Ecodiseño y ecogestión de redes de distribución de agua a presión

Tesis por compendio[ES] Todos los pronósticos indican que en los próximos años va a existir un aumento importante de población, que conllevará un crecimiento en la demanda de recursos hídricos y energéticos. Este hecho, junto a la necesidad de reducir las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero para hacer frente al cambio climático, ponen de relevancia la importancia de optimizar cualquier proceso relacionado con el nexo agua y energía. Los sistemas de distribución de agua a presión son demandantes de energía, y un claro ejemplo de este nexo, ya que es imprescindible aportar energía al fluido para llevarlo desde la fuente de captación hasta los puntos de consumo. La fase del transporte de agua es una de las que mayor energía consume, representando habitualmente un importante porcentaje de los costes totales del servicio, por lo que parece oportuno hacer una revisión en profundidad de las necesidades energéticas del transporte de agua a presión. En este trabajo se presenta un protocolo de actuación con diferentes etapas a abordar para disminuir el consumo energético en el transporte de agua a presión. Una ruta que permita reducir de manera general el consumo de energía de la instalación, garantizando en todo momento el suministro bajo los estándares de calidad establecidos. La optimización energética de los sistemas de transporte de agua a presión debe comenzar en la fase de diseño. La concepción de las redes debe tener en cuenta el consumo energético que ésta tendrá en su fase de funcionamiento, aspectos fundamentales para ello son la selección de la fuente de suministro, la sectorización de los sistemas, y, en definitiva, el layout propuesto. En la fase de operación, el análisis energético a realizar dependerá de la cantidad y calidad de los datos de la instalación. Un primer diagnóstico permite detectar si existe la necesidad de realizar un análisis más específico que detalle la energía consumida por el sistema. Este diagnóstico se puede llevar a cabo con pocos datos. Si el resultado del diagnóstico indica que existe un margen de mejora considerable, será necesario realizar la auditoría de la red, para lo cual es esencial contar con su correspondiente modelo matemático, y por tanto con datos mucho más precisos. La auditoría de la red permite conocer en detalle cómo se distribuye la energía en el sistema, qué cantidad de energía es aprovechada por los usuarios, y cuanta se pierde por el camino. Lo idóneo sería inyectar únicamente la energía mínima requerida por los usuarios, pero esto es imposible de alcanzar, ya que existen diferentes ineficiencias desde la fuente de suministro hasta los puntos de consumo. Estas pérdidas se dividen en estructurales y operacionales. Las pérdidas estructurales están vinculadas a los desniveles del sistema, de ahí que a la energía relacionada con estas pérdidas se le denomine energía topográfica. Mientras que las pérdidas operacionales están vinculadas a la gestión de la red: energía embebida en fugas, pérdidas energéticas en las estaciones de bombeo, fricción en tuberías, energía de exceso y cualquier otro tipo de pérdida energética vinculada a la gestión del sistema. Para mejorar la eficiencia del sistema se debe realizar un análisis en profundidad de las pérdidas estructurales y operacionales de la red. El análisis de las pérdidas estructurales permitirá decidir si es aconsejable acometer actuaciones de mejora relacionadas con la energía topográfica. En tal caso, se evaluará la posibilidad de modificar el layout del sistema, recuperar parte de la energía topográfica o disiparla con válvulas reductoras de presión. El análisis de las pérdidas energéticas operacionales vendrá definido por los niveles de referencia alcanzables de las mismas. Lo ideal sería que no existiese ningún tipo de pérdida, pero esto es imposible en un sistema real, por lo que para cada pérdida energética operacional se calcula un nivel de referencia a alcanzar basado en criterios económicos y de gestión. Comparando estos niveles de referencia, con las pérdidas de energía reales existentes, se puede evaluar y calificar el estado energético de la red desde el punto de vista operacional. A partir de esta calificación se estudiarán las acciones de mejora operacionales a llevar a cabo. Una vez analizadas y evaluadas las acciones de mejora correspondientes a las pérdidas estructurales y operacionales, se realizará una calificación final del sistema que permite caracterizarlo energéticamente. En definitiva, el protocolo propuesto es el eje central de esta tesis y las aportaciones que se presentan facilitan su comprensión y seguimiento.[EN] Pressurized water distribution systems are a clear example of water and energy nexus. It is essential to provide energy to the fluid to transport it from the catchments to the points of consumption. The water transport phase is one of the phases that consume more energy, and usually represents a significant percentage of the total costs of the service. Therefore, it seems appropriate to make an in-depth revision of the energy needs this phase. This work presents an action protocol with different stages to be tackled in order to reduce energy consumption in pressurised water transport. It allows a general reduction of the energy consumption in water networks, guaranteeing at any time the supply under the established quality standards. The optimisation of energy in pressurised water transport systems must begin in the design phase. Therefore, the design of the networks must consider the energy consumption that it will have in its operation phase. Fundamental decisions in this phase are the selection of the supply source, the sectorization of the systems, and, in short, the proposed layout. In the operation phase, the energy analysis to be carried out will depend on the quantity and quality of the data available from the system. A first diagnosis allows us to detect if there is a need to perform a more specific analysis that details the energy consumed by the system. If the result of the diagnosis indicates that there is considerable room for improvement, it will be necessary to conduct a network audit, for which it is essential to have a corresponding mathematical model, and therefore much more precise data. The network audit allows us to know in detail how the energy is distributed in the system. Ideally, only the minimum energy required by users should be injected. However, this is unfeasible, as there are different