4 research outputs found
MODEL FOR THE ORGANIZATION OF INTER ā PORT SHIPPING LINES IN MARITIME PASSENGER TRAFFIC
Povezivanje obalnih gradova u Republici Hrvatskoj kroz ogranizaciju meÄugradskih
brzobrodskih pomorskih linija glavni je predmet istraživanja ove doktorske disertacije.
Rezultati istraživanja temelje se na sekundarnim i primarnim izvorima podataka.
Primijenjenom znanstvenom metodologijom dokazano je da organizacija meÄugradskih
brzobrodskih linija u pomorskom putniÄkom prometu Republike Hrvatske pridonosi
realizaciji ciljeva prometne i pomorske politike, poboljŔanju cjelokupnog prometnog sustava
generirajuÄi pri tome brojne pozitivne uÄinke koji vode cilju uravnoteženja prometnih grana.
Predloženim modelom organizacije meÄugradskih brzobrodskih linija u pomorskom
putniÄkom prometu Republike Hrvatske istiÄu se brojne prednosti pomorskog putniÄkog
prometa (ekoloÅ”ki osvjeÅ”teniji, brži, pouzdaniji, ekonomiÄniji, sigurniji) te dokazuju važnost
kratke obalne plovidbe u funkciji veÄe valorizacije i koriÅ”tenja mora kao prometnog puta.
Aplikativnost predloženog modela testirana je na nekoliko potencijalnih meÄugradskih
brzobrodskih linija potvrdivŔi sveukupne pozitivne efekte koje bi njegova implementacija
generirala. Prednosti predloženog modela ogledaju se u boljem razumijevanju sustava
brzobrodskih linija u meÄugradskom povezivanju, simulaciji najvažnijih varijabli i
eksperimentiranju s moguÄim razliÄitim situacijama. Model ima raznoliku primjenu od
odreÄivanja glavnih karakteristika usluge na meÄugradskim brzobrodskim linijama i glavnih
karakteristika davatelja usluga u pomorskom putnickom prometu do odreÄivanja veliÄine
potencijalne potražnje na pojedinim meÄugradskim brzobrodskim linijama i kapaciteta brzih
brodova. Dobiveni podatci upuÄuju na ekonomsku, ekoloÅ”ku i energetsku opravdanost
organizacije meÄugradskih brzobrodskih linija te konkuretnost kratke obalne plovidbe prema
ostalim oblicima prijevoza.The main aim of this doctoral thesis is to investigate the connecting of coastal cities in the
Republic of Croatia by organizing the fast ship maritime lines. The results of the investigation
are based upon secondary and primary data sources. The organization of inter-city fast ship
lines in Croatian maritime passenger traffic contributes to the realisation of traffic and
maritime policy goals, as well as to the improvement of whole traffic system and also
generates the positive effects on stabilization of different traffic branches. The proposed
model of the organization of inter-city fast ship lines in Croatian maritime passenger traffic
emphasizes various advantages of maritime passenger traffic (more eco-friendly, faster, more
reliable, more economic and safer traffic) and proves the importance of short coastal
navigation in the function of greater valorization and exploitation of the sea as traffic route.
The applicability of proposed model is tested by several potential inter-city fast ship lines and
it has proved all positive effects of its implementation. The advantages of proposed model are
evident in better understanding of inter-city fast ship line system, the simulation of the most
important variables and the experimenting with all possible situations. The model has diverse
application and it includes the assessment of the main characteristics of inter-city fast ship
line service and of maritime passenger traffic service provider as well as the assessment of
the quantity of possible demand in particular inter-city fast ship lines and the capacities of the
fast ships. The obtained results indicate econimic, ecologic and energetic adequacy of intercity
fast ship line organization and short coastal navigation competitiveness to all other types
of transportation
MODEL FOR THE ORGANIZATION OF INTER ā PORT SHIPPING LINES IN MARITIME PASSENGER TRAFFIC
Povezivanje obalnih gradova u Republici Hrvatskoj kroz ogranizaciju meÄugradskih
brzobrodskih pomorskih linija glavni je predmet istraživanja ove doktorske disertacije.
Rezultati istraživanja temelje se na sekundarnim i primarnim izvorima podataka.
Primijenjenom znanstvenom metodologijom dokazano je da organizacija meÄugradskih
brzobrodskih linija u pomorskom putniÄkom prometu Republike Hrvatske pridonosi
realizaciji ciljeva prometne i pomorske politike, poboljŔanju cjelokupnog prometnog sustava
generirajuÄi pri tome brojne pozitivne uÄinke koji vode cilju uravnoteženja prometnih grana.
