Semelfactivos como predicados atômicos

The goal of this paper is to provide evidence in favour of the hypothesis that, regarding their internal temporal structure, semelfactive and achievement predicates are alike (i.e., both are atomic). In order to do so, I will study the readings these predicates obtain in two different contexts: when they are modified by for-phrases and when they combine with a progressive operator. The conclusion will be that when combined with elements that operate over intervals, semelfactives trigger a special reading (the iterative one), because these elements cannot operate within their internal temporal structure.O objetivo central deste trabalho é oferecer evidências a favor da hipótese de que, quanto à sua estrutura temporal interna, semelfativos e culminações são equivalentes (i.e., ambos são atômicos). Para isso, vamos estudar as interpretações destes predicados em dois contextos diferentes: quando eles são modifi cados por frases temporais durativas como “por x tempo” e quando eles se combinam com o operador progressivo. Nossa conclusão é que quando os semelfativos se combinam com elementos que operam sobre intervalos, eles disparam uma interpretação especial (a iterativa), porque esses elementos não podem operar dentro da sua estrutura temporal interna.Fil: Trebisacce, Romina Veronica. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Filosofía y Letras; Argentina. Universidad Autónoma de Entre Ríos. Facultad de Humanidades Artes y Ciencias Sociales. Sede Concepción del Uruguay; Argentin

Sobre a natureza homogénea do Pretérito Perfeito Composto em Português Europeu

O Pretérito Perfeito Composto do Indicativo (PPC) é um tempo que apresenta certaspeculiaridades em Português Europeu que o distinguem inequivocamente de construçõessimilares em outras línguas. De facto, enquanto, nas restantes línguas, esta construçãoveicula apenas uma eventualidade, em PE surge tipicamente uma leitura de repetição deeventualidades. Assim, na primeira parte deste trabalho, é analisada a natureza desta repetiçãode eventualidades - se se trata de iteração, frequência ou habitualidade. Defenderemos que a mais adequada é a noção de iteração, na medida em que o PPC converte um número nãodeterminado de eventos básicos do mesmo tipo numa única eventualidade, da qual os eventosbásicos são subfases.Contudo, esta leitura iterativa não surge em todos os casos: sob certas condições, o PPCpode ter uma leitura de eventualidade única. Deste modo, na segunda parte deste trabalho,apresentamos uma análise aspetual do PPC que inclui tanto a leitura de eventualidadeúnica como a leitura iterativa, no sentido de fornecer uma explicação unificada para asleituras do PPC. Para isso, recorreremos à noção de homogeneidade tal como é definida emLandman & Rothstein (2012a e 2012b). Defendemos que a propriedade da homogeneidadeé uma propriedade aspetual central do PPC em Português Europeu e que a oposição entrehomogeneidade segmental e homogeneidade incremental proposta por estes autores para osadverbiais do tipo 'for x time' permite explicar ambas as leituras deste tempo gramatical.In European Portuguese, 'Pretérito Perfeito Composto' (PPC) is a tense that presents somepeculiarities distinguishing it clearly from similar constructions in other languages. Althoughthis construction exhibits a single-eventuality reading in other languages, in EP there is typicallya multiple eventuality reading. So, in the first part of this paper, we discuss the quantificationover situations underlying the PPC in EP considering the notions of frequency, habituality anditeration. We argue that iteration is the relevant concept, as PPC converts an undeterminednumber of basic events of the same type into a single event.However, in some cases, the PPC in EP has a second reading available: a single-eventuality,like in other languages. Therefore, in the second part of this paper, we present an aspectualanalysis of the PPC that includes both the single-event reading and the iterative reading,in order to provide a unified explanation for both readings. To do so, we will resort to thenotion of homogeneity as defined in Landman & Rothstein 2012a e 2012b). We will arguethat homogeneity is a central aspectual property of PPC in EP and that the distinction betweensegmental homogeneity and incremental homogeneity proposed by these authors for 'for xtime' adverbials allows us to explain both readings of this EP tense

