Two multifunctional locative and directional prepositions in Zande

In Pasch (2007: 174ff) I observed that the direction of self-induced or caused motion towards a location is usually expressed by the preposition ku ((1), (2)). Ku is frequently used to mark DIRECTION in a journey of which the starting point has been mentioned ((3), (4)). In this case the verb describing the motion away from the starting point is gapped. These observations are in agreement with Gore & Gore (1952: 78), who translate ku as ‘towards’ and add “that it always implies motion”. The situation of the speaker may optionally be indicated by the distal adverb yo ‘there’ (more frequent) or by the proximal adverb no (less frequent) ‘here’ in clause-final position

The Analysis of Structure Shift in Translating Locative Prepositional Phrase Into Indonesian

This research is mainly aimed to analyze the structure shift of locative prepositional phrase and its equivalences in Indonesian. The data of this study was taken from the biography of Steve Jobs. This book is published in English as the source language and in Indonesian as the target language. It is only the structure shift of locative prepositional phrase using preposition ‘at\u27, ‘in\u27, and ‘from\u27 is analyzed. The research is done through note taking technique in order to find and collect some data. In analyzing the data, translational identity method was applied that people use for comparing between one language with other language to find and analyze the equivalence (Sudaryanto, 1993). The main theory used to analyze the structure shift in translation of the biography of Steve Jobs is Translation Shift proposed by Catford (1965). The finding shows that the translation shift in this structure shift affects the process of translating locative prepositional phrase. Loss and gain information occurs in the process of translation from source language into target language

The Analysis of Structure Shift in Translating Locative Prepositional Phrase Into Indonesian

This research is mainly aimed to analyze the structure shift of locative prepositional phrase and its equivalences in Indonesian. The data of this study was taken from the biography of Steve Jobs. This book is published in English as the source language and in Indonesian as the target language. It is only the structure shift of locative prepositional phrase using preposition ‘at', ‘in', and ‘from' is analyzed. The research is done through note taking technique in order to find and collect some data. In analyzing the data, translational identity method was applied that people use for comparing between one language with other language to find and analyze the equivalence (Sudaryanto, 1993). The main theory used to analyze the structure shift in translation of the biography of Steve Jobs is Translation Shift proposed by Catford (1965). The finding shows that the translation shift in this structure shift affects the process of translating locative prepositional phrase. Loss and gain information occurs in the process of translation from source language into target language

A Description Of Space Relations In An NLP Model: The ABBYY Compreno Approach

The current paper is devoted to a formal analysis of the space category and, especially, to questions bound with the presentation of space relations in a formal NLP model. The aim is to demonstrate how linguistic and cognitive problems relating to spatial categorization, definition of spatial entities, and the expression of different locative senses in natural languages can be solved in an artificial intelligence system. We offer a description of the locative groups in the ABBYY Compreno formalism – an integral NLP framework applied for machine translation, semantic search, fact extraction, and other tasks based on the semantic analysis of texts. The model is based on a universal semantic hierarchy of the thesaurus type and includes a description of all possible semantic and syntactic links every word can attach. In this work we define the set of semantic locative relations between words, suggest different tools for their syntactic presentation, give formal restrictions for the word classes that can denote spaces, and show different strategies of dealing with locative prepositions, especially as far as the problem of their machine translation is concerned

A corpus-based comparative study on George Orwell’s 1984 Chinese translation strategies.

This paper adopts a corpus-based approach to compare the translation strategies employed by Dong Leshan (1979/1998) and Lau Shiuming (1984/2011) in their translation of George Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-Four. The linguistic features are first retrieved from our translation corpora using the corpus tools, ICTCLAS 5.0 and AntConc 3.4.3, and then compared and analyzed quantitatively. Statistics show that the two translators differ significantly in their employment of four types of function word: modal particles, conjunctions, prepositions, and numerals. Equivalent textual examples from the two translations are extracted and analyzed qualitatively, to illustrate how the use of these function words embodies different translation strategies. The analysis specifically focuses on the comparison between hypotactic and paratactic features in the English-Chinese translations. The findings in this study indicate that Dong shows the tendency of aiming to achieve formal equivalence to the English source language in his Chinese translation. By contrast, Lau tends to provide a translation that conforms to the customary convention of the Chinese target language by adding modal particles and adversative conjunctions as well as adjusting the sentence order, to make the implied meaning in a sentence explicitly for the target reader

Acquisition of Zero Relative Clauses in English by Adult Turkish Learners of English

Studies on acquisition of relative clauses by first and second language learners have evoked considerable interest in recent decades. In line with such studies, in this present study we aim to show the possible effect of first language (Turkish) on second language (English) in zero relative clause constructions. English uses certain stranded prepositions in zero relative clauses, whereas Turkish uses the same suffix in non-subject relative clause constructions. This observation in two typologically different languages led the study to claim that Turkish word order in non-subject relative clauses affects the acquisition of zero relative clauses in English. Fifty sentences in Turkish were prepared and composed of five categories. Each category consisted of ten sentences. Each category referred to one of the five cases in Turkish. These cases were accusative, locative, ablative, dative and instrumental. The participants (N=91) were asked to translate these Turkish sentences into English. The results showed that the participants tended to omit prepositions in English zero relative clauses except the construction that did not entail any preposition. Therefore, the study implies that Turkish language learners may be under the effect of their mother tongue while producing zero relative clauses in English

Estonian and Latvian verb government comparison

http://www.ester.ee/record=b4680141*es

A Computational Treatment of Locative Relations in Natural Language

This paper discusses a system for talking about objects and spatial relations. The work was done in the context of a project called Landscan, for Language-Driven Scene Analyser. The system takes questions in natural language about a partially analysed image of a scene, extends the analysis of the scene as necessary, and responds with information about the objects it contains. Image processing and reasoning about the scene are guided by the input query. Landscan comprises (1) a vision system, which is responsible for image processing and object recognition, (2) a language processor, responsible for understanding the input queries, and (3) a reasoning agent, to determine what is already known or knowable about the subject of the query, to formulate requests for data to the vision system as necessary, and to compile those data into meaningful answers. This report is concerned with the last two. Since most queries in this context concern objects and their spatial relations, it describes a computational treatment of Herskovits\u27 work on locative expressions, and evaluates the usefulness of Herskovits\u27 approach for this system. It also proposes a general design for the reasoner/interface, outlines the protocols required for the language and vision systems to interact with it, and points out aspects of the project needing particular attention. The very ambitious scope of the Landscan project has naturally made it difficult to do more than point the way to further exploration of many issues