Predloženim modelom organizacije meÄugradskih brzobrodskih linija u pomorskom
putniÄkom prometu Republike Hrvatske istiÄu se brojne prednosti pomorskog putniÄkog
prometa (ekoloÅ”ki osvjeÅ”teniji, brži, pouzdaniji, ekonomiÄniji, sigurniji) te dokazuju važnost
kratke obalne plovidbe u funkciji veÄe valorizacije i koriÅ”tenja mora kao prometnog puta.
Aplikativnost predloženog modela testirana je na nekoliko potencijalnih meÄugradskih
brzobrodskih linija potvrdivŔi sveukupne pozitivne efekte koje bi njegova implementacija
generirala. Prednosti predloženog modela ogledaju se u boljem razumijevanju sustava
brzobrodskih linija u meÄugradskom povezivanju, simulaciji najvažnijih varijabli i
eksperimentiranju s moguÄim razliÄitim situacijama. Model ima raznoliku primjenu od
odreÄivanja glavnih karakteristika usluge na meÄugradskim brzobrodskim linijama i glavnih
karakteristika davatelja usluga u pomorskom putnickom prometu do odreÄivanja veliÄine
potencijalne potražnje na pojedinim meÄugradskim brzobrodskim linijama i kapaciteta brzih
brodova. Dobiveni podatci upuÄuju na ekonomsku, ekoloÅ”ku i energetsku opravdanost
organizacije meÄugradskih brzobrodskih linija te konkuretnost kratke obalne plovidbe prema
ostalim oblicima prijevoza.The main aim of this doctoral thesis is to investigate the connecting of coastal cities in the
Republic of Croatia by organizing the fast ship maritime lines. The results of the investigation
are based upon secondary and primary data sources. The organization of inter-city fast ship
lines in Croatian maritime passenger traffic contributes to the realisation of traffic and
maritime policy goals, as well as to the improvement of whole traffic system and also
generates the positive effects on stabilization of different traffic branches. The proposed
model of the organization of inter-city fast ship lines in Croatian maritime passenger traffic
emphasizes various advantages of maritime passenger traffic (more eco-friendly, faster, more
reliable, more economic and safer traffic) and proves the importance of short coastal
navigation in the function of greater valorization and exploitation of the sea as traffic route.
The applicability of proposed model is tested by several potential inter-city fast ship lines and
it has proved all positive effects of its implementation. The advantages of proposed model are
evident in better understanding of inter-city fast ship line system, the simulation of the most
important variables and the experimenting with all possible situations. The model has diverse
application and it includes the assessment of the main characteristics of inter-city fast ship
line service and of maritime passenger traffic service provider as well as the assessment of
the quantity of possible demand in particular inter-city fast ship lines and the capacities of the
fast ships. The obtained results indicate econimic, ecologic and energetic adequacy of intercity
fast ship line organization and short coastal navigation competitiveness to all other types
of transportation
MODEL FOR THE ORGANIZATION OF INTER ā PORT SHIPPING LINES IN MARITIME PASSENGER TRAFFIC
Povezivanje obalnih gradova u Republici Hrvatskoj kroz ogranizaciju meÄugradskih
brzobrodskih pomorskih linija glavni je predmet istraživanja ove doktorske disertacije.
Rezultati istraživanja temelje se na sekundarnim i primarnim izvorima podataka.
Primijenjenom znanstvenom metodologijom dokazano je da organizacija meÄugradskih
brzobrodskih linija u pomorskom putniÄkom prometu Republike Hrvatske pridonosi
realizaciji ciljeva prometne i pomorske politike, poboljŔanju cjelokupnog prometnog sustava
generirajuÄi pri tome brojne pozitivne uÄinke koji vode cilju uravnoteženja prometnih grana.
Predloženim modelom organizacije meÄugradskih brzobrodskih linija u pomorskom
putniÄkom prometu Republike Hrvatske istiÄu se brojne prednosti pomorskog putniÄkog
prometa (ekoloÅ”ki osvjeÅ”teniji, brži, pouzdaniji, ekonomiÄniji, sigurniji) te dokazuju važnost
kratke obalne plovidbe u funkciji veÄe valorizacije i koriÅ”tenja mora kao prometnog puta.
