Numerická analýza a simulace Rogowského cívky

This work illustrates an analysis of Rogowski coils for power applications, when operating under non ideal measurement conditions. The developed numerical model, validated by comparison with other methods and experiments, enables to investigate the effects of the geometrical and constructive parameters on the measurement behavior of the coil and we also study the behavior of Rogowski coils coupled with bar conductors under quasi-static conditions. Through a finite element (FEM) analysis, we estimate the current distribution across the bar and the flux linked by the transducer for various positions of the primary conductor and for various operating frequencies. Simulation and experimental results are reported in the text.Tato práce ilustruje analýzu rogowských cívek pro energetické aplikace při provozu v podmínkách bez ideálního měření. Vyvinutý numerický model, ověřený porovnáním s jinými metodami a experimenty, umožňuje zkoumat vliv geometrických a konstrukčních parametrů na chování měření cívky a také studujeme chování rogowských cívek spojených s tyčovými vodiči za kvazi-statických podmínek . Pomocí analýzy konečných prvků (FEM) odhadujeme rozložení proudu přes tyč a tok spojený snímačem pro různé polohy primárního vodiče a pro různé provozní frekvence. Simulační a experimentální výsledky jsou uvedeny v textu.410 - Katedra elektroenergetikydobř

Direct inductive sensor-to-microcontroller interface circuit

This paper proposes and analyses a microcontroller-based interface circuit for inductive sensors with a variable self-inductance. Besides the microcontroller (mu C) and the sensor, the circuit just requires an external resistor and a reference inductor so that two RL circuits are formed. The mu C appropriately excites such RL circuits in order to measure the discharging time of the voltage across each inductor (i.e. sensing and reference) and then it uses such discharging times to estimate the sensor inductance. Experimental tests using different commercial mu Cs at different clock frequencies show the limitations (especially, due to parasitic resistances and quantisation) and the performance of the proposed circuit when measuring inductances in the millihenry range. A non-linearity error lower than 0.3% full-scale span (FSS) and a resolution of 10 bits are achieved, which are remarkable values considering the simplicity of the circuit. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Postprint (author's final draft

Improving performance of an energy efficient hydraulic circuit

Hydraulic circuits with fast dynamic response are often characterized by low power efficiency; on the other hand, energy-efficient circuits under certain circumstances, can demonstrate slow transient responses. Continuously rising energy costs combined with the demand on high performance has necessitated that hydraulic circuits become more efficient yet still demonstrate superior dynamic response. This thesis introduces a new hydraulic circuit configuration which demonstrates high dynamic performance and high efficiency. A pump-controlled hydraulic motor system was used as the basis of the study because of its high circuit efficiency. This is primarily because there is no power loss between the pump and motor. To improve the dynamic response of the pump, a DC motor was designed to control the pump swashplate (and hence flow rate) directly. The pump and DC motor were mathematically modeled and their parameters were experimentally identified. Based on the model and experimental results, a nonlinear PID controller was designed for the DC motor. By means of the DC motor’s quick dynamic response (in the order of 10 ms), the DC motor controlled pump demonstrated a fast dynamic response with a rise time of 15 to 35 ms depending on the pump pressure. As the dynamic response speed of the pump flow rate was increased, overshoot of the hydraulic motor output also increased. To reduce this overshoot, a bypass flow control circuit was designed to bypass part of the flow during the transient. Due to the unique operating requirements of the bypass flow control system, a PID controller with a resetable integral gain was designed for the valve to reduce the rise time of the bypass control valve. The feasibility ("proof of concept") of the bypass flow control concept was first established using simulation techniques. The simulation results showed that the bypass flow control system could significantly reduced the overshoot of the hydraulic motor rotational speed. The bypass controller was applied to the experimental test circuit. The transient results for the pump-controlled motor system with the bypass flow control are presented under a constant resistive and an inertial load. The test results showed that the bypass flow control could reduce the overshoot of the hydraulic motor rotational speed by about 50%. The relative efficiency of the circuit with the bypass flow control system was 1% to 5% lower for the particular pump-controlled system that was used in this study. For a pump/motor that does not demonstrate significant flow ripple of the magnitude experienced in this study, the relative efficiency would be the same as the pump/motor system without bypass. It was concluded that the proposed bypass control system, combined with the DC motor-swashplate driven pump, could be used to create an energy efficient circuit with excellent dynamic transient responses

Piston-ring lubricant failure in diesel engines

Imperial Users onl

Design and fabrication of a long-life Stirling cycle cooler for space application. Phase 3: Prototype model

A second-generation, Stirling-cycle cryocooler (cryogenic refrigerator) for space applications, with a cooling capacity of 5 watts at 65 K, was recently completed. The refrigerator, called the Prototype Model, was designed with a goal of 5 year life with no degradation in cooling performance. The free displacer and free piston of the refrigerator are driven directly by moving-magnet linear motors with the moving elements supported by active magnetic bearings. The use of clearance seals and the absence of outgassing material in the working volume of the refrigerator enable long-life operation with no deterioration in performance. Fiber-optic sensors detect the radial position of the shafts and provide a control signal for the magnetic bearings. The frequency, phase, stroke, and offset of the compressor and expander are controlled by signals from precision linear position sensors (LVDTs). The vibration generated by the compressor and expander is cancelled by an active counter balance which also uses a moving-magnet linear motor and magnetic bearings. The driving signal for the counter balance is derived from the compressor and expander position sensors which have wide bandwidth for suppression of harmonic vibrations. The efficiency of the three active members, which operate in a resonant mode, is enhanced by a magnetic spring in the expander and by gas springs in the compressor and counterbalance. The cooling was achieved with a total motor input power of 139 watts. The magnetic-bearing stiffness was significantly increased from the first-generation cooler to accommodate shuttle launch vibrations

