To translate, or not to translate: viral and host mRNA regulation by interferon-stimulated genes.

Type I interferon (IFN) is one of the first lines of cellular defense against viral pathogens. As a result of IFN signaling, a wide array of IFN-stimulated gene (ISG) products is upregulated to target different stages of the viral life cycle. We review recent findings implicating a subset of ISGs in translational regulation of viral and host mRNAs. Translation inhibition is mediated either by binding to viral RNA or by disrupting physiological interactions or levels of the translation complex components. In addition, many of these ISGs localize to translationally silent cytoplasmic granules, such as stress granules and processing bodies, and intersect with the microRNA (miRNA)-mediated silencing pathway to regulate translation of cellular mRNAs

ALLUSION QUEST FOR TRANSLATORS: TO TRANSLATE OR NOT TO TRANSLATE

Research purpose. The research aims at identifying and revealing the tendencies of translating allusions from English (as the source language) into Lithuanian (as the target language) in the texts of The Economist and their correspondences in the magazine IQ. Methodological approach. The paper suggests the theoretical background of the concept of allusion and the main strategies of its translation. The practical analysis is based on 54 examples found in the 28 articles of the source language with their corresponding translations into the target language. The descriptive contrastive linguistic method has been applied for processing the data selected. Findings. The analysis of the cases of allusion transference reveals the fact that the most common allusion translation strategies from the source language into the target one involves the direct translation and the direct translation with minimum changes complying with the rules of the Lithuanian language system, which allow a translator to remain faithful to the source text and convey the initial intention to well-educated and literate audiences. The ways of translation by adding extra allusive guidance and translator’s notes, using a more familiar substitution, or eliminating the allusion in the target language have been fewer in number, but with a skilful application accommodate the needs of the source language audiences.   Value and practical implications. The texts of contemporary mass media demonstrate the presence of a variety of historical, religious, cultural, and literary references that usually pose a real challenge to a translator intending to convey the author’s original intention and, at the same time, make the message comprehensible for the target readership. A well-chosen strategy for allusion translation in the texts of mass media can attract larger audiences and help to avoid confusion and misunderstanding

To translate or not to translate: the added value of translation in second language teaching

This thesis investigates the ongoing debate about the role of translation in second language teaching. In the past, scholars and teachers alike assumed that translation caused L1 interference, and therefore slows down and limits a learner’s progress in learning a second or foreign language. More recent research, however, has attempted to counter common conceptions regarding translation’s ineffectiveness as a language-learning and languageteaching tool. The recently developed task-based instruction, as described by Hummel (2014) and Norris (2011), aims at contextualized tasks instead of isolated exercises, which also include translation tasks. In a pilot study I investigated the value of translation tasks when Dutch secondary school students are learning the present perfect in English. Overall, the study showed that using translation tasks enhances the use and understanding of grammatical aspect (i.e. the present perfect), and although there appeared to be a discrepancy between HAVO and VWO scores, both translation groups improved in their use of the present perfect and its context as the study progressedEen colloquium over universitair taalvaardigheidsonderwijs Universiteit Leiden, 2 december 2016, the complete issue can be found at http://hdl.handle.net/1887/57204Wetensch. publicati

From nominal sets binding to functions and lambda-abstraction: connecting the logic of permutation models with the logic of functions

Permissive-Nominal Logic (PNL) extends first-order predicate logic with term-formers that can bind names in their arguments. It takes a semantics in (permissive-)nominal sets. In PNL, the forall-quantifier or lambda-binder are just term-formers satisfying axioms, and their denotation is functions on nominal atoms-abstraction. Then we have higher-order logic (HOL) and its models in ordinary (i.e. Zermelo-Fraenkel) sets; the denotation of forall or lambda is functions on full or partial function spaces. This raises the following question: how are these two models of binding connected? What translation is possible between PNL and HOL, and between nominal sets and functions? We exhibit a translation of PNL into HOL, and from models of PNL to certain models of HOL. It is natural, but also partial: we translate a restricted subsystem of full PNL to HOL. The extra part which does not translate is the symmetry properties of nominal sets with respect to permutations. To use a little nominal jargon: we can translate names and binding, but not their nominal equivariance properties. This seems reasonable since HOL---and ordinary sets---are not equivariant. Thus viewed through this translation, PNL and HOL and their models do different things, but they enjoy non-trivial and rich subsystems which are isomorphic

To tr-r-r-anslate or not translate names : a fanfic-narrated analysis of Harry Potter name translations into brazilian portuguese

