152,960 research outputs found
Towards the Design of Heuristics by Means of Self-Assembly
The current investigations on hyper-heuristics design have sprung up in two
different flavours: heuristics that choose heuristics and heuristics that
generate heuristics. In the latter, the goal is to develop a problem-domain
independent strategy to automatically generate a good performing heuristic for
the problem at hand. This can be done, for example, by automatically selecting
and combining different low-level heuristics into a problem specific and
effective strategy. Hyper-heuristics raise the level of generality on automated
problem solving by attempting to select and/or generate tailored heuristics for
the problem at hand. Some approaches like genetic programming have been
proposed for this. In this paper, we explore an elegant nature-inspired
alternative based on self-assembly construction processes, in which structures
emerge out of local interactions between autonomous components. This idea
arises from previous works in which computational models of self-assembly were
subject to evolutionary design in order to perform the automatic construction
of user-defined structures. Then, the aim of this paper is to present a novel
methodology for the automated design of heuristics by means of self-assembly
HEURISTICS USED BY HUMANS WITH PREFRONTAL CORTEX DAMAGE: TOWARD AN EMPIRICAL MODEL OF PHINEAS GAGE
In many research contexts it is necessary to group experimental subjects into behavioral âtypes.â Usually, this is done by pre-specifying a set of candidate decision-making heuristics and then assigning each subject to the heuristic that best describes his/her behavior. Such approaches might not perform well when used to explain the behavior of subjects with prefrontal cortex damage. The reason is that introspection is typically used to generate the candidate heuristic set, but this procedure is likely to fail when applied to the decision-making strategies of subjects with brain damage. This research uses the type classification approach introduced by Houser, Keane and McCabe (2002) to investigate the heuristics used by subjects in the gambling experiment (Bechara, Damasio, Damasio and Anderson, 1994). An advantage of our classification approach is that it does not require us to specify the nature of subjectsâ heuristics in advance. Rather, both the number and nature of the heuristics used are discerned directly from the experimental data. Our sample includes normal subjects, as well as subjects with damage to the ventromedial (VM) area of the prefrontal cortex. Subjects are âclusteredâ according to similarities in their heuristic, and this clustering does not preclude some normal and VM subjects from using the same decision rule. Our results are consistent with what others have found in subsequent experimentation with VM patients.experiments, heuristics, neuroeconomics, behavioral economics
A new adaptive neural network and heuristics hybrid approach for job-shop scheduling
Copyright @ 2001 Elsevier Science LtdA new adaptive neural network and heuristics hybrid approach for job-shop scheduling is presented. The neural network has the property of adapting its connection weights and biases of neural units while solving the feasible solution. Two heuristics are presented, which can be combined with the neural network. One heuristic is used to accelerate the solving process of the neural network and guarantee its convergence, the other heuristic is used to obtain non-delay schedules from the feasible solutions gained by the neural network. Computer simulations have shown that the proposed hybrid approach is of high speed and efficiency. The strategy for solving practical job-shop scheduling problems is provided.This work is supported by the National Nature Science Foundation (No. 69684005)
and National High -Tech Program of P. R. China (No. 863-511-9609-003)
Behavioral Aspects of Pricing
Buyers sometimes exhibit seemingly âirrationalâ behavior with respect to prices and use socially embedded heuristics to simplify their purchase decisions. In some cases small changes in prices can lead to much larger than anticipated changes in sales and profitability. Sellers need to understand the heuristics consumers use, the situations in which they emerge, and recognize how they can respond in markets where information and knowledge of product attributes and competitive prices is increasingly available via the Internet. This chapter explores consumersâ behavioral reactions to price through a review of contemporary literature in the field of pricing. The chapter delineates the nature and scope of these effects based upon a critical review of the most up-to-date empirical research in the field, and concludes by providing implications for innovation in pricing, and guidance for managers to reduce the disconnect between themselves and consumers
On the Troll-Trust Model for Edge Sign Prediction in Social Networks
In the problem of edge sign prediction, we are given a directed graph
(representing a social network), and our task is to predict the binary labels
of the edges (i.e., the positive or negative nature of the social
relationships). Many successful heuristics for this problem are based on the
troll-trust features, estimating at each node the fraction of outgoing and
incoming positive/negative edges. We show that these heuristics can be
understood, and rigorously analyzed, as approximators to the Bayes optimal
classifier for a simple probabilistic model of the edge labels. We then show
that the maximum likelihood estimator for this model approximately corresponds
to the predictions of a Label Propagation algorithm run on a transformed
version of the original social graph. Extensive experiments on a number of
real-world datasets show that this algorithm is competitive against
state-of-the-art classifiers in terms of both accuracy and scalability.
Finally, we show that troll-trust features can also be used to derive online
learning algorithms which have theoretical guarantees even when edges are
adversarially labeled.Comment: v5: accepted to AISTATS 201
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Fast, Frugal, and (Sometimes) Wrong
Do moral heuristics operate in the moral domain? If so, do they lead to moral errors? This brief essay offers an affirmative answer to both questions. In so doing, it responds to an essay by Gerd Gigerenzer on the nature of heuristics, moral and otherwise. While focused on morality, the discussion bears on the general debate between those who emphasize cognitive errors, sometimes produced by heuristics, and those who emphasize the frequent success of heuristics in producing sensible judgments in the real world. General claims are that it is contentious to see moral problems as ones of arithmetic, and that arguments about moral heuristics will often do well to steer clear of contentious arguments about what morality requires
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