Aplikativnost predloženog modela testirana je na nekoliko potencijalnih meÄugradskih
brzobrodskih linija potvrdivŔi sveukupne pozitivne efekte koje bi njegova implementacija
generirala. Prednosti predloženog modela ogledaju se u boljem razumijevanju sustava
brzobrodskih linija u meÄugradskom povezivanju, simulaciji najvažnijih varijabli i
eksperimentiranju s moguÄim razliÄitim situacijama. Model ima raznoliku primjenu od
odreÄivanja glavnih karakteristika usluge na meÄugradskim brzobrodskim linijama i glavnih
karakteristika davatelja usluga u pomorskom putnickom prometu do odreÄivanja veliÄine
potencijalne potražnje na pojedinim meÄugradskim brzobrodskim linijama i kapaciteta brzih
brodova. Dobiveni podatci upuÄuju na ekonomsku, ekoloÅ”ku i energetsku opravdanost
organizacije meÄugradskih brzobrodskih linija te konkuretnost kratke obalne plovidbe prema
ostalim oblicima prijevoza.The main aim of this doctoral thesis is to investigate the connecting of coastal cities in the
Republic of Croatia by organizing the fast ship maritime lines. The results of the investigation
are based upon secondary and primary data sources. The organization of inter-city fast ship
lines in Croatian maritime passenger traffic contributes to the realisation of traffic and
maritime policy goals, as well as to the improvement of whole traffic system and also
generates the positive effects on stabilization of different traffic branches. The proposed
model of the organization of inter-city fast ship lines in Croatian maritime passenger traffic
emphasizes various advantages of maritime passenger traffic (more eco-friendly, faster, more
reliable, more economic and safer traffic) and proves the importance of short coastal
navigation in the function of greater valorization and exploitation of the sea as traffic route.
The applicability of proposed model is tested by several potential inter-city fast ship lines and
it has proved all positive effects of its implementation. The advantages of proposed model are
evident in better understanding of inter-city fast ship line system, the simulation of the most
important variables and the experimenting with all possible situations. The model has diverse
application and it includes the assessment of the main characteristics of inter-city fast ship
line service and of maritime passenger traffic service provider as well as the assessment of
the quantity of possible demand in particular inter-city fast ship lines and the capacities of the
fast ships. The obtained results indicate econimic, ecologic and energetic adequacy of intercity
fast ship line organization and short coastal navigation competitiveness to all other types
of transportation
Noun premodification in multi-word lexical units in teaching English for traffic and transport purposes
Razvijanje kompetencija primanja i proizvodnje predmodificiranih imenica u
viÅ”erjeÄnim, odnosno viÅ”eimeniÄkim nazivima jedan je od temeljnih zadataka nastave
engleskoga jezika struka u tercijarnom obrazovanju, buduÄi da njihovo poznavanje doprinosi
razvijanju vjeÅ”tine Äitanja specijaliziranih tekstova s razumijevanjem, ali i pisanju takvih
tekstova, gdje se viÅ”eimeniÄki nazivi rabe daleko uÄestalije no u opÄem engleskome jeziku,
prije svega zbog postizanja jeziÄne ekonomije. S glotodidaktiÄkog polaziÅ”ta želi se postiÄi da
studenti postignu kompetencije Å”to sliÄnije onima izvornih govornika, korisnika registra
odreÄene struke, a ukoliko se to želi postiÄi, svakako treba ovladati primanjem i proizvodnjom
viÅ”eimeniÄkih naziva. Naime, u engleskome je jeziku moguÄa složena predmodifikacija
imenica u kojoj Äe se naÄi viÅ”e ulanÄanih imenica bez funkcijskih rijeÄi koje bi pomogle u
primanju, odnosno prepoznavanju semantiÄkih sveza. Takve nizove imenica koji se ustale u
jeziku nazivamo viÅ”eimeniÄkim nazivima te ih, slijedom KerekoviÄ (2012), definiramo kao
viÅ”eimeniÄke sintagme koje se sastoje od dviju ili viÅ”e imenica i koje kao cjelina prenose
leksiÄko znaÄenje, a u reÄenici funkcioniraju kao leksem.