The perfect system in Latin

The Latin perfect system is argued to denote that an eventuality described by a predicate terminates prior to some moment in time, whether utterance time in the case of the ‘present’ perfect, or reference/topic time, in the case of the perfect infinitive, past and future forms. The ‘present’ perfect is argued to function as a perfective, while the past, future and infinitive perfect are argued to denote anteriority. Additional conditions are considered in order to explain the behaviour with state and achievement predicates. The participle in *-to- generally denotes that an eventuality described by the predicate terminates prior to topic time, as well as that an event’s poststate (if any) holds at topic time. As such the participle is generally passive in diathetical orientation, although there are exceptions. In certain kinds of predicate, namely those describing extent and mental state, the perfect loses direct reference to a prior event and refers only to an eventuality’s poststate

Linear lengthening in Iwaidja : an event-quantifying intonation at the phonology to semantics/pragmatics interface

This paper investigates the meaning of a specific intonation contour called linear lengthening intonation (LLI), which is found in the northern Australian language Iwaidja. Using an experimental field work approach, we analysed approximately 4000 utterances. We demonstrate that the semantics of LLI is broadly event-quantificational as well as temporally scalar. LLI imposes aspectual selectional restrictions on the verbs it combines with (they must be durative, i.e., cannot describe ‘punctual’, atomic events), and requires the event description effected by said verbs to exceed a contextually determined relative scalar meaning. Iwaidja differs from other northern Australian languages with similar intonation patterns in that it does not seem to have any argument NP-related incremental or event scalar meaning. This suggests that LLI is a decidedly grammatical, language-specific device and not a purely iconic kind of expression (even though it also possibly has an iconic dimension)

Exploring Language Mechanisms: The Mass-Count Distinction and The Potts Neural Network

The aim of this thesis is to explore language mechanisms in two aspects. First, the statistical properties of syntax and semantics, and second, the neural mechanisms which could be of possible use in trying to understand how the brain learns those particular statistical properties. In the first part of the thesis (part A) we focus our attention on a detailed statistical study of the syntax and semantics of the mass-count distinction in nouns. We collected a database of how 1,434 nouns are used with respect to the mass-count distinction in six languages; additional informants characterised the semantics of the underlying concepts. Results indicate only weak correlations between semantics and syntactic usage. The classification rather than being bimodal, is a graded distribution and it is similar across languages, but syntactic classes do not map onto each other, nor do they reflect, beyond weak correlations, semantic attributes of the concepts. These findings are in line with the hypothesis that much of the mass/count syntax emerges from language- and even speaker-specific grammaticalisation. Further, in chapter 3 we test the ability of a simple neural network to learn the syntactic and semantic relations of nouns, in the hope that it may throw some light on the challenges in modelling the acquisition of the mass-count syntax. It is shown that even though a simple self-organising neural network is insufficient to learn a mapping implementing a syntactic- semantic link, it does however show that the network was able to extract the concept of 'count', and to some extent that of \u2018mass\u2019 as well, without any explicit definition, from both the syntactic and from the semantic data. The second part of the thesis (part B) is dedicated to studying the properties of the Potts neural network. The Potts neural network with its adaptive dynamics represents a simplified model of cortical mechanisms. Among other cognitive phenomena, it intends to model language production by utilising the latching behaviour seen in the network. We expect that a model of language processing should robustly handle various syntactic- semantic correlations amongst the words of a language. With this aim, we test the effect on storage capacity of the Potts network when the memories stored in it share non trivial correlations. Increase in interference between stored memories due to correlations is studied along with modifications in learning rules to reduce the interference. We find that when strongly correlated memories are incorporated in the storage capacity definition, the network is able to regain its storage capacity for low sparsity. Strong correlations also affect the latching behaviour of the Potts network with the network unable to latch from one memory to another. However latching is shown to be restored by modifying the learning rule. Lastly, we look at another feature of the Potts neural network, the indication that it may exhibit spin-glass characteristics. The network is consistently shown to exhibit multiple stable degenerate energy states other than that of pure memories. This is tested for different degrees of correlations in patterns, low and high connectivity, and different levels of global and local noise. We state some of the implications that the spin-glass nature of the Potts neural network may have on language processing

