OntoDiccionario, un diccionario ontoterminológico multilingüe (español-inglés-alemán): aspectos de su construcción y resultados

This paper starts from the assumption that the conceptual structure underlying terms in a spe-cialized domain constitutes an essential aspect in terminology and in the elaboration of termi-nological resources, in a way that the precise representation of that conceptual structure can be of great use for specialized translators. Based on this premise we have constructed a multi-lingual (Spanish-English-German) terminological dictionary based on ontologies, which are a type of formal and explicit representation of the conceptual structure of a domain (in our case, package travel). Thus, we show how the dictionary has been built, by describing the corpus-based preparatory phase, its implementation in the Web Ontology Language (OWL) using an ontology editor, TopBraid Composer Free Edition, and the creation of an interface to consult the dictionary in an easy and intuitive way; this application is called OntoDiccionario. We will discuss the results, by describing some of its most relevant features, by indicating short-comings, and by comparing the resulting dictionary to other general and specialized dictiona-ries, through the search for some terms from the domain in question

Essentials In Ontology Engineering: Methodologies, Languages, And Tools

In the beginning of the 90s, ontology development was similar to an art: ontology developers did not have clear guidelines on how to build ontologies but only some design criteria to be followed. Work on principles, methods and methodologies, together with supporting technologies and languages, made ontology development become an engineering discipline, the so-called Ontology Engineering. Ontology Engineering refers to the set of activities that concern the ontology development process and the ontology life cycle, the methods and methodologies for building ontologies, and the tool suites and languages that support them. Thanks to the work done in the Ontology Engineering field, the development of ontologies within and between teams has increased and improved, as well as the possibility of reusing ontologies in other developments and in final applications. Currently, ontologies are widely used in (a) Knowledge Engineering, Artificial Intelligence and Computer Science, (b) applications related to knowledge management, natural language processing, e-commerce, intelligent information integration, information retrieval, database design and integration, bio-informatics, education, and (c) the Semantic Web, the Semantic Grid, and the Linked Data initiative. In this paper, we provide an overview of Ontology Engineering, mentioning the most outstanding and used methodologies, languages, and tools for building ontologies. In addition, we include some words on how all these elements can be used in the Linked Data initiative

Between browsing and search, a new model for navigating through large documents

International audienceThis paper proposes a new model for document access, which combines the search and browsing approaches. We define a good navigation as a navigation which is as quick and direct as possible and which offers good precision and recall rates in finding the text segments that are relevant for the user's information need. Our navigation model relies on recent advances in natural language processing and it is based on two traditional cognitive principles that are inherited from works on the visualization of information. This model is implemented in a navigation prototype which is designed for physicians who want to consult official recommendations to take medical decisions. Even if this model has not been really evaluated yet, we show the dynamicity and the efficiency of our approach on few detailled examples

The flood, the channels, and the dykes : managing legal information a globalized and digital world

Information search and retrieval are part of daily routines of the legal profession. Lawyers, judges, prosecutors, and legal clerks usually access a number of electronic resources to browse, search, select, or update legal contents. Legal databases have currently become large digital libraries where the tasks related to information-seeking may sometimes be cumbersome. Adding semantics to support information search may provide significant results in terms of efficiency, efficacy, and user satisfaction. Semantic technologies may be able to improve legal information search in the judicial and lawyers' domains. However, legal professionals sometimes prefer following routines than changing their information search behavior. New trends in legal ontologies and Semantic Web technologies may help to improve both professional and laymen's skills