Instrumentation of a diesel engine for measuring cylinder head temperature, and pressure at various crank angles

In this investigation, an attempt has been made to measure the instantaneous pressures in the cylinder and the transient temperatures of cylinder head versus crank angle in a Diesel engine. A strain-gage pressure transducer and a sensitive surface thermocouple were used. The pressure transducer was practically free from temperature influence and strain effects caused by installation. It had a greatly reduced sensitivity to vibrations compared with other available types of pressure transducers. The thermocouple had a very short response time. A device enabling very accurate measurement of crank-angle was constructed. Appropriate quantities were displayed on the screen of an oscilloscope and the readings were recorded on a continuously rotating film by means of a drum camera which was especially constructed for this purpose. Results obtained were satisfactory --Abstract, page ii

Energy Harvesting for Tire Pressure Monitoring Systems

Tire pressure monitoring systems (TPMSs) predict over- and underinflated tires, and warn the driver in critical situations. Today, battery powered TPMSs suffer from limited energy. New sensor features such as friction determination or aquaplaning detection require even more energy and would significantly decrease the TPMS lifetime. Harvesting electrical energy inside the tire of a vehicle has been considered as a promising alternative to overcome the limited lifetime of a battery. However, it is a real challenge to design a system, that generates electrical energy at low velocities while being robust at 200 km/h where radial accelerations up to 20000 m/s2 occur. This work focusses on developing different electromechanical energy transducers that meet the high requirements of the automotive sector. Different approaches are addressed on how the change of acceleration and strain within the tire can be used to provide mechanical energy to the energy harvester. The energy harvester converts the mechanical energy into electrical energy. In this thesis, piezoelectric and electromagnetic transducers are discussed in depth, modelled as electromechanical networks. Since the transducers provide energy in the form of an AC voltage, but sensors require a DC voltage, various common interface circuits are compared, using LTspice and applying method of the stochastic signal analysis. Furthermore, a buck-boost converter concept for the electromagnetic energy harvester is optimized and improved. Experiments on a tire test rig validate the theoretically determined output and confirm that well designed energy harvesters in the tire can generate much more energy than required by an TPMS not only at high velocities but also at velocities as low as 20 km/h

Volume 3 – Conference

We are pleased to present the conference proceedings for the 12th edition of the International Fluid Power Conference (IFK). The IFK is one of the world’s most significant scientific conferences on fluid power control technology and systems. It offers a common platform for the presentation and discussion of trends and innovations to manufacturers, users and scientists. The Chair of Fluid-Mechatronic Systems at the TU Dresden is organizing and hosting the IFK for the sixth time. Supporting hosts are the Fluid Power Association of the German Engineering Federation (VDMA), Dresdner Verein zur Förderung der Fluidtechnik e. V. (DVF) and GWT-TUD GmbH. The organization and the conference location alternates every two years between the Chair of Fluid-Mechatronic Systems in Dresden and the Institute for Fluid Power Drives and Systems in Aachen. The symposium on the first day is dedicated to presentations focused on methodology and fundamental research. The two following conference days offer a wide variety of application and technology orientated papers about the latest state of the art in fluid power. It is this combination that makes the IFK a unique and excellent forum for the exchange of academic research and industrial application experience. A simultaneously ongoing exhibition offers the possibility to get product information and to have individual talks with manufacturers. The theme of the 12th IFK is “Fluid Power – Future Technology”, covering topics that enable the development of 5G-ready, cost-efficient and demand-driven structures, as well as individual decentralized drives. Another topic is the real-time data exchange that allows the application of numerous predictive maintenance strategies, which will significantly increase the availability of fluid power systems and their elements and ensure their improved lifetime performance. We create an atmosphere for casual exchange by offering a vast frame and cultural program. This includes a get-together, a conference banquet, laboratory festivities and some physical activities such as jogging in Dresden’s old town.:Group 8: Pneumatics Group 9 | 11: Mobile applications Group 10: Special domains Group 12: Novel system architectures Group 13 | 15: Actuators & sensors Group 14: Safety & reliabilit

Lightning effects on the NASA F-8 digital-fly-by-wire airplane

The effects of lightning on a Digital Fly-By-Wire (DFBW)aircraft control system were investigated. The aircraft was a NASA operated F-8 fitted with a modified Apollo guidance computer. Current pulses similar in waveshape to natural lightning, but lower in amplitude, were injected into the aircraft. Measurements were made of the voltages induced on the DFBW circuits, the total current induced on the bundles of wires, the magnetic field intensity inside the aircraft, and the current density on the skin of the aircraft. Voltage measurements were made in both the line-to-ground and line-to-line modes. Voltages measured at the non-destructive test level were then scaled upward to determine how much would be produced by actual lightning. A 200,000 ampere severe lightning flash would produce between 40 and 2000 volts in DFBW circuits. Some system components are expected to be vulnerable to these voltages