Advances in formal Slavic linguistics 2021

Synopsis: Advances in formal Slavic linguistics 2021 offers a selection of articles that were prepared on the basis of talks given at the conference Formal Description of Slavic Languages 14 or at the satellite workshop on secondary imperfectives in Slavic, which were held on June 2–5, 2021, at the University of Leipzig. The volume covers all branches of Slavic languages and features synchronic as well as diachronic analyses. It comprises a wide array of topics, such as degree achievements, clitic climbing in Czech and Polish, typology of Slavic l-participles, aspectual markers in Russian and Czech, doubling in South Slavic relative clauses, congruence and case-agreement in close apposition in Russian, cataphora in Slovenian, Russian and Polish participles, prefixation and telicity in Serbo-Croatian, Bulgarian adjectives, negative questions in Russian and German and imperfectivity in discourse. The numerous topics addressed demonstrate the importance of Slavic data and the analyses presented in this collection make a significant contribution to Slavic linguistics as well as to linguistics in general

Breaking verbs. From event structure to syntactic categories in Basque

445 p.Doktore tesi honetan, predikatuen dekonposizioa eta lexikalizazioa arakatu ditut. Zehatzago, ikerketa honen helburu nagusia da aztertzea euskarazko aditzen -batez ere aditz eratorrien- barne-osaketa eta predikatu horien aditz konfigurazioa. Horretarako, Ereduzko Prosa Gaur (Salaburu et al. 2011) corpusetik hartutako aditz zerrenda bat lagin moduan hartu dut (Landaren 2008 Corsintax arakatzailea baliatuz) eta aditz horien alderdi hauek arakatu ditut: (i) haien dekonposaketa sintaktikoa (ii) azpielementu sintaktikoen lexikalizazioa eta kategorizazioa. Bestetik, euskarazko bi aditz konfigurazio nagusiak aztertu ditut, hots, forma sintetikoa (edo trinkoa) eta forma analitikoa (edo perifrastikoa)

A OMISSÃO DO ARTIGO EM PORTUGUÊS. UM ESTUDO CONTRASTIVO COM BASE EM JORNAIS PORTUGUESES E BRASILEIROS DOS SÉCULOS XX E XXI

