Materials Handling Vehicles : Policy Framework for an Emerging Fuel Cell Market

© 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of Canadian Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Association. Open access under CC BY-NC-ND licenseThere are several challenges to wide-spread commercialisation of the technology hydrogen fuel-cell technology; including reliability and cost implications, infrastructure requirements, and safety aspects of the upcoming technology. Targeted policy initiatives are required to address two significant bottlenecks; reliability and cost constraints. Such policy measures and financial mechanisms providing incentives for manufacturers and end-users of the novel technology create an initial impetus for the introduction of the forthcoming technology into the market place. The current approach, policy mechanisms and their impacts are reviewed in the context of demonstration projects, deploying material handling equipment, involving public-private initiatives.Final Published versio

Transformasi Pekan Parit Raja: kajian terhadap kesejahteraan hidup masyarakat

Isu utama yang dibangkitkan dalam kajian ini adalah mengenai isu kesejahteraan hidup masyarakat ekoran transformasi yang berlaku di Pekan Parit Raja dan kesannya. Transformasi pembangunan yang berlaku di pekan kecil pada asasnya menunjukkan pencapaian positif dalam pelbagai sudut mencakupi perkembangan ekonomi, perindustrian, prasarana dan perumahan. Namun turut memberi kesan kepada persekitaran fizikal. Kesan daripada keadaan itu turut membawa ke arah kemerosotan serta memberi tekanan yang kuat terhadap kesejahteraan hidup masyarakat setempat. Objektif kajian ini ialah (i) meninjau perkembangan pembangunan di Pekan Parit Raja, (ii) mengenalpasti perubahan sosio ekonomi penduduk setempat, (iii) mengenalpasti keperluan penduduk setempat mengikut perkembangan semasa dan (iv) membentuk indeks penunjuk kesejahteraan hidup bagi masyarakat Pekan Parit Raja. Skop kajian tertumpu di Pekan Parit Raja dengan tumpuan terhadap transformasi pembangunan yang dialami dari segi perkembangan fizikal, sosial dan ekonomi. Responden yang terpilih terdiri daripada wakil Pihak Berkuasa Tempatan, wakil komuniti dan masyarakat setempat. Kajian dijalankan berdasarkan kepada pengumpulan data primer dan sekunder. Sejumlah 367 responden telah dipilih secara persampelan rawak bersrata. Data yang dikumpul telah dianalisis menggunakan program SPSS. Analisis kajian mendapati perubahan ruang ekonomi yang berlaku di Pekan Parit Raja adalah sangat ketara. Hasil kajian menunjukkan keluasan had pembangunan di Pekan Parit Raja telah meningkat sebanyak 2.51% antara tahun 1998 sehingga tahun 2003 dan tertinggi berbanding lima (5) bandar utama lain. Faktor pembangunan sosio ekonomi yang positif menyebabkan unjuran penduduk dijangka mencapai sehingga 9.9% sehingga tahun 2020. Sebanyak 53.8% responden telah berjaya meningkatkan pendapatan sehingga hampir sekali ganda dalam tempoh 20 tahun. Sebahagian besar responden pula berkemampuan dari segi pemilikan perumahan dan kereta masing-masing dengan peningkatan sehingga 86.6% dan 98.0% pada sekitar tahun 2010. Ianya sangat berbeza dengan 20 tahun lepas. Walau bagaimanapun, 72.5% responden menyatakan beberapa keperluan perlu ditambah atau diperbaiki dengan jalan raya merupakan keperluan utama. Pada masa yang sama, 75.7% responden menyatakan jenis keperluan yang paling penting perlu disediakan adalah perpustakaan awam. Dapatan keseluruhan kajian akhirnya telah membentuk indeks penunjuk kesejahteraan hidup dari aspek ekonomi, kualiti perumahan, keharmonian sosial dan alam sekitar kesan transformasi pembangunan ke atas kesejahteraan hidup masyarakat setempat. Beberapa cadangan telah dikemukakan agar pembangunan yang membawa perubahan kepada sosio ekonomi dan persekitaran seharusnya mengambil kira kesejahteraan hidup masyarakat dan kelestarian alam sekitar untuk mencapai kualiti hidup yang lebih baik di masa akan datang