inefficiencies from the source of supply to the consumption points. These losses are divided into structural and operational. Structural losses are linked to the topography of the system. Hence, the energy related to these losses is called topographic energy. Operational losses are linked to the management of the network: energy embedded in leaks, energy losses in pumping stations, friction in pipes, excess energy and any other type of energy loss linked to the management of the system. To improve the efficiency of the system, an in-depth analysis of structural and operational losses in the network must be carried out. The analysis of the structural losses will allow to decide whether it is advisable to undertake improvement actions related to topographic energy. In this case, the possibility of modifying the layout of the system, recovering part of the topographic energy or dissipating it with pressure reducing valves will be evaluated. The analysis of operational energy losses will be defined by the target of loses established. Ideally, there should be no losses at all, but this is impossible in a real system. Hence, for each type of operational energy loss, it is calculated a reference level to be reached, based on economic and management criteria. By comparing these reference levels with the actual existing energy losses, the energy status of the network can be evaluated and qualified from an operational point of view. Based on this qualification, improvement actions can be drawn. Once the improvement actions corresponding to the structural and operational losses have been analysed, the system will be given a complete qualification that will characterise its global energy behaviour. To sum up, the proposed protocol is the central axis of this thesis and the contributions presented facilitate its comprehension.[CA] Tots els pronòstics indiquen que en els pròxims anys existirà un augment important de població, que comportarà un creixement en la demanda de recursos hídrics i energètics. Aquest fet, al costat de la necessitat de reduir les emissions de gasos d'efecte d'hivernacle per a fer front al canvi climàtic, posen de rellevància la importància d'optimitzar qualsevol procés relacionat amb el nexe aigua i energia. Els sistemes de distribució d'aigua a pressió són demandants d'energia, i un clar exemple d'aquest nexe, ja que és imprescindible aportar energia al fluid per a portar-lo des de la font de captació fins als punts de consum. La fase del transport d'aigua és una de les quals major energia consumeix, representant habitualment un important percentatge dels costos totals del servei. Per la qual cosa, sembla oportú fer una revisió en profunditat de les necessitats energètiques del transport d'aigua a pressió. En aquest treball es presenta un protocol d'actuació amb diferents etapes a abordar per a disminuir el consum energètic en el transport d'aigua a pressió. Una ruta que permeta reduir de manera general el consum d'energia de la instal·lació, garantint en tot moment el subministrament sota els estàndards de qualitat establits. L'optimització energètica dels sistemes de transport d'aigua a pressió ha de començar en la fase de disseny. La concepció de les xarxes ha de tindre en compte el consum energètic que aquesta tindrà en la seua fase de funcionament. Aspectes fonamentals per a això són la selecció de la font de subministrament, la sectorització dels sistemes, i, en definitiva, el layout proposat. En la fase d'operació, l'anàlisi energètic a realitzar dependrà de la quantitat i qualitat de les dades de la instal·lació. Un primer diagnòstic permet detectar si existeix la necessitat de realitzar una anàlisi més específic que detalle l'energia consumida pel sistema. Aquest diagnòstic es pot dur a terme amb poques dades. Si el resultat del diagnòstic indica que existeix un marge de millora considerable, serà necessari realitzar l'auditoria de la xarxa, per a això és essencial comptar amb el seu corresponent model matemàtic, i per tant amb dades molt més precises. L'auditoria de la xarxa permet conéixer detalladament com es distribueix l'energia en el sistema, quina quantitat d'energia és aprofitada pels usuaris, i quanta es perd pel camí. L'idoni seria injectar únicament l'energia mínima requerida pels usuaris, però això és impossible d'aconseguir, ja que existeixen diferents ineficiències des de la font de subministrament fins als punts de consum. Aquestes pèrdues es divideixen en estructurals i operacionals. Les pèrdues estructurals estan vinculades als desnivells del sistema, per aquest motiu a l'energia relacionada amb aquestes pèrdues se l’anomena energia topogràfica. Mentre que les pèrdues operacionals estan vinculades a la gestió de la xarxa: energia embeguda en fuites, pèrdues energètiques en les estacions de bombeig, fricció en canonades, energia d'excés i qualsevol altre tipus de pèrdua energètica vinculada a la gestió del sistema. Per a millorar l'eficiència del sistema s'ha de realitzar una anàlisi en profunditat de les pèrdues estructurals i operacionals de la xarxa. L'anàlisi de les pèrdues estructurals permetrà decidir si és aconsellable escometre actuacions de millora relacionades amb l'energia topogràfica. En tal cas, s'avaluarà la possibilitat de modificar el layout del sistema, recuperar part de l'energia topogràfica o dissiparla amb vàlvules reductores de pressió. L'anàlisi de les pèrdues energètiques operacionals vindrà definit pels nivells de referència assolibles d'aquestes. L'ideal seria que no existira cap mena de pèrdua, però això és impossible en un sistema real. Per la qual cosa, per a cada pèrdua energètica operacional es calcula un nivell de referència a aconseguir basat en criteris econòmics i de gestió. Comparant aquests nivells de referència, amb les pèrdues d'energia reals existents, es pot avaluar i qualificar l'estat energètic de la xarxa des del punt de vista operacional. A partir d'aquesta qualificació s'estudiaran les accions de millora operacionals a dur a terme. Una vegada analitzades i avaluades les accions de millora corresponents a les pèrdues estructurals i operacionals, es realitzarà una qualificació final del sistema que permet caracteritzar-lo energèticament. En definitiva, el protocol proposat és l'eix central d'aquesta tesi i les aportacions que es presenten faciliten la seua comprensió i seguiment.Del Teso March, R. (2020). Ecodiseño y ecogestión de redes de distribución de agua a presión [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/153135TESISCompendi