The aim of this work is to describe the variation in the domain of noun determination in 20th- and 21st-century Portuguese. The main focus lies on the use of bare nouns, especially in Brazilian Portuguese, that shows a series of remarkable phenomena in this regard. In opposition to the synchronic focus, as followed by Wall 2015, the intention is to bring out diachronic trends during the last century, also comparing European and Brazilian Portuguese (EP and BP). Comparisons will be made not only with European Portuguese (EP), but also with some Romance languages, such as Spanish and Italian. The development of the grammatical categories of the article within the Romance languages - which, despite a common basis, shows significant differences in use – constitutes the starting point of this doctoral dissertation. This work tries to establish a link between the “use/non-use of articles” system and the problem of the grammaticalization process as well as of the language change. Furthermore, the aspect of the language usage in different communication environments will be discussed. The attention is focused on bare nouns, called nombres escuetos in Spanish or nominais nus in Brazilian Portuguese. Nevertheless, also nouns without article accompanied by other determiners are examined. Bare nouns are not interpreted as a category, but simply as unmarked nouns. The purpose is to analyze in which contexts these nouns appear and whether the article as determiner is less and differently used in Brazilian Portuguese compared to European Portuguese. In addition, it will be shown how these developments can be reconstructed in a diachronic way and in which cases it is possible to speak about a decrease in the use of articles. Synchronic research on bare nouns in Brazilian Portuguese were the starting point of the present work. On this basis, the most important differences between the Brazilian and European variant have been elaborated. In order to clarify those particular features, the diachronic development of EP was taken into account. This way it was possible to point out the commonalities between the older stages of Romance languages and today’s BP. As a noteworthy result, it emerged that structures, which were common in older stages of Romance languages, are revived in the contemporary use of Brazilian Portuguese, and that they create a link between past and present. In this context, the paradigm of discourse traditions is very significant, as it makes possible to furnish a contribution to the comprehension of differentiated developments in the history of language. The invention of telegraphy in the United States and its worldwide diffusion as a medium of communication forced the language system - not only the Portuguese, but also the system of the other Romance languages - to face new challenges. This example can help to understand how differently each language handles the inclusion of communication technology innovations. Cultural innovations can therefore provide an impulse for change in a language system and provoke the emergence of language structures, which meet the new communication requirements. Press language, i.e. the language used in newspapers between the beginning of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st century, provided the data for this dissertation. A corpus made of Portuguese and Brazilian texts, based on examples taken from six newspapers (4 Brazilian and 2 Portuguese), was elaborated. The choice of the newspapers as macro-discourse traditions was in this respect important, as it provided the opportunity to access, by means of a unique support, different types and kinds of texts, written in different places. They belong to varied discourse traditions, enabling the analysis of the phenomenon of bare nouns. The work is divided into five chapters. The first one deals with the common origin of articles from the Latin demonstrativa and their effect on the new system of the Romance languages in terms of a positive and negative grammaticalization. In this context, phenomena such as the singular aspectual or the semantic pendulum between the categories of countability and non-countability are discussed. The sub-chapter “Semantic of the article” approaches the topic of the meaning of article’s categories and their relationship with bare nouns in a synchronic and diachronic perspective. Chapter 2 deals with the issue of genericity and analyzes both syntactic and semantic peculiarities of bare nouns with reference to the most important theories in the framework of formal-generative approaches. In addition, aspects of the conception of the discourse, with reference to the immediacy distance continuum, are briefly touched upon. It is demonstrated how specific forms belonging to older language stages can be transferred to new structures which, in turn, give rise to new kinds of texts. This involves the analogy between proverbs and expressive texts, e.g. in the framework of advertising. The interaction between new technologies and influential extra-linguistic aspects, such as text production models, i.e. editing rules in a specific environment (such as the press), is likewise taken into account. After having provided, in the first two chapters, the theoretical basis for the contemporary understanding of the phenomenon of article elision, the second part of the work (Chapter 2 to 5) is devoted to the analysis of the excerpted