Slicing the pie

Income distribution

Slicing the Pie: How Big Could Carbon Dioxide Removal Be?

The current global dependence on using fossil fuels to meet energy needs continues to increase. If 2°C warming by 2050 is to be prevented, it will become important to adopt strategies that not only avoid CO2 emissions, but also allow for the direct removal of CO2 from the atmosphere, enabling the intervention of climate change. The primary direct removal methods discussed in this contribution include land management, mineral carbonation and bioenergy and direct air capture with carbon capture and reliable storage. These methods are discussed in detail and their potential for CO2 removal assessed. The global upper bound for annual CO2 removal was estimated to be 12, 10, 6, and 5 GtCO2/yr for BECCS, DACS, land management, and mineral carbonation, respectively – resulting in a cumulative value of about 33 GtCO2/yr. However, in the case of DACS, global data on the overlap of low-emission energy sources and reliable CO2 storage opportunities – set as a qualification for DAC viability – was unavailable and the potential upper bound estimate is thus considered conservative. While direct CO2 removal at the upper bounds identified in this review is insufficient to completely mitigate the projected 1,800 GtCO2 emissions projected by 2050, the cumulative impact of these methods could counteract up to ~60% of these emissions. The upper bounds on the costs associated with the direct CO2 removal methods varied from approximately $100/tCO2 (land management, BECCS, and mineral carbonation) to in excess of$1000/tCO2 (again, these are the upper bounds for costs). In this analysis these direct CO2 removal technologies are found to be technically viable and potentially important options in preventing 2°C warming by 2050. However, caution is warranted in moving forward with implementation of CO2 removal, especially in the case of attempting to rapidly decrease atmospheric concentrations; it is recommended that the risks of scaling up too quickly be weighed against the existing risks associated with global warming. Please click Additional Files below to see the full abstract

THE EFFECT OF USING SLICING THE PIE STRATEGY TOWARD WRITING ABILITY ON NARRATIVE PARAGRAPH OF THE SECOND GRADE STUDENTS AT SMAN 1 KAMPAR

Based on School Based Curriculum (KTSP), writing is one of the English language skills that must be taught and learned in Senior High School or Vocational High School. SMAN 1 Kampar is a school which uses KTSP as the curriculum in the teaching and learning process. After doing observation in SMAN 1 Kampar, the writer found that the students still had difficulties in writing. The students were difficult to write, especially in writing narrative paragraph. In this case, the teacher was expected to find a good method in order to give a good contribution to improve students’ writing ability by applying slicing the pie strategy as a replacement of previous strategy or technique. This research consisted of two variables; they were using slicing the pie strategy as variable X, and students’ writing ability as variable Y. The subject of this research was the second grade students at SMAN 1 Kampar, and the object of this research was the use of slicing the pie strategy in teaching writing. The data were gained by written test and the data were analyzed by using SPSS 16 program with Independent Sample T-test. After analyzing the data by using SPSS program, it was obtained that tobserved (to) was greater than ttable (tt). It means, null hypothesis (Ho) was rejected, and alternative hypothesis (Ha) was accepted. In conclusion, there was significant effect of using slicing the pie strategy towards writing ability on narrative paragraph of the second grade students at SMAN 1 Kampar

Slicing the Pie: Classes and the Distributive Effects of Post-WWII U.S.Governmental Fiscal Policies

Time series analysis of the relative class income distributional consequences of postwar U.S. fiscal practices reveals that governmental revenue policies have had a procapital bias while state expenditures have tended to favor labor. The net impact of these processes has served to leave the marketgenerated income distribution largely intact, despite the historically unprecedented growth of the public sector during this period. Finally, in light of these findings, the distributive impact of the current administration\u27s fiscal program are considered

Slicing the Pie: A Call for Congress to Enact Single-Factor Payroll Apportionment of Interstate Business Revenue

Almost all states levy some form of corporate income tax. In administering a corporate income tax system, states must make a series of policy decisions, including the tax rate and tax base. A more interesting problem arises, however, when considering corporations that do business in multiple states: how to determine the portion of income attributable to business within each state. This policy of apportionment is a crucial element of a corporate income tax system. Although the federal government has considered involving itself in determining how this income is apportioned to the various states, it never has. States have very little federal restrictions on their capacity to determine for themselves how much interstate corporate income should be subject to their corporate income taxes. This leaves the states the crucial task of “slicing a taxable pie[.]” While there have been efforts to bring uniformity to the states’ apportionment schemes, states have recently splintered in their approaches. This is driven in large part by the states’ incentive to maximize their revenues while shifting tax burdens onto out-of-state corporations. The result is a system that is increasingly complex and difficult for corporations to navigate. It is a system that often subjects interstate corporations to overlapping taxation. Moreover, it is a system that increasingly pushes its tax burdens onto corporations that have very little ability to achieve political recourse. It is time for Congress to step in once and for all to fix this broken system and institute a simple, uniform formula of apportionment that guarantees states cannot reach out and tax those who are largely unrepresented in the state assemblies. Congress should implement single-factor payroll apportionment through legislation that mandates apportionment according to the percentage of the business’s payroll expenses paid to residents of that state. This formula presents the most straightforward approach to apportioning income with the lowest costs of compliance and administration. Applying it at the congressional level assures uniformity and negates the states’ incentive to craft their own laws to maximize the reach of their tax schemes. Further, it focuses the state’s taxing power on the corporations that employ individuals within its border — the very businesses that are most likely to be represented in the political process that determines the tax rate

The Reality and Masquerade behind Bargaining over Welfare Pie Sizing, Delivery and Slicing.

The present analysis addresses the apparently critical issue of circulation of wealth in society. Three actors play the game of welfare-related taxation. The first actor, in the role of Negotiator No.1, stands up for citizens’ legal and moral rights to primary needs. The second actor, in the role of Negotiator No.2, proceeds in response to public will for the provision and delivery of public goods. Quite the opposite, the third actor, hereinafter named the Voter, who represents the taxpayers, prefers personal consumption to moral understanding and public activity. In fact, backed by electoral maneuvering, the Voter emanates a risk to break down negotiations. The result of the simulation provides an evidence for the claim that a 50% median income is close enough to be considered a realistic choice of poverty line within the variety or rules of the alternating-offers bargaining game and conditions for unanimous consent of voter-citizens.bargaining; policy; public goods; simulation; taxation; voting

Lasting Bang for the Stimulus Buck: Priorities for the 2009 Federal Budget

Unusual economic and political circumstances surround the framing of the 2009 federal budget. A period of global spending outrunning productive capacity has ended with financial crisis and recession in much of the world, Canada included. The sudden slump has prompted demand for, and expectations of, fiscal action.fiscal policy, Canadian government budget

A Question of Parliamentary power: Criminal Law and the Control of Greenhouse Gas Emissions

The federal government proposes to impose limits on greenhouse gas emissions by large industrial emitters. But under what authority could Parliament implement the regulations?economic growth and innovation, greenhouse gas emissions, Parliament of Canada, cap-and-trade system