตฌ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์— ํ™œ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์›๋ฆฌ, ์ฆ‰ ํ•™์Šต๋ถ„์„์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ์  ํ‘œ์ƒ๋ฌผ์„ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•ด ๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ € ์›๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ถœยท๊ตฌ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ํ•™์Šต๋ถ„์„ํ•™ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ํ† ๋ก ํ™œ๋™ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™” ์›๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€? ๋‘˜์งธ, ํ•™์Šต๋ถ„์„ํ•™ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ํ† ๋ก ํ™œ๋™ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™” ์›๋ฆฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์˜ ๋ฐ˜์‘์€ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ๊ฐ€? ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์„ค๊ณ„ยท๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์œ ํ˜•2์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธํ—Œ์— ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ•œ ์›๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ดˆ์•ˆ ๋„์ถœ, ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์›๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ •, ์›๋ฆฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ ํƒ€๋‹นํ™”, ์›๋ฆฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์„ฑ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ ์›๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•œ ํ”„๋กœํ† ํƒ€์ž… ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ, ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ ํ”„๋กœํ† ํƒ€์ž…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ๋ฐ˜์‘ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋“ฑ ๋‚ด์ ยท์™ธ์  ํƒ€๋‹นํ™”์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ์ตœ์ข… ์›๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๋”ฐ๋ž๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ € ์‹œ๊ฐ์  ์ •๋ณด ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ๊ณผ์ •๊ณผ ์ •๋ณด ์‹œ๊ฐํ™”, ํ•™์Šต๋ถ„์„ํ•™๊ณผ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ํ† ๋ก ํ™œ๋™์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™”์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์„ ํ–‰๋ฌธํ—Œ์„ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™” ์›๋ฆฌ๋“ค์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ๋ถ„์„์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™” ์›๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™” ์›๋ฆฌ ์ดˆ์•ˆ์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™” ์›๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ดˆ์•ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ด€๋ จ ๋ถ„์•ผ์˜ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ 6์ธ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ 3์ฐจ์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ํƒ€๋‹นํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™” ์›๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋˜๋Š” ๊ต์ˆ˜์„ค๊ณ„์ž, ์›น๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ, ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋จธ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ์ž ์žฌ์  ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž 6์ธ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™” ์›๋ฆฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์„ฑ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค์€ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™” ์›๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  1์ฐจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ๊ฐ์  ํ‘œ์ƒ๋ฌผ ํ”„๋กœํ† ํƒ€์ž…์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ดํ›„ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™” ์›๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œ๊ฐ์  ํ‘œ์ƒ๋ฌผ์˜ ํ”„๋กœํ† ํƒ€์ž…์„ ์ˆ˜์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค์ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ์  ํ‘œ์ƒ๋ฌผ์— ์‹œ๊ฐํ™” ์›๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ž˜ ์ ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒ€ํ† ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ์ตœ์ข… ์‹œ๊ฐ์  ํ‘œ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด ์„ค๊ณ„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ๊ฐ์  ํ‘œ์ƒ๋ฌผ ํ”„๋กœํ† ํƒ€์ž…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•™์Šต์ž์˜ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹œ๊ฐํ™” ์›๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ ์‹œ๊ฐ์  ํ‘œ์ƒ๋ฌผ์„ ํ•™์Šต์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ , ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ๊ฒฝํ—˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ๋ฐ˜์‘ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ตœ์ข… ์‹œ๊ฐํ™” ์›๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์•˜๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ํ† ๋ก