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo contribuir para a discussão sobre a tradução de nomes próprios em obras literárias, trazendo a relação de tradução de nomes na primeira obra da série Harry Potter. Narrado em forma de fanfic, este trabalho analisa as traduções feitas do inglês para o português brasileiro pelos pontos de vista tanto brasileiro, quanto britânico. Trazendo estudos sobre tradução, os personagens pesquisam como as decisões tradutórias possivelmente teriam sido tomadas em relação aos nomes próprios. Para isso, foi feita uma coleta de dados a partir do primeiro livro da saga, Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone, compilando uma lista de todos os nomes que foram citados na Língua Inglesa. Esses dados foram então subdivididos em categorias pelos personagens para uma análise mais focalizada, e uma nova coleta foi feita com os nomes da tradução oficial do livro Harry Potter e a Pedra Filosofal. Finalmente, ambos os personagens chegam a conclusões que tanto diferem uma da outra, quanto se complementam, demonstrando os pontos de vista diversos quanto a este tipo de tradução.The purpose of this academic paper is to contribute to the discussion on name translation, more specifically proper name translation, in literary works. The first book from the Harry Potter series is used as a basis to study the relation of those translations. Narrated in the format of a fanfic, this paper analyses the translations made from English to Brazilian Portuguese through the point of view of two characters: one being Brazilian, and the other being British. Bringing studies on translation as a starting point, the characters research how the translation choices could have been made in relation to proper names. To that end, a list was compiled from the first book in the saga, Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone, of all the names that were cited in English. This data was then divided into subcategories by the characters in order to make a more focused analysis. Then, a parallel list was compiled of the translated proper names in the official Brazilian translation Harry Potter e a Pedra Filosofal, and the characters go through possible methods the translator might have used while changing those names. Finally, both the characters reach their own conclusions about whether the name translations were necessary, having different backgrounds and points of view, although such conclusions end up complementing each other

INTEGRATING CULTURE, SONG LYRICS AND TECHNOLOGY IN TRANSLATIONCLASS

Translation class which is dominated by writing activity can be dull and boring for university students if it is not well organized. Some teaching techniques are introduced to minimize the dullness of lecture. One of them is using students’ interest, that is using song lyrics rather than article taken from text book as the source text. This teaching technique can be the best alternative since almost all students like music and sometimes they do not know the meaning of the song they sing or if it is Indonesian song, they can not find the best equivalent in English. This teaching technique can be considered as personal learning because the students can choose any song lyrics they like. By using song lyrics students will find the excitement and enthusiasm while they doing the tasks which they cannot find when they are translating articles, especially when they are asked to do the task using their own laptops. Nowadays, less students bring dictionary in the class because almost all of them have dictionary programs or application such as kamus.net, indotranslate.com and googletranslate in their laptops or smartphones. Some of the programs and application can translate not only a word, but phrases and even sentences into the target language. This effortless way of translating has missed one important point in doing translation, that is culture. Culture in this discussion should be seen in a broad sense. Culture is not only understood as the advanced intellectual development of mankind as reflected in the arts, but it refers to all socially conditioned aspects of human life (cf. Snell-Hornby, 1988: Hymes, 1964). With technology, students can easily type the words, phrases and sentences into the search box in their dictionary program or application but the outcome is sometimes awkward and unsuitable to the target language. The outcome of translating process should be natural and suitable to the target language as Nida and Taber (1969) stated that translating consists of reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. A translation process should involve culture to find the best meaning and style in the target language so that the text can be as natural as it can be. Moreover, Will in Noss (1982: 3) stated that translation is a transfer process which aims at the transformation of a written source language text into an optimally equivalent target language text, and which requires the syntactic, the semantic and the pragmatic understanding and analytical processing of the source language. It is clearly stated that culture takes important role in translating process and students need to learn to involve culture in the translation process in interesting and exciting ways. In this teaching technique, students are given English song lyrics and they are asked to translate them in Indonesian and they are also given Indonesian song lyrics and they are asked to translate them into English

Helping young designers design for children: evaluating toys and possible values

When designing for children, it remains important not only to emphasise elements such as ergonomics and usability but also values, that can be translated into pleasurable user experiences for children. While methods such as interviews are commonly used to better understand our users, interviewing children can be a challenge. Experience as part of a year project on designing toys for children highlighted that children might answer questions in a surprising way, or students might struggle to ask questions that are not suggestive. To overcome some of these difficulties, we developed a Value Matrix, that can help students to explore the various values or incentives children might have while playing. This Value Matrix can subsequently be used to scan existing toys or new concepts and translate these insights into toys that consist of a wider variety of values children like to experience in a game or toy. We evaluated this tool with 118 first year Industrial Product Design students. Our results show that the Value Matrix gives students guidance and support while designing

How energy conservation limits our measurements

Observations in Quantum Mechanics are subject to complex restrictions arising from the principle of energy conservation. Determining such restrictions, however, has been so far an elusive task, and only partial results are known. In this paper we discuss how constraints on the energy spectrum of a measurement device translate into limitations on the measurements which we can effect on a target system with non-trivial energy operator. We provide efficient algorithms to characterize such limitations and we quantify them exactly when the target is a two-level quantum system. Our work thus identifies the boundaries between what is possible or impossible to measure, i.e., between what we can see or not, when energy conservation is at stake.Comment: Better read the 5-page published version firs

Motivations for local climate adaptation in Dutch municipalities: climate change impacts and the role of local-level government

The local government level is considered to be crucial in preparing society for climate change impact. Yet little is known about why local authorities do or do not take action to adapt their community for climate change impacts. In order to implement effective adaptation policy, the motivations for local climate adaptation need to be examined. This paper explores these motivations in Dutch communities by comparing nine urban and rural cases. To be able to draw general conclusions, cases are selected on „projected risk‟ and „extreme weather event experience‟. Motivations for local climate adaptation appear much more determined by local institutional factors such as a green party aldermen or innovative network membership then projected risk or extreme weather event experience. This could be explained by the empiric data showing diffuse channels of climate change knowledge into the local government level and limited capacity to translate this knowledge into genuine adaptation strategie