ISSN exercise & sport nutrition review: research & recommendations

Sports nutrition is a constantly evolving field with hundreds of research papers published annually. For this reason, keeping up to date with the literature is often difficult. This paper is a five year update of the sports nutrition review article published as the lead paper to launch the JISSN in 2004 and presents a well-referenced overview of the current state of the science related to how to optimize training and athletic performance through nutrition. More specifically, this paper provides an overview of: 1.) The definitional category of ergogenic aids and dietary supplements; 2.) How dietary supplements are legally regulated; 3.) How to evaluate the scientific merit of nutritional supplements; 4.) General nutritional strategies to optimize performance and enhance recovery; and, 5.) An overview of our current understanding of the ergogenic value of nutrition and dietary supplementation in regards to weight gain, weight loss, and performance enhancement. Our hope is that ISSN members and individuals interested in sports nutrition find this review useful in their daily practice and consultation with their clients

Validity of the paleolithic diet and its relative effectiveness for overall nutrition

The Paleolithic, or ancestral, diet was first proposed by Eaton and Konner in 1985, and it is based on the theory that humans have not diverged greatly from the physiology of the Paleolithic human. Eaton and Konner suggested a diet consisting of meats, fruits, vegetables, nuts and seeds while omitting food such as dairy, grains, legumes, refined sugar and processed foods. The latter of which are incongruous with the diet we evolved with and are likely the cause of the so-called "diseases of civilization" such as type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease, obesity, osteoporosis and cancer (Konner & Eaton, 2010). This review will first elaborate on the Paleolithic lifestyle and the evidence presented on it before examining the evidence for and against other diet categories not included in the diet such as whole grains, red meat, grass-fed meat, dairy milk and soymilk. The aim of this study is to first evaluate the Paleolithic diet, based on nutrition and ability to address common public health diseases and then to appraise the value of other food categories not included in the lifestyle on the same factors, in order to determine their place in an ideal diet. This study concludes that the Paleolithic diet can lower total body weight, body mass index, cardiovascular risks, triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein among others while increasing insulin sensitivity and ω-3, iron, fiber, vitamins and minerals, including improving the ω-6 to ω-3 ratio and the potassium to sodium ratio when compared to the typical Western diet. The results were consistent even when compared to other diets such as the Mediterranean or the diabetes diet. Studies showing the effectiveness of consuming other foods, such as whole grains, dairy or soymilk, with the intent on losing weight or preventing diabetes, on the other hand, have been inconclusive. Research on soy's estrogenic isoflavone action has been inconclusive. Concerns over the consumption of red meat due to cholesterol and cancer are mitigated and review of the grass-fed literature reveals a potentially richer fatty acid profile with more healthy polyunsaturated fats and less cholesterol-raising saturated fatty acids. It is concluded that an ancestral diet of whole foods, made up of mostly fruits and vegetables, meats, especially grass-fed, nuts and seeds is strongly associated with significantly better outcomes for diseases such as type 2 diabetes and obesity as compared to a typical Western diet, Mediterranean diet or diabetes diet

New advances in metabolic syndrome, from prevention to treatment. The role of diet and food

The definition of metabolic syndrome (MetS) has undergone several changes over the years due to the difficulty in establishing universal criteria for it. Underlying the disorders related to MetS is almost invariably a pro-inflammatory state related to altered glucose metabolism, which could lead to elevated cardiovascular risk. Indeed, the complications closely related to MetS are cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). It has been observed that the predisposition to metabolic syndrome is modulated by complex interactions between human microbiota, genetic factors, and diet. This review provides a summary of the last decade of literature related to three principal aspects of MetS: (i) the syndrome’s definition and classification, pathophysiology, and treatment approaches; (ii) prediction and diagnosis underlying the biomarkers identified by means of advanced methodologies (NMR, LC/GC-MS, and LC, LC-MS); and (iii) the role of foods and food components in prevention and/or treatment of MetS, demonstrating a possible role of specific foods intake in the development of MetS

Interplay between grape seed proanthocyanidins and circadian rhythms in white adipose tissue: new frontiers in obesity management