passages and to the tracing of diachronic developments by means of statistic assessments of the whole corpus. In chapter 3, the origin and peculiarities of the corpus are described. The criteria applied to analyze the 3.350 tokens of the corpus, using the Excel program, is also illustrated in this part. Bare nouns are examined with reference to their replaceability by means of definite and/or indefinite articles. For this reason, the nucleus of the nominal syntagm was isolated and a distinction was made between number (singular/plural), lexical-semantic criteria (including the types of substantives), syntactic description (such as the position of the nominal syntagm as far as the verb is concerned, i.e. before or after the verb), type of verb, mode and tense of the verb and type of sentence. The syntactic functions subject or object were also added in the chart. The syntactic environment of bare nouns is described by means of a chart containing seven possible combinations. Extra-grammatical peculiarities, such as the position of nominal syntagms in the support, e.g. headings, in the body of the text etc., as well as the referentiality of the nominal syntagms, are also considered. Altogether, fifteen criteria were used and applied to an Excel chart, which contain each 50 tokens from a single year of a newspaper. Each time, the first page of an issue of the six newspapers considered, dated the beginning of January, was examined (altogether 67 issues), taking into account a ten years` gap. In some cases - which are underlined in the Dissertation -, if the first page did not contain 50 tokens, further pages or issues were used. Chapter 4 is devoted to the evaluation of passages. Both textual and grammatical aspects were carefully discussed from a qualitative perspective. This way, it was possible to create a link between the presence of bare nouns and particular discourse traditions (e.g. headings), or the emergence of discourse traditions as a consequence of the use of telegraphy, in the editing of news in newspapers. Based on cases such as Notícias aqui recebidas dizem que (...) (JB 03.01.1900), it was possible to establish that, in order to disseminate news, particular structures (i.e. new discourse traditions) emerged. Interpreting the examples related to modified plural bare nouns, the importance of going into the issue of the ambiguity of nominal syntagms also became clear. Interestingly enough, grammatical aspects - such as tense, mode, adverbs, kinds of predicates – and context play and important role within the sentence, in order to ascribe to the nominal syntagm a certain reading. This is the meeting point of grammatical and semantic-pragmatic aspects within the discourse. This relationship becomes also evident when unmodified plural bare nouns are taken into account. It is remarkable that these models in the newspapers language develop as stylistic elements (estilema). Furthermore, the peculiarities of legal-administrative texts, which belong to the language of distance, as well as those of literary texts, characterized by immediacy, were dealt with. On the basis of both types of texts, it is possible to understand how specific kinds of texts outline their text constellation. In this sense, particular kinds of texts tend to establish forms of texts, which show a reduction or a stereotyped description of a similar content. The non-use or the reduction of the article lead to different interpretations: syntactical, semantical or even stylistic. In this context, also the information structure seems to be important and it is possible to find singular bare nouns within focusing construction, e.g. as subject at the beginning of a sentence. In chapter 4, moreover, some grammatical constructions, which are common in the Corpus, are therefore analyzed. In chapter 5, a diachronic statistic evaluation, based on selected examples, is carried out. The hypothetical development of non-determination, meaning the possible replaceability of a definite, indefinite, non-definite or “neutralized” article, in the considered timeframe, is portrayed. The resulting graphic descriptions offer an insight on the whole development of several linguistic combinations of relevant factors in the considered Brazilian and Portuguese newspapers and allow to draw conclusions on the development of the usage of language in both countries. The state of non-determination is analyzed from different perspectives. They are linked to the lexical classes of the noun, to the number of nomina, to syntactical positions and to extra-linguistic criteria, such as the position of the syntagm in the text media, i.e. in the heading, in the subtitle, in the body of the text, etc. All these aspects help to gain a general understanding of the development of these categories in the newspapers. This process made it possible to note specific trends in the newspapers of both countries. The graphs illustrate the relationship between the language of the press and the presence of bare nouns, e.g. in specific reading of headlines and, in general, in journalistic language, with its peculiar standardization attempts. The analysis of data and graphs brings to the assumption that, between BP and EP, there is a great difference in the usage of the “indefinite referential” category with reference to singular bare nouns, especially when the gerund is applied. However, the omission in particular