Atmospheric Instrument Systems and Technology in the Goddard Earth Sciences Division

Studies of the Earths atmosphere require a comprehensive set of observations that rely on instruments flown on spacecraft, aircraft, and balloons as well as those deployed on the surface. Within NASAs Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) Earth Sciences Division-Atmospheres, laboratories and offices maintain an active program of instrument system development and observational studies that provide: 1) information leading to a basic understanding of atmospheric processes and their relationships with the Earths climate system, 2) prototypes for future flight instruments, 3) instruments to serve as calibration references for satellite missions, and 4) instruments for future field validation campaigns that support ongoing space missions. Our scientists participate in all aspects of instrument activity, including component and system design, calibration techniques, retrieval algorithm development, and data processing systems. The Atmospheres Program has well-equipped labs and test equipment to support the development and testing of instrument systems, such as a radiometric calibration and development facility to support the calibration of ultraviolet and visible (UV/VIS), space-borne solar backscatter instruments. This document summarizes the features and characteristics of 46 instrument systems that currently exist or are under development. The report is organized according to active, passive, or in situ remote sensing across the electromagnetic spectrum. Most of the systems are considered operational in that they have demonstrated performance in the field and are capable of being deployed on relatively short notice. Other systems are under study or of low technical readiness level (TRL). The systems described herein are designed mainly for surface or airborne platforms. However, two Cubesat systems also have been developed through collaborative efforts. The Solar Disk Sextant (SDS) is the single balloon-borne instrument. The lidar systems described herein are designed to retrieve clouds, aerosols, methane, water vapor pressure, temperature, and winds. Most of the lasers operate at some wavelength combination of 355, 532, and 1064 nm. The various systems provide high sensitivity measurements based on returns from backscatter or Raman scattering including intensity and polarization. Measurements of the frequency (Doppler) shift of light scattered from various atmospheric constitutes can also be made. Microwave sensors consist of both active (radar) and passive (radiometer) systems. These systems are important for studying processes involving water in various forms. The dielectric properties of water affect microwave brightness temperatures, which are used to retrieve atmospheric parameters such as rainfall rate and other key elements of the hydrological cycle. Atmosphere radar systems operate in the range from 9.6 GHz to 94 GHz and have measurement accuracies from -5 to 1 dBZ; radiometers operate in the 50 GHz to 874 GHz range with accuracies from 0.5 to 1 degree K; conical and cross-track scan modes are used. Our passive optical sensors, consisting of radiometers and spectrometers, collectively operate from the UV into the infrared. These systems measure energy fluxes and atmospheric parameters such as trace gases, aerosols, cloud properties, or altitude profiles of various species. Imager spatial resolution varies from 37 m to 400 m depending on altitude; spectral resolution is as small as 0.5 nm. Many of the airborne systems have been developed to fly on multiple aircraft

EU Ecolabel criteria for Graphic Paper, Tissue Paper and Tissue Products.