En l'obesitat, la disfunció del teixit adipós està relacionada amb el risc de patir transtorns metabòlics. El ritme circadià, governat pel cicle de llum/foscor i dejuni/alimentació, sincronitza varis processos metabòlics, per tant, la seva disfunció també està relacionada amb el desenvolupament de malalties metabòliques. L'augment de la prevalença de l'obesitat accentua la importància de la seva prevenció i el seu tractament. En aquest context, s’ha demostrat que les proantocianidines del pinyol del raïm (GSPE) modulen la biología i components del rellotge molecular del teixit adipós blanc (TAB). Malgrat tot, encara no s'ha estudiat si el GSPE pot afectar la cronobiología del TAB depenent del moment del dia en què es consumeix. Per tant, l'objectiu d'aquesta tesi és avaluar si el GSPE i una mescla de compostos bioactius, que també conté aquestes proantocianidines, presenten efectes diferents en el metabolisme i el ritme circadià del TAB en animals obesos depenent del moment del dia en què es consumeixin. Una ingesta alta en calories altera els gens del rellotge molecular i del metabolisme del TAB. Curiosament, el GSPE restaura el metabolisme i la ritmicitat del TAB depenent del moment del dia en què es consumeixen i del dipòsit de teixit adipós.En la obesidad, la disfunción del tejido adiposo está relacionada con el riesgo de sufrir trastornos metabólicos. El ritmo circadiano, gobernado por el ciclo luz/oscuridad y ayuno/alimentación, sincroniza varios procesos metabólicos, por lo tanto, su disfunción también está relacionada con el desarrollo de enfermedades metabólicas. El aumento de la prevalencia de la obesidad acentúa la importancia de su prevención i su tratamiento. En este contexto, se ha demostrado que las proantocianidinas de semilla de uva (GSPE) modulan la biología i componentes del reloj molecular del tejido adiposo blanco (TAB). Sin embargo, aún no se ha estudiado si el GPSE puede afectar la cronobiología del TAB dependiendo del momento del día en que se consuma. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de esta tesis es evaluar si el GSPE y una mezcla de compuestos bioactivos, que también contienen proantocianidinas, presentan efectos distintos dependiendo del momento del día en que se consuman. Una ingesta alta en calorías altera los genes del reloj molecular i del metabolismo del TAB. Curiosamente, el GSPE restaura el metabolismo y el ritmo del TAB dependiendo del momento del día en que se consuman i del depósito de tejido adiposo.In obesity, the dysfunction of adipose tissue is associated with the risk to suffer metabolic disorders. Circadian rhythm, governed by light/dark cycle and fasting/feeding cycle, synchronize many metabolic processes, therefore its disruption has been also related to the development of metabolic disorders. The increasing prevalence of obesity remarks the importance of its prevention and treatment. In this context, proanthocyanidins from grape seed (GSPE) have been demonstrated to modulate the biology and molecular clock components of white adipose tissue (WAT). Nevertheless, it has not been studied yet whether GSPE could affect WAT chronobiology depending on time-of-day consumption. Therefore, the aim of this thesis was to determine whether GSPE and a bioactive multi-compound based on these proanthocyanidins have different effects on the metabolism and circadian rhythm of WAT in obese animals depending on time-of-day administration. High calorie intake disrupted molecular clock genes and the metabolism of WAT. Interestingly, the consumption of GSPE restored the metabolism and molecular rhythmicity of WAT in a time-dependent and tissue-specific manner. The combination of different bioactive compounds is also an interesting strategy for the management of obesity depending on the time-of-day administration

Position statement on nutrition therapy for overweight and obesity: nutrition department of the Brazilian association for the study of obesity and metabolic syndrome: ABESO 2022

© The Author(s) 2023. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.Obesity is a chronic disease resulting from multifactorial causes mainly related to lifestyle (sedentary lifestyle, inadequate eating habits) and to other conditions such as genetic, hereditary, psychological, cultural, and ethnic factors. The weight loss process is slow and complex, and involves lifestyle changes with an emphasis on nutritional therapy, physical activity practice, psychological interventions, and pharmacological or surgical treatment. Because the management of obesity is a long-term process, it is essential that the nutritional treatment contributes to the maintenance of the individual's global health. The main diet-related causes associated with excess weight are the high consumption of ultraprocessed foods, which are high in fats, sugars, and have high energy density; increased portion sizes; and low intake of fruits, vegetables, and grains. In addition, some situations negatively interfere with the weight loss process, such as fad diets that involve the belief in superfoods, the use of teas and phytotherapics, or even the avoidance of certain food groups, as has currently been the case for foods that are sources of carbohydrates. Individuals with obesity are often exposed to fad diets and, on a recurring basis, adhere to proposals with promises of quick solutions, which are not supported by the scientific literature. The adoption of a dietary pattern combining foods such as grains, lean meats, low-fat dairy, fruits, and vegetables, associated with an energy deficit, is the nutritional treatment recommended by the main international guidelines. Moreover, an emphasis on behavioral aspects including motivational interviewing and the encouragement for the individual to develop skills will contribute to achieve and maintain a healthy weight. Therefore, this Position Statement was prepared based on the analysis of the main randomized controlled studies and meta-analyses that tested different nutrition interventions for weight loss. Topics in the frontier of knowledge such as gut microbiota, inflammation, and nutritional genomics, as well as the processes involved in weight regain, were included in this document. This Position Statement was prepared by the Nutrition Department of the Brazilian Association for the Study of Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome (ABESO), with the collaboration of dietitians from research and clinical fields with an emphasis on strategies for weight loss.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Mushrooms, Snacks, and Dairy Foods: Health Impacts, Consumption Patterns, and Dietary Guidance

