A formal development framework and its use to manage software production

Within an ESPRIT project called FORMAST the authors devised the concept of a ƒorm to bring together all aspects of the development of a 'module' (i.e. specification, design and verification) within a distributed asynchronous system. The use of ƒorms can be extended to other compositional system development scenarios. Using ƒorms in a top-down fashion means that the logical interaction between the modules already designed and the formal specifications of modules required to complete the implementation can readily be ascertained. Moreover, this can be done at any stage of development. Thus one can maintain an overall view of the entire system design and use this to monitor the progress of program construction. This then provides a notion of traceability from a management standpoint

Pengelolaan Praktik Kerja Industri (Prakerin) Di SMK Negeri I Tengaran Kabupaten Semarang

The purpose of this study was to describe the characteristics Industrial Work Practices management planning, the implementation and oversight in Private Vocational High School 1 Tengaran. This research is a qualitative study research design phenomenological. Technique used observation, of interview and documentation, analyzed using with reduction, data presentation, and conclusion. The validit used credibility test, test transferability, dependability test, and test convertibility. The results showed managed with strict rules and binding and based on the work order. The implementation of with due regard to the functions and objectives of planned by the Working Group on Industrial Relations and his staff authorized by the Principal at the beginning of the school year as outlined in the work program of industrial relations then distributed to teachers to monitor the students gradually

Uncovering Bugs in Distributed Storage Systems during Testing (not in Production!)

Testing distributed systems is challenging due to multiple sources of nondeterminism. Conventional testing techniques, such as unit, integration and stress testing, are ineffective in preventing serious but subtle bugs from reaching production. Formal techniques, such as TLA+, can only verify high-level specifications of systems at the level of logic-based models, and fall short of checking the actual executable code. In this paper, we present a new methodology for testing distributed systems. Our approach applies advanced systematic testing techniques to thoroughly check that the executable code adheres to its high-level specifications, which significantly improves coverage of important system behaviors. Our methodology has been applied to three distributed storage systems in the Microsoft Azure cloud computing platform. In the process, numerous bugs were identified, reproduced, confirmed and fixed. These bugs required a subtle combination of concurrency and failures, making them extremely difficult to find with conventional testing techniques. An important advantage of our approach is that a bug is uncovered in a small setting and witnessed by a full system trace, which dramatically increases the productivity of debugging

GMA Instrumentation of the Athena Framework using NetLogger

Grid applications are, by their nature, wide-area distributed applications. This WAN aspect of Grid applications makes the use of conventional monitoring and instrumentation tools (such as top, gprof, LSF Monitor, etc) impractical for verification that the application is running correctly and efficiently. To be effective, monitoring data must be "end-to-end", meaning that all components between the Grid application endpoints must be monitored. Instrumented applications can generate a large amount of monitoring data, so typically the instrumentation is off by default. For jobs running on a Grid, there needs to be a general mechanism to remotely activate the instrumentation in running jobs. The NetLogger Toolkit Activation Service provides this mechanism. To demonstrate this, we have instrumented the ATLAS Athena Framework with NetLogger to generate monitoring events. We then use a GMA-based activation service to control NetLogger's trigger mechanism. The NetLogger trigger mechanism allows one to easily start, stop, or change the logging level of a running program by modifying a trigger file. We present here details of the design of the NetLogger implementation of the GMA-based activation service and the instrumentation service for Athena. We also describe how this activation service allows us to non-intrusively collect and visualize the ATLAS Athena Framework monitoring data

Deep Space Network information system architecture study

The purpose of this article is to describe an architecture for the Deep Space Network (DSN) information system in the years 2000-2010 and to provide guidelines for its evolution during the 1990s. The study scope is defined to be from the front-end areas at the antennas to the end users (spacecraft teams, principal investigators, archival storage systems, and non-NASA partners). The architectural vision provides guidance for major DSN implementation efforts during the next decade. A strong motivation for the study is an expected dramatic improvement in information-systems technologies, such as the following: computer processing, automation technology (including knowledge-based systems), networking and data transport, software and hardware engineering, and human-interface technology. The proposed Ground Information System has the following major features: unified architecture from the front-end area to the end user; open-systems standards to achieve interoperability; DSN production of level 0 data; delivery of level 0 data from the Deep Space Communications Complex, if desired; dedicated telemetry processors for each receiver; security against unauthorized access and errors; and highly automated monitor and control

Evaluation of Ontario's Cap and Trade Regulation

Using an interdisciplinary framework, this paper evaluates the effectiveness of Ontario's cap and trade regulation to achieve sustained emission reductions. This framework is shaped by six evaluation criteria to assess the program's effectiveness: (1) comprehensiveness in scope and coverage of emissions; (2) distributional fairness in the allocation of allowances; (3) effectiveness of the market design; (4) transparency of accommodations and flexibility arrangements; (5) measurability of emission reductions; and (6) the program's integration potential with broader political, economic and environmental policy initiatives. First, all greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) emissions consistent with the Kyoto Protocol are covered using upstream and downstream points of regulation. The allowance decline cap will be sufficient to meet provincial emission targets of 15% by 2020. Second, based on a mix of auctioned allowances and transitional assistance, the analysis indicates that the value of allowances distributed can potentially accrue to industries for at least the first compliance period. Third, the effectiveness of the program will depend on enforceability, monitoring and oversight of the market rules to facilitate price discovery. There will be transparency in the criteria for eligibility of free allowances, circumstances allowing for flexibility arrangements, and the reporting of the action plan evaluations every year. Forth, accommodations and flexibility arrangements will be provided to industries to mitigate the risk of carbon leakage and in maintaining competitiveness. Fifth, until the carbon price reaches levels that could prompt significant technological progression by industry, the measurability of emission reductions by 2020 will depend on the implementation of complementary policies set out in the climate change action plan to support sustainable reductions in all sectors of the economy. The measurability of emissions will depend on the enforceability of the submission requirement to confirm facility and provincial level emission reductions. Sixth, Ontario's design of the cap and trade program will be aligned with broader policy goals at the provincial and federal levels. To inform future program development, key themes are outlined. Monitor the performance of the market rules in creating an efficient, transparent, enforceable and effective market for many years to come, as well as the provision for accommodations and flexibility arrangements. Enhance the measurability and sustainability of emission reductions by ensuring successful implementation of the climate change action plan and assessing the cost-effectiveness of the initiatives funded by cap and trade proceeds. Continue reviewing the implementation of the cap and trade program, progress of the climate change action plan, long-term goals and alignment of the program with forthcoming federal climate policy