constructions, e.g. in the case of its introduction by means of quantitative and intensifying adjectives as stylistic device of the language of the press, is permitted in both variants as well as in other Romance languages. Therefore, it can be stated that certain constructions can be considered discourse traditions in BP. It has to be likewise underlined that, in the corpus, in the European variant, non-modified bare nouns are barely found at the sentence beginning, both in singular and in plural. Furthermore can be observed, that bare nouns in pre-verbal subject position are more frequent in BP. The most relevant differences between BP and EP, with reference to the aforementioned corpus, emerge precisely from these perspectives. In general, in can be affirmed that the presence of bare nouns in BP is considerable as far as it applies to all types of texts. What is unusual is that number in this constellation plays an important role. While plural bare nouns at the beginning of the sentence can be associated with specialized and sophisticated written forms, singular bare nouns, in the same position, are expressions of the language of immediacy. If they appear in printed texts, they carry pragmatic motivations. Furthermore, it can be stated that the presence of the article diminishes in case of non-opposing semantic meanings between definite, indefinite and Ø article. In those cases, BP tends not to insert articles. The present dissertation makes therefore an important contribution to the comparison between BP and EP and shows diachronic developments within each variant as well as differences between the two variants based on the use or non-use of the article. By means of synchronic analysis of relevant language variants (EP or BP), the work also succeeds in identifying how articles are inserted or omitted according to the kind of text, the discourse or the context. The applied methodology, i.e. a newspapers texts based corpus linguistic, provides a research model that can be applied to similar phenomena in different languages.Die vorliegende Arbeit nimmt sich zum Ziel, die Variation im Bereich der Nominaldetermination im Portugiesischen des 20. und 21. Jahrhunderts zu beschreiben. Dabei liegt der Hauptfokus auf der Möglichkeit der Verwendung determiniererloser Nomina, insbesondere im Portugiesischen Brasiliens, welches hier eine Reihe auffallender Phänomene aufzeigt. Im Gegensatz zu dem synchronen Fokus, wie er in Wall 2015 verfolgt wurde, soll hier versucht werden, Entwicklungstendenzen im letzten Jahrhundert - auch im Kontrast zwischen europäischem und brasilianischem Portugiesisch (EP und BP) - herauszuarbeiten. Dabei werden Vergleiche nicht nur zum europäischen Portugiesisch, sondern auch zu einigen romanischen Sprachen, wie dem Spanischen und Italienischen, gezogen. Die Entwicklung der grammatischen Kategorie der Artikel innerhalb der romanischen Sprachen, die trotz einer gemeinsamen Basis erhebliche Unterschiede im Gebrauch aufweisen, stellt den Ausgangspunkt für die Dissertation dar. In der Arbeit wird versucht, das System der Verwendung/Nichtverwendung des Artikels mit der Problematik der Grammatikalisierungsprozesse und des Sprachwandels in Verbindung zu setzen. Darüber hinaus wird der Aspekt des Sprachgebrauchs in unterschiedlichen Kommunikationsbereichen diskutiert. Obwohl sich das Augenmerk auf die determiniererlosen Nomina richtet (bare nouns in englischer Terminologie, nombres escuetos auf Spanisch oder nominais nus in BP), wurden gleichfalls artikellose Nomina untersucht, die von anderen Determinanten begleitet werden. Es wird auf die nominais nus eingegangen, nicht im Sinne einer Kategorie, sondern einfach als unmarkierte Nomina. Es gilt zu untersuchen, in welchen Kontexten diese Nomina erscheinen, und es wird der Frage nachgegangen, ob im brasilianischen Portugiesisch der Artikel als Determinans anders und weniger häufig als im europäischen Portugiesisch verwendet wird. Darüber hinaus wird aufgezeigt, wie diese Entwicklungen diachronisch nachvollzogen werden können und in welchen Fällen von einer Reduktion im Artikelgebrauch zu sprechen ist. Der Ausgangspunkt in der vorliegenden Arbeit sind synchronische Untersuchungen determiniererloser Nomina im brasilianischen Portugiesisch. Auf dieser Grundlage wurden die wichtigsten Unterschiede zur europäischen Varietät ausgearbeitet. Um diese Eigenschaften zu erläutern, wurde die diachronische Entwicklung des EP herangezogen. So konnte auf die Gemeinsamkeiten zwischen älteren Sprachstufen der romanischen Sprachen und dem aktuellen BP hingewiesen werden. Dabei ergab sich als bemerkenswerte Erkenntnis, wie Strukturen, die in älteren Sprachstufen romanischer Sprachen üblich waren, im zeitgenössischen Sprachgebrauch des brasilianischen Portugiesisch wiederbelebt werden und ein Bindeglied zwischen Vergangenheit und Gegenwart bilden. In diesem Zusammenhang ist das Paradigma der Diskurstraditionen von großer Bedeutung, denn durch dieses ist es möglich, einen Beitrag zum Verständnis von differenzierten Entwicklungen in der Sprachgeschichte zu leisten. Die Erfindung der Telegrafie in den Vereinigten Staaten und deren weltweiter Gebrauch als Kommunikationsmittel brachte neue Herausforderungen für das Sprachsystem nicht nur des Portugiesischen, sondern auch anderer romanischen Sprachen mit sich. An diesem Beispiel kann nachvollzogen werden, wie unterschiedlich jede Sprache die Einbeziehung