University of Minnesota Ph.D. dissertation. April 2018. Major: Nutrition. Advisor: Joanne Slavin. 1 computer file (PDF); xvii, 284 pages.The Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) are designed to incorporate current scientific evidence into recommendations for eating patterns to promote health and help prevent chronic diseases, many of which are linked to poor dietary quality, among the American population. Recommendations in the 2015 DGA focus on increasing dietary variety and nutrient-density and shifting to healthier foods, beverages, and eating patterns. However, the typical American diet does not align with these guidelines. The primary aims of this project were to identify strategies to improve the variety and nutrient-density of the American diet and conduct clinical and epidemiological studies to assess their potential impacts on health. Secondary aims were to review topics that warrant attention in the DGA, compare U.S. guidance with recommendations of other countries, and evaluate components of dietary guidance that merit reconsideration. Substituting mushrooms for meat at some meals would increase Americans’ intake of vegetables, fiber, and non-animal protein and help align U.S. diets with DGA recommendations. A clinical intervention study compared the impact on satiety and gut health markers of adding mushrooms or meat to a typical American consumers’ diet. In a randomized open-label crossover study, participants (n=32) consumed protein-matched amounts of mushrooms or meat twice daily for ten days, including at an in-person visit. During the last five days of each diet, participants completed a full fecal sample collection. Mushroom consumption impacted subjective satiety markers but not energy intake and led to few significant differences in gut health markers compared to meat consumption. After a mushroom meal, participants reported less hunger (p= 0.045), greater fullness (p= 0.05), and decreased prospective consumption (p= 0.03) than after the meat meal. There were no statistically significant differences in participant ratings of satisfaction (p= 0.10) or in energy intake at an ad libitum meal. There were also no differences in breath hydrogen and breath methane measurements or with stool frequency, consistency, pH, or short chain fatty acid concentrations between the two diets. Mushroom treatment led to greater overall gastrointestinal symptoms, including gas and flatulence, than the meat diet on days 1 and 2 as well as higher average stool weight (p= 0.002). The higher stool weight and presence of undigested mushrooms in stool suggest that mushroom consumption may impact laxation. Adults and children in the U.S. commonly consume “snacks,” or energy outside of the traditional mealtimes of breakfast, lunch, and dinner. Replacing foods currently selected as snacks with nutrient-dense alternatives could lower the risk of nutrient deficiencies and excess nutrient consumption and improve the quality of the U.S. diet. Yet, while the DGA recommend selecting nutrient-dense foods, they do not provide a metric for evaluating nutrient-density. The Nutrient-Rich Foods (NRF) Index, a nutrient profiling method with scores that positively correlate with the Healthy Eating Index, was used to quantify the nutrient-density of foods frequently selected as snacks. Epidemiological datasets, including the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) and the School Nutrition Dietary Assessment Study, as well as market research data were used to identify common snacks. Several common snacks, including yogurt, milk, fruit, nuts and seeds, and potato chips had relatively high NRF index scores, indicating nutrient density. Other frequently selected snacks including soft drinks, pies and cakes, ice cream, and cookies had negative NRF scores indicating low nutrient-density. Nutrient-density scores may not provide new information about snacks at either end of a “nutrient-density spectrum,” such as yogurt, fruit, soft drinks, and ice cream. If added to food labels, nutrient-density scores could serve as helpful tools for consumers to identify more nutrient-dense options among the foods located between the extremes. Snacks as an eating occasion also merit attention in dietary guidance. The label ascribed to an eating occasion (i.e. “snack” or “meal”) influences other food choices an individual may make on the same day as well as satiety after consumption. However, the DGA as well as the dietary guidance of several other countries, including Brazil, Canada, Japan, and Oman, do not directly address the healthfulness of additional eating occasions and also vacillate between defining “snacks” as an eating occasion and as a type of food (“snack food”). Dietary guidance could reimage “snack foods” to prevent “snack time” from becoming an occasion for overconsuming nutrient-poor foods. Another component of dietary guidance that warrants reconsideration is the labeling of food groups on USDA’s 2010 MyPlate guide, a visual food guide for educating consumers about dietary guidance. When the previous food guide, MyPyramid (2005), was replaced with MyPlate, the name of the “meat & beans” group was changed to the “protein group.” The exclusion of dairy foods from the “protein foods” group of MyPlate illustrates the shortcomings of the new name. Previous research also shows that that consumers understand food-based terms better than nutrient-based terms. Changing the name of this group back to “meat & beans” group would provide important clarification for consumers and educators regarding the content and dietary role of this group. The DGA incorporate recent scientific evidence into recommendations for the U.S. population, however, these recommendations require more effective translation to the American public to impact public health