Hydrogen and fuel cell technologies for heating: A review

The debate on low-carbon heat in Europe has become focused on a narrow range of technological options and has largely neglected hydrogen and fuel cell technologies, despite these receiving strong support towards commercialisation in Asia. This review examines the potential benefits of these technologies across different markets, particularly the current state of development and performance of fuel cell micro-CHP. Fuel cells offer some important benefits over other low-carbon heating technologies, and steady cost reductions through innovation are bringing fuel cells close to commercialisation in several countries. Moreover, fuel cells offer wider energy system benefits for high-latitude countries with peak electricity demands in winter. Hydrogen is a zero-carbon alternative to natural gas, which could be particularly valuable for those countries with extensive natural gas distribution networks, but many national energy system models examine neither hydrogen nor fuel cells for heating. There is a need to include hydrogen and fuel cell heating technologies in future scenario analyses, and for policymakers to take into account the full value of the potential contribution of hydrogen and fuel cells to low-carbon energy systems

Fuel cells : state of the art

Publication CIMNEThis report pretends to explain the state of the art of fuel cells and the applications focused on aviation, such as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV). A fuel cell is an electromechanical device that ha the ability to convent chemical energy of a reactant directly into electricity with high efficiency. When the fuel reacts with the oxidant, the electromechanical reaction takes place and some energy is released, usually low-voltage DC electrical energy and heat. The former is used to do useful work directly and the latter is wasted or can be used in cogeneration applications. In the following sections, two concepts will be described: the unit cell and the fuel cell. The unit is the basic operating device that converts chemical energy into electricity. Multiple unit cells connected together in series make up the fuel cell, giving the desired voltage in a specific application.Preprin

Challenges and prospects of renewable hydrogen-based strategies for full decarbonization of stationary power applications

The exponentially growing contribution of renewable energy sources in the electricity mix requires large systems for energy storage to tackle resources intermittency. In this context, the technologies for hydrogen production offer a clean and versatile alternative to boost renewables penetration and energy security. Hydrogen production as a strategy for the decarbonization of the energy sources mix has been investigated since the beginning of the 1990s. The stationary sector, i.e. all parts of the economy excluding the transportation sector, accounts for almost three-quarters of greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions (mass of CO2-eq) in the world associated with power generation. While several publications focus on the hybridization of renewables with traditional energy storage systems or in different pathways of hydrogen use (mainly power-to-gas), this study provides an insightful analysis of the state of art and evolution of renewable hydrogen-based systems (RHS) to power the stationary sector. The analysis started with a thorough review of RHS deployments for power-to-power stationary applications, such as in power generation, industry, residence, commercial building, and critical infrastructure. Then, a detailed evaluation of relevant techno-economic parameters such as levelized cost of energy (LCOE), hydrogen roundtrip efficiency (HRE), loss of power supply probability (LPSP), self-sufficiency ratio (SSR), or renewable fraction (fRES) is provided. Subsequently, lab-scale plants and pilot projects together with current market trends and commercial uptake of RHS and fuel cell systems are examined. Finally, the future techno-economic barriers and challenges for short and medium-term deployment of RHS are identified and discussed.This research is being supported by the Project ENERGY PUSH SOE3/P3/E0865, which is co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund (ERPF) in the framework of the INTERREG SUDOE Programme and the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Universities (Project: RTI2018-093310-B-I00)

Fuel Cell Renewable Hybrid Power Systems

Climate change is becoming visible today, and so this book—through including innovative solutions and experimental research as well as state-of-the-art studies in challenging areas related to sustainable energy development based on hybrid energy systems that combine renewable energy systems with fuel cells—represents a useful resource for researchers in these fields. In this context, hydrogen fuel cell technology is one of the alternative solutions for the development of future clean energy systems. As this book presents the latest solutions, readers working in research areas related to the above are invited to read it