kommunikationstechnischer Innovationen in ihr Sprachsystem handhabt. Kulturelle Innovationen können daher als Ansporn zu Änderungen in einem Sprachsystem funktionieren und die Emergenz, bzw. Entstehung sprachlicher Strukturen veranlassen, die den neuen Kommunikationsanforderungen entsprechen. Die Sprache der Presse, also der Tageszeitungen aus dem Anfang des 20. bis zum Anfang des 21. Jahrhunderts, lieferte den Stoff für die Arbeit. Es wurde ein Korpus portugiesischer und brasilianischer Texte, basierend auf Beispielen aus sechs Tageszeitungen, 4 brasilianischen und 2 portugiesischen, zusammengestellt. Die Auswahl der Tageszeitung als Makro-Diskurstradition war insofern wichtig, als dies die Möglichkeit bot, aus einem einzigen Träger einen Zugriff auf differenzierte Texttypen und Textsorten zu haben, die unterschiedlichen Diskurstraditionen angehören, um das Phänomen der Nomina ohne Artikel zu untersuchen. Die Arbeit besteht aus fünf Kapiteln. Im ersten werden die gemeinsame Herkunft des Artikels aus den lateinischen Demonstrativa und die Folgen im neuen System der romanischen Sprachen im Sinne einer positiven und einer negativen Grammatikalisierung erläutert. In diesem Zusammenhang werden Phänomene, wie der aspektuelle Singular bzw. das semantische Pendel zwischen den Kategorien der Zählbarkeit und Nichtzählbarkeit behandelt. Das Unterkapitel Semantik des Artikels bietet eine Annäherung an die Bedeutung der Kategorie des Artikels und ihre Beziehung zu den Nomina ohne Artikel in synchronischer und diachronischer Perspektive. Kapitel II behandelt, ausgehend von formal-generativen Ansätzen, das Thema der Generizität und untersucht sowohl syntaktische als auch semantische Eigenschaften der determiniererlosen Nomina in Hinblick auf die Haupttheorien in diesem Bereich. Außerdem werden Aspekte der konzeption Art des Diskurses bezüglich des Nähe-Distanzskontinuums, kurz angesprochen. Es wird gezeigt, wie eigene Formen älterer Sprachstufen auf neue Strukturen übertragen werden können, die wiederum eine neue Art von Texten hervorrufen. Dabei geht es z.B. um die Analogie zwischen Sprichwörtern und expressiven Texten etwa im Bereich der Werbung. Die Interaktion zwischen neuen Technologien und einflussreichen extralinguistischen Aspekten, wie Textproduktionsmodellen, d.h. Editionsvorschriften in einem bestimmten Gebiet, wie in der Presse, wurde gleichfalls berücksichtigt. Nachdem im ersten und zweiten Kapitel die theoretischen Grundlagen zum heutigen Verständnis des Phänomens der Auslassung des Artikels geschaffen wurden, widmet sich der zweite Teil der Arbeit, Kapitel III bis V, der Analyse der exzerpierten Textstellen und der Nachzeichnung von diachronischen Entwicklungen anhand von statistischen Bewertungen des gesamten Korpus. In Kapitel III werden Entstehung und Eigenschaften des Korpus beschrieben. In diesem Teil wird auf die Kriterien eingegangen, anhand derer die gesamten Daten des Korpus, 3.350 Tokens, mit Hilfe des Programms Excel analysiert wurden. Die artikellosen Nomina wurden auf die Ersetzbarkeit durch bestimmte und/oder unbestimmte Artikel geprüft. Dafür wurde der Nukleus der Nominalsyntagmen isoliert und nach Numerus (Singular/Plural), nach lexikalisch-semantischen Kriterien, einschließlich des Typs des Substantivs, nach syntaktischen Angaben, wie die Position des Nominalsyntagmas in Bezug auf das Verb, d.h. vor oder nach dem Verb, nach Typ des Verbs, nach Modus und Tempus des Verbs und nach Typ des Satzes unterschieden. Die syntaktische Funktion Subjekt oder Objekt wurde ebenfalls in die Tabelle hinzugefügt. Das syntaktische Umfeld der Nomina ohne Artikel wurde durch sieben mögliche Kombinationen in den Tabellen dargestellt. Es wurden extragrammatische Eigenschaften wie die Position der Nominalsyntagmen im Träger, z.B. in Überschriften, im Textkorpus usw., und die Referenzialität der Nominalsyntagmen mit berücksichtigt. Es wurden insgesamt fünfzehn Kriterien für die Analyse genutzt und in eine Excel Tabelle, die jeweils 50 Tokens aus einem Jahrgang einer Tageszeitung beinhalten, angewandt. Es wurde jeweils die erste Seite einer Ausgabe von Anfang Januar von den sechs in Betracht gezogenen Tageszeitungen (insgesamt 67 Ausgaben) mit zehnjährigem Abstand untersucht. In Einzelfällen, die in der Dissertation erläutert werden, wenn die erste Seite nicht 50 Tokens beinhaltete, wurden weitere Seiten bzw. weitere Ausgaben benutzt. Kapitel IV wendet sich der Bewertung von Textstellen zu. Unter qualitativer Hinsicht wurden sowohl textuelle als auch grammatikalische Aspekte detailliert besprochen. So konnte eine Beziehung zwischen der Anwesenheit artikelloser Nomina und bestimmter Diskurstraditionen (wie z.B. Überschriften), bzw. der Entstehung von Diskurstraditionen als Konsequenz des Gebrauchs der Telegrafie, in der Redaktion der Nachrichten von Tageszeitungen, gezogen werden. Am Beispiel von Fällen wie Notícias aqui recebidas dizem que (...) (JB 03.01.1900) konnte man feststellen, dass hier eigene Strukturen, um Nachrichten zu vermitteln, d.h. neue Diskurstraditionen, entstanden sind. In der Interpretation der Beispiele modifizierter Nomina ohne Artikel in Plural in Subjektstellung zeigte sich die Notwendigkeit, sich mit verschiedenen Lesarten dieser Nominalsyntagmen auseinanderzusetzen. Interessanterweise spielen der Kontext und grammatikalische Aspekte wie Tempus, Modus, Adverbien, Typ des Prädikats, eine wichtige Rolle im Satz, um den Nominalsynt