ํ™œ๋™์„ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” 1) ์ฐธ์—ฌ๋„, 2) ํ•™์Šต์ž ๊ฐ„ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ, 3) ํ† ๋ก ๋‚ด์šฉ-์ค‘์‹ฌ๋‹จ์–ด, 4) ํ† ๋ก ๋‚ด์šฉ-๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€์œ ํ˜•, 5) ํ† ๋ก ๋‚ด์šฉ-์ฐฌ๋ฐ˜์˜๊ฒฌ๋ถ„ํฌ์˜ 5๊ฐœ ๋ฒ”์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ๋งž์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ํ† ๋ก ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™”์˜ ์›๋ฆฌ๋กœ๋Š” 1) ์ถ”์ ์„ฑ(traceability)์˜ ์›๋ฆฌ, 2) ๋น„๊ต์„ฑ(comparability)์˜ ์›๋ฆฌ, 3) ์ถ•์•ฝ์„ฑ(implicity)์˜ ์›๋ฆฌ, 4) ์ „์ฒด-์„ธ๋ถ€์„ฑ(overview+detail)์˜ ์›๋ฆฌ์˜ 4๊ฐ€์ง€ ์›๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋„์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ์‹œ๊ฐํ™” ์›๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ํ‰๊ฐ€๋Š” ์œ ์šฉ์„ฑ, ์‹ค์šฉ์„ฑ, ์‹ฌ๋ฏธ์„ฑ, ์‚ฌ์šฉ์˜๋„ ๋“ฑ ์ „์ฒด ๋ฌธํ•ญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋†’์€ ๊ธ์ •์  ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์–ป์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ์—๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™” ๋Œ€์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ ์›๋ฆฌ๋“ค์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ƒ์„ธ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™” ๊ฐ€์ด๋“œ๋ผ์ธ์ด ์ฒจ๋ถ€๋˜์–ด ์ œ๊ณต๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ด๋ก ์  ํ•จ์˜์™€ ์‹ค์ฒœ์  ์‹œ์‚ฌ์ , ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜๋ฅผ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ›„์† ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋กœ์„œ ํ•™์Šต๋ถ„์„์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ† ๋ก ํ™œ๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ์—ฐ๊ตฌ, ํ•™์Šต์ž์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ์  ํ‘œ์ƒ๋ฌผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ, ์‹ค์ œ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์—์„œ์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ๋ฐ˜์‘ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ, ๊ต์ˆ˜์„ค๊ณ„์ž, ์‹œ๊ฐ ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ, ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋จธ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ด€์  ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ข…ํ•ฉ์ž์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ•™์Šต๋ถ„์„ํ•™์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋น…๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ž๋™์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™”ํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋“ฑ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•จ์„ ์ œ์–ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.I. ์„œ๋ก  1 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์  1 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ 8 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์˜์˜ 8 4. ์šฉ์–ด์˜ ์ •์˜ 10 ๊ฐ€. ํ•™์Šต๋ถ„์„ํ•™ 10 ๋‚˜. ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ํ† ๋ก ํ™œ๋™ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™” 11 ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๊ฐ์  ํ‘œ์ƒ๋ฌผ 11 ๋ผ. ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ๊ฒฝํ—˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ ํ‰๊ฐ€ 12 II. ์„ ํ–‰๋ฌธํ—Œ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 13 1. ์‹œ๊ฐ์  ์ •๋ณด ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ๊ณผ์ •๊ณผ ์ •๋ณด ์‹œ๊ฐํ™” 13 ๊ฐ€. ์‹œ๊ฐ์ง€๋Šฅ๊ณผ ์‹œ๊ฐ์  ์ •๋ณด ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ๊ณผ์ • 13 ๋‚˜. ์‹œ๊ฐ์  ์ •๋ณด์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์š”์†Œ ๋ฐ ์œ ํ˜• 22 ๋‹ค. ์ •๋ณด ์‹œ๊ฐํ™” ์›๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ€์ด๋“œ๋ผ์ธ 32 2. ํ•™์Šต๋ถ„์„ํ•™๊ณผ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ํ† ๋ก ํ™œ๋™ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™” 46 ๊ฐ€. ํ•™์Šต๋ถ„์„์˜ ํ™œ์šฉ ๋ชฉ์  ๋ฐ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 46 ๋‚˜. ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ํ† ๋ก ํ™œ๋™์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… ๋ฐ ํŠน์„ฑ 59 ๋‹ค. ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ํ† ๋ก ํ™œ๋™์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™” ๋Œ€์ƒ๋ณ„ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™” ๊ธฐ๋ฒ• 69 3. ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ๊ฒฝํ—˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ๋ฐ˜์‘ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 85 ๊ฐ€. ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ๊ฒฝํ—˜์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… ๋ฐ ํŠน์„ฑ 86 ๋‚˜. ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ๊ฒฝํ—˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์š”์†Œ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 90 III. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 96 1. ํ•™์Šต๋ถ„์„ํ•™ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ํ† ๋ก ํ™œ๋™ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™” ์›๋ฆฌ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ 100 ๊ฐ€. ์„ ํ–‰๋ฌธํ—Œ ๊ฒ€ํ† ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™” ์›๋ฆฌ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ 100 ๋‚˜. ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒ€ํ† ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™” ์›๋ฆฌ ์ˆ˜์ • 102 2. ์‹œ๊ฐํ™” ์›๋ฆฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ๋ฐ˜์‘ ํ‰๊ฐ€ 110 ๊ฐ€. ์‹œ๊ฐํ™” ์›๋ฆฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์„ฑ ํ‰๊ฐ€ 111 ๋‚˜. ์‹œ๊ฐํ™” ์›๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ ์šฉ๋œ ์‹œ๊ฐ์  ํ‘œ์ƒ๋ฌผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ๊ฒฝํ—˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ๋ฐ˜์‘ ํ‰๊ฐ€ 117 IV. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 120 1. ํ•™์Šต๋ถ„์„ํ•™ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ํ† ๋ก ํ™œ๋™ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™” ์›๋ฆฌ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 120 ๊ฐ€. ์„ ํ–‰ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋„์ถœ๋œ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™” ์›๋ฆฌ ์ดˆ์•ˆ 120 ๋‚˜. ์‹œ๊ฐํ™” ์›๋ฆฌ ๋„์ถœ ๊ณผ์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ ํƒ€๋‹นํ™” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 123 ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์š”์†Œ ๋ฐ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™” ์›๋ฆฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ ํƒ€๋‹นํ™” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 125 ๋ผ. ์‹œ๊ฐํ™” ์›๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ ์ƒ์„ธ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™” ๊ฐ€์ด๋“œ๋ผ์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ ํƒ€๋‹นํ™” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 132 2. ์‹œ๊ฐํ™” ์›๋ฆฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ๋ฐ˜์‘ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 148 ๊ฐ€. ์‹œ๊ฐํ™” ์›๋ฆฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์„ฑ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 148 ๋‚˜. ์‹œ๊ฐ์  ํ‘œ์ƒ๋ฌผ ํ”„๋กœํ† ํƒ€์ž…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ๊ฒฝํ—˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ๋ฐ˜์‘ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 158 3. ํ•™์Šต๋ถ„์„ํ•™ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์ตœ์ข… ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ํ† ๋ก ํ™œ๋™ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™” ์›๋ฆฌ 166 ๊ฐ€. ํ•™์Šต๋ถ„์„ํ•™ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ํ† ๋ก ํ™œ๋™ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™” ๋Œ€์ƒ 174 ๋‚˜. ํ•™์Šต๋ถ„์„ํ•™ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ํ† ๋ก ํ™œ๋™ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™” ์›๋ฆฌ 179 โ…ค. ๋…ผ์˜ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  187 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜ ์ด๋ก ์  ํ•จ์˜ 187 ๊ฐ€. ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ํ† ๋ก ํ™œ๋™ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™” ์›๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ด๋ก ์  ํ•จ์˜ 187 ๋‚˜. ์ธ๊ฐ„์‹œ๊ฐ์ง€๋Šฅ์˜ ์‘์šฉ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ: ํƒ์ƒ‰๊ณผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์˜ ๋„๊ตฌ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™” 191 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜ ์‹ค์ฒœ์  ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  194 ๊ฐ€. ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ํ† ๋ก ํ™œ๋™ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™” ์›๋ฆฌ์˜ ํšจ์šฉ์„ฑ 194 ๋‚˜. ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ํ† ๋ก ํ™œ๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ์  ํ‘œ์ƒ๋ฌผ 196 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜ 199 ๊ฐ€. ์„ค๊ณ„ยท๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ ์šฉํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ณผ์ • 199 ๋‚˜. ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ๊ฒฝํ—˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ๋ฐ˜์‘ ํ‰๊ฐ€ 202 4. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ์ œ์–ธ 204 ๊ฐ€. ์š”์•ฝ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  204 ๋‚˜. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ์ถ”ํ›„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ œ์–ธ 207 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 211 ๋ถ€๋ก 247 Abstract 298Docto
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