The use of metal hydrides in fuel cell applications

This paper reviews state-of-the-art developments in hydrogen energy systems which integrate fuel cells with metal hydride-based hydrogen storage. The 187 reference papers included in this review provide an overview of all major publications in the field, as well as recent work by several of the authors of the review. The review contains four parts. The first part gives an overview of the existing types of fuel cells and outlines the potential of using metal hydride stores as a source of hydrogen fuel. The second part of the review considers the suitability and optimisation of different metal hydrides based on their energy efficient thermal integration with fuel cells. The performances of metal hydrides are considered from the viewpoint of the reversible heat driven interaction of the metal hydrides with gaseous H2. Efficiencies of hydrogen and heat exchange in hydrogen stores to control H2 charge/discharge flow rates are the focus of the third section of the review and are considered together with metal hydride-fuel cell system integration issues and the corresponding engineering solutions. Finally, the last section of the review describes specific hydrogen-fuelled systems presented in the available reference data.IS

The Analysis of Solar - Fuel Cell Hybrid Systems

abstract: As the demand for renewable and alternative energy continues to increase with both large industrial companies and average homeowners, there continues to be a challenge of efficient energy storage. Several main alternative energy producers such as wind turbines, hydroelectric dams, and solar photovoltaic arrays have become more commonly used over the past decade for generating energy. One of the most common issues with these alternative energy producers is the intermittent production and supply of energy due to fluctuations in weather conditions, peak loads, and instantaneous power draw. To counteract these issues, storage units such as battery banks and proton exchange membrane fuel cells are introduced to provide electricity for the unmet energy demands. In this study, a solar photovoltaic array and fuel cell hybrid system has been set up to provide the energy needs for an average Arizona residential household. A bench test setup has revealed that a solar photovoltaic array and the fuel cell hybrid system can produce enough energy to power an Arizona household that on average consumes 37.7 kWh/d. Additionally, a Mathworks MATLAB/Simulink model of the hybrid system has been created to simulate specific scenarios which provide insight into the system’s reaction to various conditions such as varying solar irradiance and temperature variables and poor weather conditions. Finally, the economic impact of the hybrid system was simulated using HOMER Legacy to analyze the cost effectiveness of a 25-year project.Dissertation/ThesisMasters Thesis Engineering 201

Combined production of electricity and hydrogen from solar energy and its use in the wine sector

© . This manuscript version is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/In the present research, the energy demanded by the wastewater treatment plant of a winery and the pumping station of the irrigation system of a vineyard is supplied by a stand-alone renewable energy system formed by three photovoltaic arrays connected to a microgrid. A relatively small battery maintains the stability and quality of the energy supply acting as a short-term energy storage. Hydrogen is generated in a production and refueling plant specifically designed for this project, and it is eventually used in a plug-in BEV properly modified as a hybrid vehicle by adding a PEM fuel cell. On the one hand, the technical and economic feasibility of the on-site electricity production for the winery and vineyard, compared to the commercial electricity from the grid and diesel gensets, is demonstrated. On the other hand, the diesel savings by the hydrogen generated on site are assessed. The electricity (72 MWh) and hydrogen (1,214 m3) produced in the first year have saved the emission of around 27 tons of equivalent CO2.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

Feasibility study of fuel cell residential energy stations

Thesis (S.M.M.O.T.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, Management of Technology Program, 2003.Includes bibliographical references.This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.Electricity provisioning has historically satisfied demand by centralized generation and pervasive distribution through an extensive transmission and distribution network. Once demand increases beyond a fixed threshold, however, the capacity of the generation, transmission and distribution can become crippled and the mal-effects of periodic brownouts and skyrocketing prices may ripple through the nationwide grid system. The traditional response to this constraint is to build new facilities. However, an alternative approach getting increased attention is to satisfy local demands by incrementally investing in distributed generation. Distributed generation facilities can be strategically sited to deliver combined heat and power (CHP) near the source of consumption at unprecedented efficiencies. Presently the distributed generation market remains largely focused on industrial and commercial peak-shaving and emergency back-up applications. The residential market is a frontier yet to be tackled. Residential electricity tariffs, in contrast, are the highest among all sectors and household users are responsible for a large proportion of the peak demand and usage growth. For residential self-generation needs, fuel cell technology is foreseen to be an ideal solution stemming from its low noise, negligible pollution and high efficiency operation. This thesis will assess the market viability of fuel cell technologies for residential distributed generation application. More specifically, the study will consider single household (5 kW) proton exchange membrane fuel cells versus hybrid solid oxide fuel cell with integrated gas turbine (10 kW) technologies for the household end-use and determine the competitiveness and sustainability of each choice.by David Tsay.S.M.M.O.T