Framework for data quality in knowledge discovery tasks

Actualmente la explosión de datos es tendencia en el universo digital debido a los avances en las tecnologías de la información. En este sentido, el descubrimiento de conocimiento y la minería de datos han ganado mayor importancia debido a la gran cantidad de datos disponibles. Para un exitoso proceso de descubrimiento de conocimiento, es necesario preparar los datos. Expertos afirman que la fase de preprocesamiento de datos toma entre un 50% a 70% del tiempo de un proceso de descubrimiento de conocimiento. Herramientas software basadas en populares metodologías para el descubrimiento de conocimiento ofrecen algoritmos para el preprocesamiento de los datos. Según el cuadrante mágico de Gartner de 2018 para ciencia de datos y plataformas de aprendizaje automático, KNIME, RapidMiner, SAS, Alteryx, y H20.ai son las mejores herramientas para el desucrimiento del conocimiento. Estas herramientas proporcionan diversas técnicas que facilitan la evaluación del conjunto de datos, sin embargo carecen de un proceso orientado al usuario que permita abordar los problemas en la calidad de datos. Adem´as, la selección de las técnicas adecuadas para la limpieza de datos es un problema para usuarios inexpertos, ya que estos no tienen claro cuales son los métodos más confiables. De esta forma, la presente tesis doctoral se enfoca en abordar los problemas antes mencionados mediante: (i) Un marco conceptual que ofrezca un proceso guiado para abordar los problemas de calidad en los datos en tareas de descubrimiento de conocimiento, (ii) un sistema de razonamiento basado en casos que recomiende los algoritmos adecuados para la limpieza de datos y (iii) una ontología que representa el conocimiento de los problemas de calidad en los datos y los algoritmos de limpieza de datos. Adicionalmente, esta ontología contribuye en la representacion formal de los casos y en la fase de adaptación, del sistema de razonamiento basado en casos.The creation and consumption of data continue to grow by leaps and bounds. Due to advances in Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), today the data explosion in the digital universe is a new trend. The Knowledge Discovery in Databases (KDD) gain importance due the abundance of data. For a successful process of knowledge discovery is necessary to make a data treatment. The experts affirm that preprocessing phase take the 50% to 70% of the total time of knowledge discovery process. Software tools based on Knowledge Discovery Methodologies offers algorithms for data preprocessing. According to Gartner 2018 Magic Quadrant for Data Science and Machine Learning Platforms, KNIME, RapidMiner, SAS, Alteryx and H20.ai are the leader tools for knowledge discovery. These software tools provide different techniques and they facilitate the evaluation of data analysis, however, these software tools lack any kind of guidance as to which techniques can or should be used in which contexts. Consequently, the use of suitable data cleaning techniques is a headache for inexpert users. They have no idea which methods can be confidently used and often resort to trial and error. This thesis presents three contributions to address the mentioned problems: (i) A conceptual framework to provide the user a guidance to address data quality issues in knowledge discovery tasks, (ii) a Case-based reasoning system to recommend the suitable algorithms for data cleaning, and (iii) an Ontology that represent the knowledge in data quality issues and data cleaning methods. Also, this ontology supports the case-based reasoning system for case representation and reuse phase.Programa Oficial de Doctorado en Ciencia y Tecnología InformáticaPresidente: Fernando Fernández Rebollo.- Secretario: Gustavo Adolfo Ramírez.- Vocal: Juan Pedro Caraça-Valente Hernánde

Hybrid fuzzy multi-objective particle swarm optimization for taxonomy extraction

Ontology learning refers to an automatic extraction of ontology to produce the ontology learning layer cake which consists of five kinds of output: terms, concepts, taxonomy relations, non-taxonomy relations and axioms. Term extraction is a prerequisite for all aspects of ontology learning. It is the automatic mining of complete terms from the input document. Another important part of ontology is taxonomy, or the hierarchy of concepts. It presents a tree view of the ontology and shows the inheritance between subconcepts and superconcepts. In this research, two methods were proposed for improving the performance of the extraction result. The first method uses particle swarm optimization in order to optimize the weights of features. The advantage of particle swarm optimization is that it can calculate and adjust the weight of each feature according to the appropriate value, and here it is used to improve the performance of term and taxonomy extraction. The second method uses a hybrid technique that uses multi-objective particle swarm optimization and fuzzy systems that ensures that the membership functions and fuzzy system rule sets are optimized. The advantage of using a fuzzy system is that the imprecise and uncertain values of feature weights can be tolerated during the extraction process. This method is used to improve the performance of taxonomy extraction. In the term extraction experiment, five extracted features were used for each term from the document. These features were represented by feature vectors consisting of domain relevance, domain consensus, term cohesion, first occurrence and length of noun phrase. For taxonomy extraction, matching Hearst lexico-syntactic patterns in documents and the web, and hypernym information form WordNet were used as the features that represent each pair of terms from the texts. These two proposed methods are evaluated using a dataset that contains documents about tourism. For term extraction, the proposed method is compared with benchmark algorithms such as Term Frequency Inverse Document Frequency, Weirdness, Glossary Extraction and Term Extractor, using the precision performance evaluation measurement. For taxonomy extraction, the proposed methods are compared with benchmark methods of Feature-based and weighting by Support Vector Machine using the f-measure, precision and recall performance evaluation measurements. For the first method, the experiment results concluded that implementing particle swarm optimization in order to optimize the feature weights in terms and taxonomy extraction leads to improved accuracy of extraction result compared to the benchmark algorithms. For the second method, the results concluded that the hybrid technique that uses multi-objective particle swarm optimization and fuzzy systems leads to improved performance of taxonomy extraction results when compared to the benchmark methods, while adjusting the fuzzy membership function and keeping the number of fuzzy rules to a minimum number with a high degree of accuracy