This Technical Report presents the EU Ecolabel criteria for Graphic Paper, Tissue Paper and Tissue Products, as published in Commission Decision (EU) 2019/70, and provides supporting rationale and background research for each criterion. The final criteria are the result of a broad consultation exercise including stakeholder interaction at two Ad-Hoc Working Group meetings (one in Seville and one in Brussels), discussions with specialised stakeholders in particular sub-groups (for emissions, for energy and for hazardous substances) as well as dialogue with Commission colleagues and EU Ecolabel Board members. The four main criteria are split into: • Emissions to air and water (CO2, NOx and S emitted to air and COD, P and AOX emitted to water). • Energy consumption (fuel and electricity). • Fibre sourcing (minimum sustainable virgin and/or recycled fibre content). • Hazardous substances (horizontal restrictions for SVHCs and substances with certain CLP classifications plus specific restrictions for chlorine, APEOs, surfactants, biocidal products, azo dyes, metal-complex dye stuffs and pigments and lotions in defined circumstances). Decision (EU) 2019/70 effectively combines the revision of previous criteria from three different Commission Decisions. The revision of criteria in Decision 2011/332/EU for Copying and Graphic Paper and Decision 2012/448/EU for Newsprint Paper were merged under Annex I of the new Decision while the revision of criteria in Decision 2009/568/EC for Tissue Paper is contained in Annex II of Decision (EU) 2019/70. Some of the main changes that have occurred to the criteria content are as follows: • Emission values for P, COD, AOX, S and NOx have been updated based predominantly on data available following the BREF exercise for pulp, paper and board production. • Emission values for CO2 have been updated based on data provided by stakeholders and on approaches taken by the Nordic Ecolabel scheme. • Specific energy consumption values have been updated based on data available in the literature and data provided by stakeholders. A new threshold has also been set for higher performance "structured" tissue paper products. • There is no longer any distinction between recycled fibres and sustainable virgin fibres for EU Ecolabel criteria. This approach is now better aligned with the "FSC mix" and "PEFC certified" approaches. The minimum "sustainable fibre" content (i.e. sum of sustainable virgin and any recycled fibre) has increased from 50% to 70%. • Fragrances are now banned in Tissue Paper products. The horizontal SVHC and CLP restrictions now apply to Tissue Paper and Tissue Products as well. The criteria development process is reflected in the evolution of earlier draft versions of the Technical Report, which are all publically available at the following webpage: http://susproc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/Paper_products/JRC.B.5-Circular Economy and Industrial Leadershi

Spall Fault Quantification Method for Flight Control Electromechanical Actuator

Flight control electro-mechanical actuators (EMAs) are among the primary onboard systems that significantly influence the reliability and safety of unmanned aerial vehicles. Recent reliability studies have shown that the ball-screw element of a flight control EMA is subject to oscillating operating conditions that may initiate rapid degradation, such as fatigue spall defects. Accordingly, detecting and quantifying such faults are crucial for developing efficient fault prognostic and remaining useful life estimation capabilities. In this study, a vibration-based fault quantification method is developed to quantify the fatigue faults of a ball-screw mechanism of an EMA. The method is based on identifying the ball passing instants through a localized surface defect on the vibrational jerk rather than the vibrational acceleration measurement. The jerk is numerically determined from conventional accelerometers using a Savitzky–Golay differentiator. This method was successfully tested for ball bearings and it is adjusted in this paper for ball-screw faults. The experimental validation is investigated on a set of fault-seeded samples on NASA’s Ames Research Center Flyable Electro-Mechanical Actuator test stand

Performance measurement and evaluation of time-shared operating systems

Time-shared, virtual memory systems are very complex and changes in their performance may be caused by many factors - by variations in the workload as well as changes in system configuration. The evaluation of these systems can thus best be carried out by linking results obtained from a planned programme of measurements, taken on the system, to some model of it. Such a programme of measurements is best carried out under conditions in which all the parameters likely to affect the system's performance are reproducible, and under the control of the experimenter. In order that this be possible the workload used must be simulated and presented to the target system through some form of automatic workload driver. A case study of such a methodology is presented in which the system (in this case the Edinburgh Multi-Access System) is monitored during a controlled experiment (designed and analysed using standard techniques in common use in many other branches of experimental science) and the results so obtained used to calibrate and validate a simple simulation model of the system. This model is then used in further investigation of the effect of certain system parameters upon the system performance. The factors covered by this exercise include the effect of varying: main memory size, process loading algorithm and secondary memory characteristics

