Rapid circulation of warm subtropical waters in a major glacial fjord in East Greenland

Author Posting. © The Authors, 2009. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Nature Publishing Group for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Nature Geoscience 3 (2010): 182-186, doi:10.1038/ngeo764.The recent rapid increase in mass loss from the Greenland Ice Sheet is primarily attributed to an acceleration of outlet glaciers. One possible cause is increased melting at the ice/ocean interface driven by the synchronous warming of subtropical waters offshore of Greenland. This hypothesis is largely untested, however, because of the lack of observations from Greenland’s glacial fjords and our limited understanding of their dynamics. Here, we present new ship-based and moored oceanographic data, collected in Sermilik Fjord, a large glacial fjord in East Greenland, showing that subtropical waters are present throughout the fjord and are continuously replenished via a wind-driven exchange with the shelf, where they occur year-round. The temperature and rapid renewal of these waters suggest that, at present, they drive enhanced submarine melting at the terminus. Key controls on the melting rate are the volume and properties of subtropical waters on the shelf and the patterns of the along-shore winds, suggesting the glaciers’ acceleration was triggered by a combination of atmospheric and oceanic changes. These measurements provide evidence of rapid advective pathway for the transmission of oceanic variability to the ice-sheet margins and highlight an important process that is missing from prognostic ice-sheet models.F.S. acknowledges support from WHOI’s Ocean and Climate Change Institute’s Arctic Research Initiative and from NSF OCE 0751896, and G.S.H and L.A.S from NASA’s Cryospheric Sciences Program. Funding for the hooded seal deployments was obtained from the International Governance and Atlantic Seal Research Program, Fisheries and Oceans, Canada, to G. B. S. and to the Greenland Institute of Natural Resources to A. R. A

The geology of Saint Helena Island, South Atlantic

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The annual cycle of the Japan Sea throughflow

Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2016. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 46 (2016): 23–39, doi:10.1175/JPO-D-15-0075.1.The mechanism responsible for the annual cycle of the flow through the straits of the Japan Sea is investigated using a two-layer model. Observations show maximum throughflow from summer to fall and minimum in winter, occurring synchronously at the three major straits: Tsushima, Tsugaru, and Soya Straits. This study finds the subpolar winds located to the north of Japan as the leading forcing agent, which first affects the Soya Strait rather than the Tsushima or Tsugaru Straits. The subpolar winds generate baroclinic Kelvin waves along the coastlines of the subpolar gyre, affect the sea surface height at the Soya Strait, and modify the flow through the strait. This causes barotropic adjustment to occur inside the Japan Sea and thus affect the flow at the Tsugaru and Tsushima Straits almost synchronously. The barotropic adjustment mechanism explains well why the observations show a similar annual cycle at the three straits. The annual cycle at the Tsugaru Strait is further shown to be weaker than that in the other two straits based on frictional balance around islands, that is, frictional stresses exerted around an island integrate to zero. In the Tsugaru Strait, the flows induced by the frictional integrals around the northern (Hokkaido) and southern (Honshu) islands are in opposite directions and tend to cancel out. Frictional balance also suggests that the annual cycle at the Tsugaru Strait is likely in phase with that at the Soya Strait because the length scale of the northern island is much shorter than that of the southern island.S. Kida is supported by KAKENHI (22106002). B. Qiu is supported by NASA (NNX13AE15G). J. Yang is supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation. X. Lin is supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China (41222037 and U1406401), China’s National Basic Research Priorities Programme (2013CB956202), and the Global Air-Sea Interaction Project (GASI-03-01-01-02).2016-07-0

Early Quaternary sedimentary processes and palaeoenvironments in the central North Sea

A number of elongate trough-like features are observed in the early Quaternary succession of the central North Sea basin. A definitive model of formation for the features remains unclear but the troughs may aid in our understanding of the depositional environment of the early Quaternary. In total, 380 troughs were mapped over 11 000 km2 using continuous 3D seismic data and analysed in conjunction with well log data and understanding of the probable palaeogeographical context. The troughs were formed in a marine setting on the slope of a large clinoform set during a period of rapid progradation. The geometry and infill of the troughs, as well as the marine setting, strongly support a model of repeated density-driven downslope flows which excavate and then infill the troughs perpendicular to the strike of the slope. A subset of the troughs are observed to form parallel to the strike in such a way that cannot be easily explained by downslope processes alone. A number of possible models are considered for the formation of these along-slope troughs; here we conclude that the most likely scenario involves modification of the downslope flows by currents which divert the features along-slope while maintaining the erosive nature of the flow