Contribution à la maintenance des ontologies à partir d'analyses textuelles : extraction de termes et de relations entre termes

Les ontologies sont des nouvelles formes de contrôle intelligent de l'information. Elles présentent un savoir préalable requis pour un traitement systématique de l'information à des fins de navigation, de rappel, de précision, etc. Toutefois, les ontologies sont confrontées de façon continue à un problème d'évolution. Étant donné la complexité des changements à apporter, un processus de maintenance, du moins semi-automatique, s'impose de plus en plus pour faciliter cette tâche et assurer sa fiabilité.\ud L'approche proposée trouve son fondement dans un modèle cognitif décrivant un processus d'extraction de connaissances à partir de textes et de thésaurus. Nous mettons ainsi, les textes au centre du processus d'ingénierie des connaissances et présentons une approche se démarquant des techniques formelles classiques en représentation de connaissances par son indépendance de la langue. Les traitements textuels sont fondés principalement sur un processus de classification supporté par un réseau de neurones (ART 1) et sur l'Indexation Sémantique Latente appliquée sur des classes de termes. Partant de l'hypothèse que l'extraction -de connaissances à partir de textes ne peut se contenter d'un traitement statistique (ni même linguistique) de données textuelles pour accaparer toute leur richesse sémantique, un processus d'extraction de connaissances à partir d'un thésaurus a été conçu afin d'intégrer, le mieux possible, les connaissances du domaine au sein de l'ontologie. Ce processus est fondé principalement sur un calcul d'associations sémantiques entre des Vecteurs Conceptuels. Le modèle proposé représente une chaîne de traitement (ONTOLOGICO) au sein de la plateforme\ud SATIM. Ce modèle vise à assister les experts de domaine dans leur tâche de conceptualisation et de maintenance des ontologies en se basant sur un processus itératif supporté par un ensemble de modules, en particulier, un extracteur de termes, un lemmatiseur, un segmenteur, un classifieur, un module de raffinement sémantique basé sur l'Indexation Sémantique Latente et un identificateur de termes reliés basé sur le calcul de similarité sémantique entre les couples de vecteurs conceptuels. La découverte de relations entre termes pour les besoins d'une conceptualisation de domaine s'avère être le résultat d'une complémentarité de traitements appliqués tant sur des textes de domaine que sur un thésaurus. D'une part, les analyses textuelles fondées principalement sur l'application de l'Indexation Sémantique Latente sur des classes de termes génèrent des relations sémantiques précises. D'autre part, l'extraction de relations sémantiques à partir d'un thésaurus, en se basant sur une représentation par des Vecteurs conceptuels, constitue un choix théorique judicieux et performant. Ce processus joue en effet, un rôle important dans la complétude des relations.\ud Ce projet de recherche se place au coeur des échanges entre terminologie et acquisition de connaissances. Il amène une réflexion sur les divers paliers à envisager dans une telle démarche de modélisation de connaissances textuelles pour des objectifs de maintenance d'une ontologie de domaine. La méthodologie proposée constitue une aide précieuse dans le domaine de la maintenance des ontologies. Elle assiste les terminologues chargés de naviguer à travers de vastes données textuelles pour extraire et normaliser la terminologie et facilite la tâche des ingénieurs en connaissances, chargés de modéliser des domaines. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Maintenance d'ontologie, Traitement Automatique du Langage Naturel (TALN), Indexation Sémantique Latente, Vecteurs Conceptuels, Classification automatique, Réseaux de Neurones