12,524 research outputs found
A note on stress-driven anisotropic diffusion and its role in active deformable media
We propose a new model to describe diffusion processes within active
deformable media. Our general theoretical framework is based on physical and
mathematical considerations, and it suggests to use diffusion tensors directly
coupled to mechanical stress. A proof-of-concept experiment and the proposed
generalised reaction-diffusion-mechanics model reveal that initially isotropic
and homogeneous diffusion tensors turn into inhomogeneous and anisotropic
quantities due to the intrinsic structure of the nonlinear coupling. We study
the physical properties leading to these effects, and investigate mathematical
conditions for its occurrence. Together, the experiment, the model, and the
numerical results obtained using a mixed-primal finite element method, clearly
support relevant consequences of stress-assisted diffusion into anisotropy
patterns, drifting, and conduction velocity of the resulting excitation waves.
Our findings also indicate the applicability of this novel approach in the
description of mechano-electrical feedback in actively deforming bio-materials
such as the heart
Competing mechanisms of stress-assisted diffusivity and stretch-activated currents in cardiac electromechanics
We numerically investigate the role of mechanical stress in modifying the
conductivity properties of the cardiac tissue and its impact in computational
models for cardiac electromechanics. We follow a theoretical framework recently
proposed in [Cherubini, Filippi, Gizzi, Ruiz-Baier, JTB 2017], in the context
of general reaction-diffusion-mechanics systems using multiphysics continuum
mechanics and finite elasticity. In the present study, the adapted models are
compared against preliminary experimental data of pig right ventricle
fluorescence optical mapping. These data contribute to the characterization of
the observed inhomogeneity and anisotropy properties that result from
mechanical deformation. Our novel approach simultaneously incorporates two
mechanisms for mechano-electric feedback (MEF): stretch-activated currents
(SAC) and stress-assisted diffusion (SAD); and we also identify their influence
into the nonlinear spatiotemporal dynamics. It is found that i) only specific
combinations of the two MEF effects allow proper conduction velocity
measurement; ii) expected heterogeneities and anisotropies are obtained via the
novel stress-assisted diffusion mechanisms; iii) spiral wave meandering and
drifting is highly mediated by the applied mechanical loading. We provide an
analysis of the intrinsic structure of the nonlinear coupling using
computational tests, conducted using a finite element method. In particular, we
compare static and dynamic deformation regimes in the onset of cardiac
arrhythmias and address other potential biomedical applications
Nonlinear physics of electrical wave propagation in the heart: a review
The beating of the heart is a synchronized contraction of muscle cells
(myocytes) that are triggered by a periodic sequence of electrical waves (action
potentials) originating in the sino-atrial node and propagating over the atria and
the ventricles. Cardiac arrhythmias like atrial and ventricular fibrillation (AF,VF)
or ventricular tachycardia (VT) are caused by disruptions and instabilities of these
electrical excitations, that lead to the emergence of rotating waves (VT) and turbulent
wave patterns (AF,VF). Numerous simulation and experimental studies during the
last 20 years have addressed these topics. In this review we focus on the nonlinear
dynamics of wave propagation in the heart with an emphasis on the theory of pulses,
spirals and scroll waves and their instabilities in excitable media and their application
to cardiac modeling. After an introduction into electrophysiological models for action
potential propagation, the modeling and analysis of spatiotemporal alternans, spiral
and scroll meandering, spiral breakup and scroll wave instabilities like negative line
tension and sproing are reviewed in depth and discussed with emphasis on their impact
in cardiac arrhythmias.Peer ReviewedPreprin
An HPC-Based Approach to Study Living System Computational Model Parameter Dependency
High performance computing (HPC) allows one to run in parallel large amount of independent numerical experiments for computationally intensive simulations of a complex system. Results of such experiments can be used to derive dependencies between functional characteristics of simulated system and parameters of the computational model. In this paper, we implemented this HPC approach with using a computational model of the electrical activity in the left ventricle of human heart. To illustrate possibilities of the approach, we analyzed dependencies of electrophysiological characteristics of the left ventricle on the parameters of its geometry. Particularly, we identified a dependence of the dynamics of activated myocardium part during excitation on the model parameters of the myocardial fiber orientation in the ventricular wall
A modeling framework for contact, adhesion and mechano-transduction between excitable deformable cells
Cardiac myocytes are the fundamental cells composing the heart muscle. The
propagation of electric signals and chemical quantities through them is
responsible for their nonlinear contraction and dilatation. In this study, a
theoretical model and a finite element formulation are proposed for the
simulation of adhesive contact interactions between myocytes across the
so-called gap junctions. A multi-field interface constitutive law is proposed
for their description, integrating the adhesive and contact mechanical response
with their electrophysiological behavior. From the computational point of view,
the initial and boundary value problem is formulated as a structure-structure
interaction problem, which leads to a straightforward implementation amenable
for parallel computations. Numerical tests are conducted on different couples
of myocytes, characterized by different shapes related to their stages of
growth, capturing the experimental response. The proposed framework is expected
to have impact on the understanding how imperfect mechano-transduction could
lead to emergent pathological responses.Comment: 31 pages, 17 figure
Directed networks as a novel way to describe and analyze cardiac excitation : directed graph mapping
Networks provide a powerful methodology with applications in a variety of biological, technological and social systems such as analysis of brain data, social networks, internet search engine algorithms, etc. To date, directed networks have not yet been applied to characterize the excitation of the human heart. In clinical practice, cardiac excitation is recorded by multiple discrete electrodes. During (normal) sinus rhythm or during cardiac arrhythmias, successive excitation connects neighboring electrodes, resulting in their own unique directed network. This in theory makes it a perfect fit for directed network analysis. In this study, we applied directed networks to the heart in order to describe and characterize cardiac arrhythmias. Proof-of-principle was established using in-silico and clinical data. We demonstrated that tools used in network theory analysis allow determination of the mechanism and location of certain cardiac arrhythmias. We show that the robustness of this approach can potentially exceed the existing state-of-the art methodology used in clinics. Furthermore, implementation of these techniques in daily practice can improve the accuracy and speed of cardiac arrhythmia analysis. It may also provide novel insights in arrhythmias that are still incompletely understood
A multiscale model for collagen alignment in wound healing
It is thought that collagen alignment plays a significant part in scar tissue formation during dermal wound healing. We present a multiscale model for collagen deposition and alignment during this process. We consider fibroblasts as discrete units moving within an extracellular matrix of collagen and fibrin modelled as continua. Our model includes flux induced alignment of collagen by fibroblasts, and contact guidance of fibroblasts by collagen fibres. We can use the model to predict the effects of certain manipulations, such as varying fibroblast speed, or placing an aligned piece of tissue in the wound. We also simulate experiments which alter the TGF-β concentrations in a healing dermal wound and use the model to offer an explanation of the observed influence of this growth factor on scarring
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