Electric Flight Systems

Materials illustrating presentations on the development of electric flight systems for the all-electric aircraft and for spacecraft are presented

An overview of the ORACLES (ObseRvations of Aerosols above CLouds and their intEractionS) project: aerosol–cloud–radiation interactions in the southeast Atlantic basin

This is the final version. Available on open access from the European Geosciences Union via the DOI in this recordData availability: All ORACLES data are accessible via the digital object identifiers (DOIs) provided under ORACLES Science Team (2020a–d) references: https://doi.org/10.5067/Suborbital/ORACLES/P3/2018_V2 (ORACLES Science Team, 2020a), https://doi.org/10.5067/Suborbital/ORACLES/P3/2017_V2 (ORACLES Science Team, 2020b), https://doi.org/10.5067/Suborbital/ORACLES/P3/2016_V2 (ORACLES Science Team, 2020c), and https://doi.org/10.5067/Suborbital/ORACLES/ER2/2016_V2 (ORACLES Science Team, 2020d). The only exceptions are noted as footnotes to Table B2.Southern Africa produces almost a third of the Earth's biomass burning (BB) aerosol particles, yet the fate of these particles and their influence on regional and global climate is poorly understood. ORACLES (ObseRvations of Aerosols above CLouds and their intEractionS) is a 5-year NASA EVS-2 (Earth Venture Suborbital-2) investigation with three intensive observation periods designed to study key atmospheric processes that determine the climate impacts of these aerosols. During the Southern Hemisphere winter and spring (June–October), aerosol particles reaching 3–5 km in altitude are transported westward over the southeast Atlantic, where they interact with one of the largest subtropical stratocumulus (Sc) cloud decks in the world. The representation of these interactions in climate models remains highly uncertain in part due to a scarcity of observational constraints on aerosol and cloud properties, as well as due to the parameterized treatment of physical processes. Three ORACLES deployments by the NASA P-3 aircraft in September 2016, August 2017, and October 2018 (totaling ∼350 science flight hours), augmented by the deployment of the NASA ER-2 aircraft for remote sensing in September 2016 (totaling ∼100 science flight hours), were intended to help fill this observational gap. ORACLES focuses on three fundamental science themes centered on the climate effects of African BB aerosols: (a) direct aerosol radiative effects, (b) effects of aerosol absorption on atmospheric circulation and clouds, and (c) aerosol–cloud microphysical interactions. This paper summarizes the ORACLES science objectives, describes the project implementation, provides an overview of the flights and measurements in each deployment, and highlights the integrative modeling efforts from cloud to global scales to address science objectives. Significant new findings on the vertical structure of BB aerosol physical and chemical properties, chemical aging, cloud condensation nuclei, rain and precipitation statistics, and aerosol indirect effects are emphasized, but their detailed descriptions are the subject of separate publications. The main purpose of this paper is to familiarize the broader scientific community with the ORACLES project and the dataset it produced.NAS

The modelling of accident frequency using risk exposure data for the assessment of airport safety areas

This thesis makes significant contributions to improving the use of Airport Safety Areas (ASAs) as aviation accident risk mitigation measures by developing improved accident frequency models and risk assessment methodologies. In recent years, the adequacy of ASAs such as the Runway End Safety Area and Runway Safety Area has come under increasing scrutiny. The current research found flaws in the existing ASA regulations and airport risk assessment techniques that lead to the provision of inconsistent safety margins at airports and runways. The research was based on a comprehensive database of ASA-related accidents, which was matched by a representative sample of normal operations data, such that the exposure to a range of operational and meteorological risk factors between accident and normal flights could be compared. On this basis, the criticality of individual risk factors was quantified and accident frequency models were developed using logistic regression. These models have considerably better predictive power compared to models used by previous airport risk assessments. An improved risk assessment technique was developed coupling the accident frequency models with accident location data, yielding distributions that describe the frequency of accidents that reach specific distances beyond the runway end or centreline given the risk exposure profile of the particular runway. The application of the proposed methodology was demonstrated in two case studies. Specific recommendations on ASA dimensions were made for achieving consistent levels of safety on each side of the runway. Advances made in this study have implications on the overall assessment and management of risks at airports