Stoga je jedan od temeljnih ciljeva ovoga rada empirijsko istraživanje primanja i
proizvodnje predmodificiranih imenica u viÅ”eimeniÄkim nazivima u engleskome jeziku
prometnih struka, odnosno utvrÄivanje ulaznih kompetencija primanja i proizvodnje
viÅ”eimeniÄkih naziva te izlaznih kompetencija nakon ciljanoga pouÄavanja. Rad ukljuÄuje
sudionike i temelji se prije svega na glotodidaktiÄkom i sintaktiÄko-semantiÄkom pristupu, uz
primjenu statistiÄke obrade podataka te raÄunalne tehnologije za analizu teksta. U istraživanju
je sudjelovalo 167 studenata prve godine preddiplomskih studija prometa s tri razliÄite
visokoÅ”kolske ustanove u Republici Hrvatskoj: VeleuÄiliÅ”ta u Rijeci, VeleuÄiliÅ”ta u Å ibeniku i
Fakulteta prometnih znanosti SveuÄiliÅ”ta u Zagrebu.
Za potrebe istraživanja primijenjen je kvazieksperimentalni nacrt s inicijalnim jeziÄnim
ispitom kao predtestom i zavrÅ”nim jeziÄnim ispitom kao posttestom. Za potrebe sastavljanja
jeziÄnoga ispita kao instrumenta izraÄen je i raÄunalno analiziran korpus materijala, koji se
sastoji od tekstova koriŔtenih u nastavi engleskoga jezika prometnih struka na sve tri navedene
visokoÅ”kolske ustanove. U zavrÅ”ni jeziÄni ispit uklopljena su i pitanja kojima se dolazi do
saznanja o miÅ”ljenu studenata o pouÄavanju kompetencijama primanja i proizvodnje
viÅ”eimeniÄkih naziva.
Istraživanje je provedeno s vremenskim odmakom izmeÄu dvaju jeziÄnih ispita. U tom
razdoblju tretmanska je skupina bila pouÄavana osnovnim naÄelima primanja i proizvodnje viÅ”eimeniÄkih naziva, dok ostale dvije usporedne skupine takvom ciljanome pouÄavanju nisu
bile izložene. Uspjeh tretmanske skupine stavljen je u suodnos s rezultatima usporednih
skupina. Analiza podataka dobivenih iz jeziÄnih ispita provedena je pomoÄu statistiÄkoga
programa SPSS 20.
Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju da pouÄavanje temeljnim naÄelima poboljÅ”ava razinu
kompetencija primanja i proizvodnje viÅ”eimeniÄkih naziva, da je uÄinkovitije za kompetencije
primanja nego za kompetencije proizvodnje te da je razina kompetencija studenata u
proizvodnji viÅ”eimeniÄkih naziva manja Å”to je viÅ”e imenica u predmodifikaciji, dok je to samo
djelomiÄno dokazano za kompetencije primanja. Nadalje, rezultati upuÄuju na zakljuÄak da
sudionici koji su zavrŔili gimnazijske programe ne pokazuju bolje ulazne kompetencije u
primanju i proizvodnji viÅ”eimeniÄkih naziva od sudionika koji su pohaÄali strukovne srednje
Ŕkole te da sudionici koji su imali bolji uspjeh iz engleskoga jezika u zavrŔnome razredu srednje
Ŕkole i položili Državnu maturu iz engleskoga jezika na viŔoj (A) razini, ne pokazuju bolje
ulazne kompetencije u primanju viÅ”eimeniÄkih naziva od sudionika koji su položili nižu (B)
razinu, ali pokazuju bolje ulazne kompetencije u proizvodnji viÅ”eimeniÄkih naziva. Nadalje,
rezultati upuÄuju na to da se veÄina sudionika koji su ciljano bili pouÄavani naÄelima primanja
i proizvodnje viÅ”eimeniÄkih naziva slaže da je pouÄavanje primanju i proizvodnji viÅ”eimeniÄkih
naziva korisno i zanimljivo te da osigurava napredak u uÄenju. Usprkos tome Å”to veÄina
studenata drži da je za uspjeÅ”no rjeÅ”avanje zadataka primanja i proizvodnje viÅ”eimeniÄkih
naziva potrebna velika koncentracija, djelomiÄno se slažu da im se pouÄavanje primanju i
proizvodnji viÅ”eimeniÄkih naziva sviÄa te da bi voljeli viÅ”e biti pouÄavani navedenim
kompetencijama. Poznavanje engleskoga vokabulara struke veÄina sudionika drži važnim
preduvjetom za uspjeÅ”no usvajanje primanja i proizvodnje viÅ”eimeniÄkih naziva dok
poznavanje struke veÄina ne smatra nužnim preduvjetom.