The Northern Current and its interaction with the Blanes submarine canyon (NW Mediterranean Sea)

A high-resolution (~1.2km) 3D circulation model nested in one-way to a coarse-resolution (~4km) 3D regional model was used to examine the interaction between the Northern Current and the Blanes submarine canyon (~41°00’-41°46’N; ~02°24’-03°24’E); paying particular attention to upwelling/downwelling events and cross-shelf break water exchange. A Lagrangian particle-tracking algorithm coupled to the high-resolution 3D circulation model was also used to examine the role of the Northern Current (NC) and its seasonal variability on the dispersion of passive particles and residence time within Blanes Canyon (BC). Although it refers to a climatological simulation (i.e. no interannual variability), at this resolution, the Rossby radius of deformation for the Mediterranean Sea (5-12 km) is resolved. Therefore the numerical modeling system properly suites our purpose, since it adequately reproduces the NC mesoscale variability and its seasonality. Satisfactory validation of model results with remote sensing and in-situ observations supports the present findings. The simulated NC tends to be fast and deep in winter, and slow and shallow in summer. NC meanders and eddies are recurrent in the BC area and produce highly fluctuating three-dimensional circulation patterns within the canyon. NC meanders and anticyclonic eddies propagating along the current pathway tend to be deep and, consequently, their effects extend down to the deeper part of BC. The meandering of the NC plays a key role in enhancing vertical motions within the canyon. NC meanders produce an oscillation of the vertical flow characterized by net upwelling when the meander is located over the upstream side of the canyon followed by net downwelling as the meander moves downstream. Associated with NC meanders passing over BC, upwelling and downwelling events occur on timescales of 4 to 20 days and they are more frequent in winter. These findings provide further evidence that continuous downwelling favourable (right-bounded) flows can produce net upwelling inside submarine canyons. Concerning cross-shelf break water exchange, one significant finding from this study is that the amount of water moved across the shelf break at the upstream upper canyon wall is approximately two times larger than the amount of water moved downstream. This preferential zone for cross-shelf break exchange is related to the asymmetry of the shelf break geometry that is characterized by a sharp curvature upstream. Results also show that cross-shelf break water exchange is higher (~30%) in winter than in summer. On the other hand, particle-tracking experiments show that passive particles released from the mid-shelf to the upper-slope drift along the shelf edge with a net downward movement within the upper canyon. They also show that particle dispersion is higher in winterthan in summer and that particles travelling below the canyon rim (i.e. below 100 m depth) have longer residence times within the canyon.Un modelo de circulación 3D con resolución de ~1.2km anidado en una vía a un modelo regional 3D con resolución de ~4km, fue empleado para estudiar la interacción entre la Corriente del Norte y el cañón submarino Blanes (~41°00’-41°46’N; ~02°24’-03°24’E). Se hace especial énfasis en los eventos de elevación y hundimiento de agua, así como en el intercambio de agua a través del borde de la plataforma continental. También se uso un algoritmo Lagrangiano alimentado con los campos de velocidad del modelo de alta resolución para estudiar el papel de la Corriente del Norte (NC, por sus siglas en inglés) y su estacionalidad en la dispersión de partículas pasivas y tiempos de residencia dentro del Cañón Blanes (BC, por sus siglas en inglés). Aunque se trata de una simulación climatológica (i.e. sin variabilidad interanual), el radio de deformación de Rossby para el Mar Mediterráneo (5-12km) es resuelto. Por lo tanto, el sistema de modelado es de una resolución apropiada para nuestros objetivos ya que reproduce adecuadamente la NC y su estacionalidad. Los resultados comparan satisfactoriamente con información de imágenes de satélite y observaciones in-situ. Los resultados indican que la NC tiende a ser rápida y profunda en invierno, y lenta y somera en verano. El paso de meandros en la NC y remolinos es un rasgo frecuente en el cañón Blanes. En particular, meandros y remolinos anticiclónicos que se propagan siguiendo la trayectoria de la NC tienden a ser profundos y, consecuentemente, sus efectos se extienden hacia la parte profunda del cañón. Nuestros resultados también indican que los meandros en la NC juegan un papel importante en el aumento del movimiento vertical dentro del cañón. Estos meandros producen una oscilación del flujo vertical caracterizado por una elevación neta de agua conforme el meandro pasa sobre el lado Este del cañón seguido por un hundimiento neto conforme el meandro se mueve hacia el lado Oeste. Eventos de elevación y hundimiento de agua en escalas temporales de 4 a 20 días están asociados al paso de meandros, siendo estos eventos más frecuentes en invierno. Estos resultados aportan más evidencia de que flujos continuos con la costa a la derecha (i.e. favorables para el hundimiento de agua) pueden producir elevación neta de agua dentro de cañones submarinos. Con relación al intercambio de agua a través del borde de la plataforma continental, un resultado importante del presente estudio es que la cantidad de agua que pasa a través del borde de la pared Este del cañón es aproximadamente el doble de la cantidad de agua que pasa a través del borde de la pared Oeste. Esta zona preferencial para el intercambio de agua está relacionada con la curvatura del borde de la plataforma continental, la cual es más pronunciada sobre la pared Este del cañón. Los resultados también indican que el intercambio de agua es mayor (~30%) en invierno que en verano. Por otro lado, partículas pasivas liberadas sobre la plataforma y la pendiente continental derivan a lo largo del borde de la plataforma con un movimiento neto hacia abajo dentro del cañón. Los resultados también muestran que la dispersión de partículas es mayor en invierno que en verano. Finalmente, los resultados indican que el tiempo de residencia tiende a incrementarse con la profundidad, así las partículas que se mueven por debajo de la profundidad del anillo del cañón (i.e. por debajo de 100 m de profundidad) presentan un tiempo de residencia mayor dentro del cañó