Local and Systemic Effects of Flavonoid Intake With Submaximal Cycling Exercise: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Moderate to high intensity endurance exercise is a known cause of exercise-induced gastrointestinal syndrome, a condition often associated with intestinal complaints such as discomfort, cramps, and diarrhea. Oftentimes, elevated intestinal inflammation and permeability (a “leaky gut”) are also observed. Previous research has shown that flavonoids, natural compounds found in many fruits and vegetables, may mitigate these exercise-induced effects. In particular, certain cocoa powders contain high levels of flavonoids, and chocolate milk is a good source of protein and sugars for sustaining intense activity. Thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a dairy pre-workout beverage, with flavonoids from cocoa, blueberries, and green tea. We hypothesized that regular consumption of these flavonoids would alleviate exercise-induced gastrointestinal syndrome. A clinical trial was conducted with twelve subjects, who consumed the pre-workout once per day. After 14 days, subjects completed a one-hour cycling test to determine the effects of the beverage on performance and gastrointestinal health. Each participant underwent both the treatment and control in a randomized order, serving as his or her own control for comparison. Our results showed that the cycling trial was strenuous and caused measurable changes in biomarkers of inflammation and intestinal injury, but ultimately, the flavonoid pre-workout did not differ from the control. These findings suggest that short-term flavonoid supplementation from processed food ingredients (cocoa powder, freeze-dried blueberries, and powdered green tea) may not have protective effects on the gut during exercise-induced stress. However, the product was well-liked by the subjects and no negative effects were observed. Nutritional strategies for reducing incidence of exercise-induced gastrointestinal syndrome is a relatively new area of research, and these results can help shape future recommendations in sports nutrition for endurance athletes and coaches. This project contributes to current scientific knowledge regarding the interaction between flavonoid consumption and intestinal health. Furthermore, similar mechanisms are thought to drive related conditions such as exertional heat stress, ulcerative colitis, and inflammatory bowel disease. Due to the prevalence of a leaky gut and inflammation in not only endurance exercise but also these other conditions, more research—especially well-controlled human clinical trials—is warranted

Clinical Nutrition: Recent Advances and Remaining Challenges

Nutrition, often along with physical activity, is by now acknowledged as a cornerstone in the prevention and even more so the treatment of many diseases. Indeed, food and nutritional intake nowadays are often thought to be the main source of wellbeing sometimes over- but also underestimating the impact of nutritional intake, dietary pattern and food-derived natural compounds in their impact on human health. In this Special Issue entitled `Clinical Nutrition: Recent Advances and Remaining Challenges´ a broad overview and summary on recent findings in various fields of clinical nutrition with special focus on chronic and degenerative diseases like metabolic diseases, cancers, neurodegenerative diseases, inflammatory bowel diseases, sarcopenia but also malnutrition in elderly, infants and children is provided. Nutrition, often along with physical activity, is by now acknowledged as a cornerstone in the prevention and even more so the treatment of many diseases. Indeed, food and nutritional intake nowadays are often thought to be the main source of wellbeing sometimes over- but also underestimating the impact of nutritional intake, dietary pattern and food-derived natural compounds in their impact on human health. In this Special Issue entitled `Clinical Nutrition: Recent Advances and Remaining Challenges´ a broad overview and summary on recent findings in various fields of clinical nutrition with special focus on chronic and degenerative diseases like metabolic diseases, cancers, neurodegenerative diseases, inflammatory bowel diseases, sarcopenia but also malnutrition in elderly, infants and children is provided