Znanstveni doprinos ovoga rada oÄituje se u izvorno osmiÅ”ljenom i po prvi put
provedenom empirijskom istraživanju na sudionicima, izvornim govornicima hrvatskoga
kojima je engleski prvi strani jezik na studijima prometa u Republici Hrvatskoj. Kod tih je
studenata utvrÄena i statistiÄki analizirana ulazna razina kompetencija primanja i proizvodnje
viÅ”eimeniÄkih naziva, kao i uspjeÅ”nost pouÄavanja osnovnim naÄelima primanja i proizvodnje
tih naziva u engleskome jeziku prometnih struka (EJPS-u). PotvrÄene su razlike u uspjeÅ”nosti
izmeÄu primanja i proizvodnje viÅ”eimeniÄkih naziva (raÅ”Älanjenih po broju imenica u
predmodifikaciji) prije i nakon pouÄavanja. Dodatno se ispitalo i miÅ”ljenje studenata o
razliÄitim aspektima pouÄavanja kompetencijama primanja i proizvodnje viÅ”eimeniÄkih naziva i pružen je uvid o utjecaju Äimbenika iz srednjoÅ”kolskoga okruženja na kompetencije primanja
i proizvodnje viÅ”eimeniÄkih naziva u engleskome jeziku.
Time rad predstavlja izvorni doprinos kako anglistici, tako i glotodidaktici, donoseÄi
nove spoznaje o primanju i proizvodnji viÅ”eimeniÄkih naziva u engleskome jeziku prometnih
struka, a ujedno i utire put buduÄim istraživanjima na razliÄitim uzorcima skupina: studentima
drugih studijskih programa u Republici Hrvatskoj u sklopu kojih su pouÄavani engleskome
jeziku struke, studentima neizvornim govornicima engleskoga kojima je neki drugi jezik\ud
materinski, kao i studentima izvornim govornicima engleskoga jezika.
Bitno je istaknuti i velik praktiÄni, odnosno struÄni doprinos koji ovo istraživanje može
imati u nastavi. Temeljna naÄela pouÄavanja tretmanske skupine mogu poslužiti kao smjerokaz
nastavnicima engleskoga jezika struka u pouÄavanju primanju i proizvodnji viÅ”eimeniÄkih
naziva, dok po uzoru na jeziÄni ispit rabljen kao instrument u istraživaÄkome dijelu rada
nastavnici mogu sastaviti ispite sukladno engleskome jeziku struke koji pouÄavaju.Developing the competences of reception (interpreting, decoding) and production of
premodified nouns in multi-word lexical units (MWLU) and multi-noun lexical units (MNLU)
in the English language is one of the fundamental tasks of teaching English for Specific
Purposes (ESP) at the tertiary education level, since their acquisition contributes to the
development of reading comprehension of specialized texts as well as to writing such texts,
where multi-noun lexical units are much more frequently used than in General English,
primarily because of the principle of language economy. From the point of view of Second
Language Teaching and Learning (Glotodidactics), students want to achieve near-native
competences in ESP and to do so, they should master the principal rules of reception and
production of MNLU. Complex premodification of nouns is an important feature of the English
language, and technical English in particular, which allows a sequence of modifiers, belonging
to various parts of speech, to be placed in front of the head noun, i.e. the final noun, without
functional words assisting in the reception, i.e. in the recognition of semantic relations among
them. When such sequences or multi-word lexical expressions consisting of two or more words
but functioning as single lexemes become established in a specialized domain, according to
KerekoviÄ (2012), they are called multi-word lexical units. In line with this definition, in this
work we propose the term multi-noun lexical unit (MNLU), defined as a multi-noun syntagm
consisting of two or more nouns functioning as a single lexeme.
Thus, the main aim of the study is to empirically examine the reception and production of multinoun lexical units (MNLU) in English for Traffic and Transport Purposes (ETTP), i.e. to
establish the level of initial competences of our participants (students) in the reception and
production of multi-noun lexical units (MNLU), and their output competences after targeted
teaching. Unlike the majority of works dealing with MWLU and MNLU (Levi 1978; Warren,
1978; BartoliÄ, 1978, 1979; Kvam, 1990; Å tambuk, 1997, 2005; Master 2003, 2004; GaÄiÄ,
2009b; Å piranec, 2011; LĆ³pez-JimĆ©nez, M. D., 2013; Borucinsky, 2015, and others), this study
involves participants and is based primarily on the Second Language Teaching and Learning
approach, as well as a syntactic-semantic approach, including statistical data processing and
computer technology for text analysis.
