415 research outputs found
Trading Structure for Randomness in Wireless Opportunistic Routing
Opportunistic routing is a recent technique that achieves high throughput in the face of lossy wireless links. The current opportunistic routing protocol, ExOR, ties the MAC with routing, imposing a strict schedule on routers' access to the medium. Although the scheduler delivers opportunistic gains, it misses some of the inherent features of the 802.11 MAC. For example, it prevents spatial reuse and thus may underutilize the wireless medium. It also eliminates the layering abstraction, making the protocol less amenable to extensions of alternate traffic type such as multicast.This paper presents MORE, a MAC-independent opportunistic routing protocol. MORE randomly mixes packets before forwarding them. This randomness ensures that routers that hear the same transmission do not forward the same packets. Thus, MORE needs no special scheduler to coordinate routers and can run directly on top of 802.11. Experimental results from a 20-node wireless testbed show that MORE's average unicast throughput is 20% higher than ExOR, and the gains rise to 50% over ExOR when there is a chance of spatial reuse. For multicast, MORE's gains increase with the number of destinations, and are 35-200% greater than ExOR
Trading structure for randomness in wireless opportunistic routing
Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2007.This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 71-73).Opportunistic routing is a recent technique that achieves high throughput in the face of lossy wireless links. The current opportunistic routing protocol, ExOR, ties the MAC with routing, imposing a strict schedule on routers' access to the medium. Although the scheduler delivers opportunistic gains, it eliminates the clean layering abstraction and misses some of the inherent features of the 802.11 MAC. In particular, it prevents spatial reuse and thus may underutilize the wireless medium. This thesis presents MORE, a MAC-independent opportunistic routing protocol. MORE randomly mixes packets before forwarding them. This randomness ensures that routers that hear the same transmission do not forward the same packets. Thus, MORE needs no special scheduler to coordinate routers and can run directly on top of 802.11. We analyze the theoretical gains provided by opportunistic routing and present the EOTX routing metric which minimizes the number of opportunistic transmissions to deliver a packet to its destination. We implemented MORE in the Click modular router running on off-the-shelf PCs equipped with 802.11 (WiFi) wireless interfaces. Experimental results from a 20-node wireless testbed show that MORE's median unicast throughput is 20% higher than ExOR, and the gains rise to 50% over ExOR when there is a chance of spatial reuse.by Szymon Chachulski.S.M
Joint Channel Assignment and Opportunistic Routing for Maximizing Throughput in Cognitive Radio Networks
In this paper, we consider the joint opportunistic routing and channel
assignment problem in multi-channel multi-radio (MCMR) cognitive radio networks
(CRNs) for improving aggregate throughput of the secondary users. We first
present the nonlinear programming optimization model for this joint problem,
taking into account the feature of CRNs-channel uncertainty. Then considering
the queue state of a node, we propose a new scheme to select proper forwarding
candidates for opportunistic routing. Furthermore, a new algorithm for
calculating the forwarding probability of any packet at a node is proposed,
which is used to calculate how many packets a forwarder should send, so that
the duplicate transmission can be reduced compared with MAC-independent
opportunistic routing & encoding (MORE) [11]. Our numerical results show that
the proposed scheme performs significantly better that traditional routing and
opportunistic routing in which channel assignment strategy is employed.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures, to appear in Proc. of IEEE GlobeCom 201
Opportunistic routing using Wireless Sensor Networks
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) are used in our daily life for monitoring and controlling application because of it’s unique features such as low power consumption, reduced cost, and implementation with ease. To improve the lifetime of wireless sensor networks energy efficient routing protocol is very necessary to choose in the network layer of WSN. A comparative analysis based on performance and energy consumption referring to opportunistic routing algorithm is done. It is being evaluated in terms of energy consumed, packets lost, flow rate and throughput. We see that Opportunistic routing algorithm performs way better than the entire traditional routing algorithm. The results provided show that Opportunistic routing give significant improvement in power consumption
A Survey on Energy Efficient Network Coding for Multi-hop Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks
AbstractNetwork coding consists of intelligently aggregating data packets by means of binary or linear combinations. Recently, network coding has been proposed as a complementary solution for energy efficient multi-hop routing in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). This is because network coding, through the aggregation of packets, considerably reduces the number of transmissions throughout the network. Although numerous network coding techniques for energy efficient routing have been developed in the literature, not much is known about a single survey article reporting on such energy efficient network coding within multi-hop WSNs. As a result, this paper addresses this gap by first classifying and discussing the recent developed energy efficient network coding techniques. The paper then identifies and explains open research opportunities based on analysis of merits of such techniques. This survey aims at providing the reader with a brief and concise idea on the current state-of-art research on network coding mainly focusing on its applications for energy efficient WSNs
Let the Tree Bloom: Scalable Opportunistic Routing with ORPL
Routing in battery-operated wireless networks is challenging, posing a tradeoff between energy and latency. Previous work has shown that opportunistic routing can achieve low-latency data collection in duty-cycled networks. However, applications are now considered where nodes are not only periodic data sources, but rather addressable end points generating traffic with arbitrary patterns.
We present ORPL, an opportunistic routing protocol that supports any-to-any, on-demand traffic. ORPL builds upon RPL, the standard protocol for low-power IPv6 networks. By combining RPL's tree-like topology with opportunistic routing, ORPL forwards data to any destination based on the mere knowledge of the nodes' sub-tree. We use bitmaps and Bloom filters to represent and propagate this information in a space-efficient way, making ORPL scale to large networks of addressable nodes. Our results in a 135-node testbed show that ORPL outperforms a number of state-of-the-art solutions including RPL and CTP, conciliating a sub-second latency and a sub-percent duty cycle. ORPL also increases robustness and scalability, addressing the whole network reliably through a 64-byte Bloom filter, where RPL needs kilobytes of routing tables for the same task
Low Power, Low Delay: Opportunistic Routing meets Duty Cycling
Traditionally, routing in wireless sensor networks consists of
two steps: First, the routing protocol selects a next hop,
and, second, the MAC protocol waits for the intended destination
to wake up and receive the data. This design makes
it difficult to adapt to link dynamics and introduces delays
while waiting for the next hop to wake up.
In this paper we introduce ORW, a practical opportunistic
routing scheme for wireless sensor networks. In a dutycycled
setting, packets are addressed to sets of potential receivers
and forwarded by the neighbor that wakes up first
and successfully receives the packet. This reduces delay and
energy consumption by utilizing all neighbors as potential
forwarders. Furthermore, this increases resilience to wireless
link dynamics by exploiting spatial diversity. Our results
show that ORW reduces radio duty-cycles on average
by 50% (up to 90% on individual nodes) and delays by 30%
to 90% when compared to the state of the art
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