83,645 research outputs found
Unification of Pulses in Long and Short Gamma-Ray Bursts: Evidence from Pulse Properties and their Correlations
We demonstrate that distinguishable gamma-ray burst pulses exhibit similar
behaviors as evidenced by correlations among the observable pulse properties of
duration, peak luminosity, fluence, spectral hardness, energy-dependent lag,
and asymmetry. Long and Short burst pulses exhibit these behaviors, suggesting
that a similar process is responsible for producing all GRB pulses. That these
properties correlate in the observer's frame indicates that intrinsic
correlations are strong enough to not be diluted into insignificance by the
dispersion in distances and redshift. We show how all correlated pulse
characteristics can be explained by hard-to-soft pulse evolution, and we
demonstrate that "intensity tracking" pulses not having these properties are
not single pulses; they instead appear to be composed of two or more
overlapping hard-to-soft pulses. In order to better understand pulse
characteristics, we recognize that hard-to-soft evolution provides a more
accurate definition of a pulse than its intensity variation. This realization,
coupled with the observation that pulses begin near-simultaneously across a
wide range of energies, leads us to conclude that the observed pulse emission
represents the energy decay resulting from an initial injection, and that one
simple and as yet unspecified physical mechanism is likely to be responsible
for all gamma-ray burst pulses regardless of the environment in which they form
and, if GRBs originate from different progenitors, then of the progenitors that
supply them with energy.Comment: 35 pages including 11 figures and 4 tables, accepted for publication
in The Astrophysical Journa
High-resolution GPS tracking reveals sex differences in migratory behaviour and stopover habitat use in the lesser black-backed gull Larus fuscus
Sex-, size-or age-dependent variation in migration strategies in birds is generally expected to reflect differences in competitive abilities. Theoretical and empirical studies thereby focus on differences in wintering areas, by which individuals may benefit from avoiding food competition during winter or ensuring an early return and access to prime nesting sites in spring. Here, we use GPS tracking to assess sex-and size-related variation in the spatial behaviour of adult Lesser Black-backed Gulls (Larus fuscus) throughout their annual cycle. We did not find sex-or size-dependent differences in wintering area or the timing of spring migration. Instead, sexual differences occurred prior to, and during, autumn migration, when females strongly focussed on agricultural areas. Females exhibited a more protracted autumn migration strategy, hence spent more time on stopover sites and arrived 15 days later at their wintering areas, than males. This shift in habitat use and protracted autumn migration coincided with the timing of moult, which overlaps with chick rearing and migration. Our results suggest that this overlap between energy-demanding activities may lead females to perform a more prolonged autumn migration, which results in spatiotemporal differences in foraging habitat use between the sexes
Effective skill refinement: Focusing on process to ensure outcome
In contrast to the abundance of motor skill acquisition and performance research, there is a paucity of work which addresses how athletes with an already learnt and well-established skill may go about making a subtle change, or refinement, to that skill.
Accordingly, the purpose of this review paper is to provide a comprehensive overview of current understanding pertaining to such practice. Specifically, this review addresses deliberately initiated refinements to closed and self-paced skills (e.g., javelin throwing, golf swing and horizontal jumps). In doing so, focus is directed to three fundamental considerations within applied coaching practice and future research endeavours; the intended outcomes, process and evaluative measures of skill refinement. Conclusions suggest that skill refinement is not the same as skill acquisition or performing already learnt skills with high-levels of automaticity. Due to the complexity of challenge faced, refinements are best addressed as an interdisciplinary solution, with objective measures informing coach decision making
Computerized Analysis of Magnetic Resonance Images to Study Cerebral Anatomy in Developing Neonates
The study of cerebral anatomy in developing neonates is of great importance for
the understanding of brain development during the early period of life. This
dissertation therefore focuses on three challenges in the modelling of cerebral
anatomy in neonates during brain development. The methods that have been
developed all use Magnetic Resonance Images (MRI) as source data.
To facilitate study of vascular development in the neonatal period, a set of image
analysis algorithms are developed to automatically extract and model cerebral
vessel trees. The whole process consists of cerebral vessel tracking from
automatically placed seed points, vessel tree generation, and vasculature
registration and matching. These algorithms have been tested on clinical Time-of-
Flight (TOF) MR angiographic datasets.
To facilitate study of the neonatal cortex a complete cerebral cortex segmentation
and reconstruction pipeline has been developed. Segmentation of the neonatal
cortex is not effectively done by existing algorithms designed for the adult brain
because the contrast between grey and white matter is reversed. This causes pixels
containing tissue mixtures to be incorrectly labelled by conventional methods. The
neonatal cortical segmentation method that has been developed is based on a novel
expectation-maximization (EM) method with explicit correction for mislabelled
partial volume voxels. Based on the resulting cortical segmentation, an implicit
surface evolution technique is adopted for the reconstruction of the cortex in
neonates. The performance of the method is investigated by performing a detailed
landmark study.
To facilitate study of cortical development, a cortical surface registration algorithm
for aligning the cortical surface is developed. The method first inflates extracted
cortical surfaces and then performs a non-rigid surface registration using free-form
deformations (FFDs) to remove residual alignment. Validation experiments using
data labelled by an expert observer demonstrate that the method can capture local
changes and follow the growth of specific sulcus
Migrants Selection and Replacement in Distributed Evolutionary Algorithms for Dynamic Optimization
Many distributed systems (task scheduling, moving priorities, changing mobile environments, ...) can be linked as Dynamic Optimization Problems (DOPs), since they require to pursue an optimal value that changes over time. Consequently, we have focused on the utilization of Distributed Genetic Algorithms (dGAs), one of the domains still to be investigated for DOPs. A dGA essentially decentralizes the population in islands which cooperate through migrations of individuals. In this article, we analyze the effect of the migrants selection and replacement on the performance of the dGA for DOPs. Quality and distance based criteria are tested using a comprehensive set of benchmarks. Results show the benefits and drawbacks of each setting in dynamic optimization.Universidad de Málaga. Proyecto roadME (TIN2011-28194). Programa de movilidad de la AUIP
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