One hundred and sixty-seven traffic and transport first-year undergraduate students
(M=125 (74.9%), F=42 (25.1%), age M=18.95; SD=0.820), participated in the study. They were
recruited from three different Croatian institutions of higher education: the Polytechnic of
Rijeka, the Polytechnic of Å ibenik and the Faculty of Transport and Traffic Sciences in Zagreb. For the purposes of this research, a quasi-experimental design with an initial language test as a
pre-test and a final language test as a post-test was used. For designing the language test as an
instrument, a computationally analysed corpus of written learning/teaching materials has been
created, consisting of texts used in teaching ETTP at all three institutions. The final language
test also comprised questions that provided insight into the students' opinion regarding the
teaching of reception and production of multi-noun lexical units (MNLU).
The study was conducted with a time lag between the two language tests. During this
period, the treated group was taught the underlying principles of reception and production of
multi-noun lexical units (MNLU), while the other two comparison groups were not exposed to
such targeted teaching. The attainment of the treated group was compared to the attainment of
the comparison groups. The analysis of the data obtained from language tests was carried out
using the SPSS 20 (Statistical Package for Social Sciences).
The research results indicate that teaching and learning the underlying principles of
reception and production of multi-noun lexical units improves the overall level of student
competences, and that it is more efficient for the reception than for the production competences.
Besides, the level of student competences in the production of MNLU is lower as the number
of nouns in premodification is higher, while this is only partially proved for the reception
competences. Furthermore, the findings suggest that participants who graduated from grammar
schools do not exhibit better initial competencies in receiving and producing MNLU than
participants who attended vocational secondary schools. In addition, the results indicate that
participants who had better marks in English as a foreign language (EFL) in the final year of
secondary school and passed the advanced (A) level (as opposed to the basic (B) level) of EFL
at the State Graduation Exam do not show better initial competences in reception of multi-noun
lexical units but exhibit better competences in their production.
Further, the findings suggest that most of the participants who were exposed to targeted
teaching of the underlying principles of reception and production of MNLU agreed that the
teaching/learning was useful and interesting, enhancing their learning proficiency. Even though
most students argued that a higher level of concentration is required in dealing with the
reception and production of MNLU, they partially agreed that they liked it and would like to be
exposed more to teaching/learning of the competences in question. Knowledge of specialized
professional vocabulary was considered by most participants as an important precondition for
successful MNLU reception and production, while professional knowledge was not considered
a necessary precondition by the majority of participants. The scientific contribution of doctoral thesis Premodification of Nouns in Multi-Word
Lexical Units in Teaching English for Traffic and Transport Purposes is manifested in the
originally designed empirical research of multi-noun lexical units in ESP, namely in ETTP,
which includes participants, i.e. students of traffic and transport whose mother tongue is
Croatian and who learn English as a foreign language (EFL). For the first time the initial level
of student competences in reception and production of MNLU has been statistically analysed
immediately after enrolling the studies, followed by the analysis of their output competences at
the end of the first semester, during which period the treated group, unlike the two comparison
groups, was exposed to the targeted teaching/learning of the abovementioned competences. The
obtained results have been statistically compared thus evaluating the efficacy of
teaching/learning the underlying principles of reception and production of MNLU in ESP, more
specifically in ETTP. Moreover, the research results have also showed the differences between
the reception and production of MNLU according to the number on nouns contained in them
(two-noun, three-noun, four-noun and five-noun lexical units). In addition, for the first time,
student opinions on different aspects of teaching/learning the underlying principles of reception
and production of MNLU have been presented and analysed. Furthermore, the insight has been
given into the differences between the level of the competences in question regarding the type
of secondary school the students have graduated from, which has never been done before.
Therefore, this doctoral thesis presents an original scientific research which gives novel and
important contribution to the fields of English studies and of Second Language Teaching and
Learning, offering new insights into the reception and production of MNLU in ESP, namely in
ETTP, at the same time paving the way for future research involving various sample groups,
such as students of other study programmes in the Republic of Croatia who are taught ESP,
students non-native speakers of English in other countries, as well as English native speakers.
From the theoretical point of view, the scientific contribution of this doctoral thesis lies
in the coining of the novel term multi-noun lexical units (MNLU), which clearly distinguishes
them from their hyperonymous category of multi-word lexical units (MWLU).
It is also important to point out the practical and professional contribution that this
research can have in teaching. The underlying principles of teaching a treated group the
reception and production of MNLU can serve as a guide for ESP teachers, while the language
test used as an instrument in the research can help them design similar tests depending on the
ESP they teach