Principles of Nutrition Textbook, Second Edition

Update: The team has updated this course with a Round Twelve Mini-Grant for Ancillary Materials and Revisions, leading to a new twenty-chapter remix featuring content from a Kansas State University open textbook. Due to accessibility issues in the repository, a second copy of the PDF without a cover page is included in Additional Files. This file should retain all bookmarks and tags. First edition description: This Open Textbook for Principles of Nutrition was created under a Round Nine ALG Textbook Transformation Grant. Topics covered: Chapter 1: Nutrition Basics Chapter 2: Macronutrient Structures Chapter 3: Macronutrient Digestion Chapter 4: Macronutrient Uptake, Absorption, & Transport Chapter 5: Common Digestive Problems Chapter 6: Macronutrient Metabolism Chapter 7: Integration of Macronutrient Metabolism Chapter 8: Micronutrients Overview & Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) Chapter 9: Antioxidant Micronutrients Chapter 10: Macronutrient Metabolism Micronutrients Chapter 11: Carbon Metabolism Micronutrients Chapter 12: Blood, Bones & Teeth Micronutrients Chapter 13: Electrolyte Micronutrients Chapter 14: Achieving a Healthy Diet Chapter 15: Diet and Health- Chronic Disease Prevention Chapter 16: Pregnancy and Lactation Chapter 17: Nutrition Infancy through Adolescence Chapter 18: Adulthood and the Later Years Chapter 19: Nutrition and Fitness/Athletes Chapter 20: Nutrition and Society The original chapters are also available on a Georgia Highlands College LibGuide.https://oer.galileo.usg.edu/health-textbooks/1006/thumbnail.jp

Obesity mediated dysregulation in the expression and action of myostatin

Background: Obesity is often associated with impaired sensitivity to the effects of insulin (insulin resistance) and dietary protein (anabolic resistance) and may exacerbate the age-related decline of skeletal muscle (sarcopenia). Myostatin is a protein that negatively regulates skeletal muscle growth but its inhibition in rodents also improves insulin sensitivity. In humans, myostatin appears to be upregulated by obesity and associated with insulin resistance, but observations are confounded by lifestyle factors and ageing. Aims: To delineate between the effects of obesity and ageing on myostatin expression in human skeletal muscle; to investigate the underlying causes of these effects; and to establish the functional significance and interconnectivity of modulating insulin sensitivity and myostatin expression in human skeletal muscle cells. Methods: In Chapter 3 a cross-sectional analysis of skeletal muscle gene expression was undertaken, in conjunction with correlation analyses between serum myostatin and descriptive characteristics, to isolate the effects of obesity and ageing per se on myostatin expression and abundance. In Chapters 4 and 5, in vitro and ex vivo techniques were employed using human primary myotubes to investigate the potential involvement of lipid-induced insulin and anabolic resistance and secretory cross-talk between subcutaneous adipose tissue and muscle, in the obesity-mediated upregulation of myostatin and the associated impairment of insulin and anabolic sensitivity. In Chapter 6, the novel polyphenol metabolite Urolithin A was applied to human myotubes and a model of adipocytes, to investigate its therapeutic potential to enhance insulin and anabolic sensitivity and to suppress myostatin expression. Results: In Chapter 3 it was revealed that muscle myostatin expression is uniquely upregulated by obesity with ageing, but not by ageing in the absence of obesity, and occurs concurrently with insulin resistance and abnormal regulation of pathways involved in the maintenance of skeletal muscle mass. This association was corroborated by positive correlations between serum myostatin and multiple indices of adiposity, but not age. In Chapters 4 and 5 it was demonstrated that neither acutely elevated fatty acid availability (which induced insulin and anabolic resistance), nor chronic exposure to obese subcutaneous adipose tissue conditioned medium (which did not induce insulin or anabolic resistance but altered the expression of genes involved in myogenesis and muscle protein breakdown) recapitulated the obesity-mediated upregulation of myostatin expression. In Chapter 6 it was demonstrated for the first time that Urolithin A suppresses myostatin expression and enhances glucose transport in human myotubes (and 3T3-L1 adipocytes), the latter of which was associated with an upregulation of GLUT4 expression. Conclusions: Skeletal muscle myostatin expression is uniquely upregulated by obesity per se, but this does not appear to be mediated by lipid-induced insulin resistance, nor by the secretory milieux of obese subcutaneous adipose tissue. Nevertheless, both models perturbed factors involved in myogenesis and muscle protein breakdown, independent of an upregulation of myostatin. Thus, the factors responsible for the obesity-mediated upregulation of myostatin remain to be elucidated and future work to establish such causality is required. Furthermore, translational research to investigate the potential of Urolithin A to enhance glucose handling in peripheral tissues and to repress myostatin’s inhibitory effects on muscle growth is warranted in humans and could be of particular benefit in conditions such as sarcopenic obesity