Tectonic and magmatic controls on hydrothermal activity in the Woodlark Basin

The Woodlark Basin is one of the rare places on earth where the transition from continental breakup to seafloor spreading can be observed. The potential juxtaposition of continental rocks, a large magmatic heat source, crustal-scale faulting, and hydrothermal circulation has made the Woodlark Basin a prime target for seafloor mineral exploration. However, over the past 20 years, only two locations of active hydrothermalism had been found. In 2009 we surveyed 435 km of the spreading axis for the presence of hydrothermal plumes. Only one additional plume was found, bringing the total number of plumes known over 520 km of ridge axis to only 3, much less than at ridges with similar spreading rates globally. Particularly the western half of the basin (280 km of axis) is apparently devoid of high temperature plumes despite having thick crust and a presumably high magmatic budget. This paucity of hydrothermal activity may be related to the peculiar tectonic setting at Woodlark, where repeated ridge jumps and a re-location of the rotation pole both lead to axial magmatism being more widely distributed than at many other, more mature and stable mid-ocean ridges. These factors could inhibit the development of both a stable magmatic heat source and the deeply penetrating faults needed to create long-lived hydrothermal systems. We conclude that large seafloor massive sulfide deposits, potential targets for seafloor mineral exploration, will probably not be present along the spreading axis of the Woodlark Basin, especially in its younger, western portion

The volcanic geology of the southern wall of the Valle Del Bove, Mount Etna, Sicily

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the C.N.A.A.The Valle del Bove is a horse-shoe shaped depression, 8km long and 5km wide, cut into the eastern flanks of Mount Etna, Sicily. In the southern cliff walls there are exposed the lavas and pyroclastics erupted by six ancient centres of activity which existed in the vicinity of the site now occupied by the Valle del Bove. The majority of these volcanics originated at a centre, Trifoglietto II, which occupied a position on the site of the southern Valle del Bove, and which was still erupting lavas at 25,000 ys BP. A reconstruction of the topography which previously existed within the Valle del Bove, is accomplished by extrapolating preserved contours on the northern and southern walls of the depression. Reconstruction of the Trifoglietto II centre shows that its summit was probably between 2500m and 2600m above present sea-level, and that it consisted of a cone constructed predominantly from pyroclastic materials, overlain on its southern and eastern flanks by lavas. A stratigraphy is constructed for the southern wall. The Trifoglietto II lavas rest unconformably upon the eroded remnants of an older centre, and are themselves overlain by the products of younger centres. All the lavas exposed in the southern wall are of alkalic affinity, and comprise a trachybasaltic suite ranging from hawaiite to benmoreite. Variation in the chemistry of most of the lavas can be explained by their differentiation at high levels in the crust, from a more basic magma of alkalibasalt/hawaiite composition. Chemical variation in the Trifoglietto II lavas, however, can best be explained as a result of generation by the partial melting of garnet-peridotite material at upper mantle depths and pressures. A study has been made of the numerous dykes exposed in the walls of the Valle del Bove., the alignments of which parallel trends which are important on Etna at the present time. It is proposed that the Valle del Bove was formed by phreatic or phreato-magmatic eruptions which destroyed the Trifoglietto II centre, some 15-17,000 ys BP, following magmatic extinction at the centre. The eruptions produced lahars which are evident to the east of the depression, and extensive air-fall ashes. Subsequent enlargement of the Valle del Bove was accomplished by fluvial erosion