Spooling Device Optimization with IP Camera and Active Infrared Sensor

ABSTRAKDesain yang sangat padat pada lokasi gulungan kabel streamer pada kapal seismik dapat menimbulkan titik-lemah karena lokasinya di tengah geladak dan area kerja operator di geladak belakang. Hal ini meningkatkan risiko kerusakan peralatan dan risiko terhadap keselamatan operator. Operator harus berjalan bolak-balik atau menugaskan operator lain untuk memantau gulungan kabel streamer yang berarti diperlukan waktu tambahan selama pengoperasian. Kedua opsi tersebut berkontribusi terhadap paparan ekstra risiko keselamatan dan penggunaan operator yang tidak efisien. Pada penelitian ini IP camera digunakan untuk memonitoring gulungan kabel streamer dan active infrared sensor digunakan untuk mendeteksi titik lemah. Desain sistem yang diimplementasikan ini mengurangi titik lemah sehingga mengurangi risiko keselamatan, meningkatkan efisiensi waktu, dan mencegah kerusakan peralatan.Kata kunci: optimisasi, kapal seismik, kabel, perangkat penggulungan ABSTRACTThe compact design of streamer cable reel locations on seismic vessels creates blind-spots due to their location in the center of the deck and the operator’s work areas aft of the deck. This increases the risk of equipment damage and the risk to operator safety. The operator must walk back and forth or assign another operator to monitor the streamer cable reels which means additional time is required during operation. Both options contribute to the extra safety risk exposure and inefficient use of operators. In this research, IP camera is utilized for monitoring streamer cable reel and active infrared sensor to detect blind spots. The implemented system design reduces blind spots that decreasing safety risks, improves time efficiency, and prevents equipment damage.Keywords: optimization, seismic vessel, streamer cable, spooling devic

Comparative study on two deployment methods for large subsea spools

The demand for subsea spool deployment is increasing with the expansion of offshore projects. For a project to install multiple spools, different deployment methods can be used. The choice of method may influence the safety and the total cost of the project. Thus, it is important to evaluate different deployment methods in the planning phase. This study addresses weather window analysis of two deployment methods for large subsea spools. The purpose is to compare the efficiency of the two methods in terms of total installation time for projects with different numbers of spools. Numerical modeling and time-domain simulations of the critical activities are carried out. The simulations together with the operational criteria provide the allowable sea states, which are the key input for weather window analysis. Hindcast data from a site in the Barents Sea are used for weather window analysis. The total installation time is compared for various months, different total numbers of spools and transportation durations. The influence of the possible increase of the allowable sea states for the critical activity on the total installation time is also evaluated. Through the comparative studies, recommendations to select the proper deployment method for different situations are provided.publishedVersio

ISME trends: Autonomous surface and underwater vehicles for geoseismic survey

The paper presents the recent and ongoing activities of the Italian Center named ISME on the use of Autonomous Surface Crafts (ASCs) and Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) for geoseismic survey. In particular, the paper will focus on the technologies and the algorithms developed in the framework of the H2020 European Project WiMUST

ISME activity on the use of autonomous surface and underwater vehicles for acoustic surveys at sea

The paper presents an overview of the recent and ongoing research activities of the Italian Interuniversity Center on Integrated Systems for the Marine Environment (ISME) in the field of geotechnical seismic surveying. Such activities, performed in the framework of the H2020 European project WiMUST, include the development of technologies and algorithms for Autonomous Surface Crafts and Autonomous Underwater Vehicles to perform geotechnical seismic surveying by means of a team of robots towing streamers equipped with acoustic sensors

Comparing methods suitable for monitoring marine mammals in low visibility conditions during seismic surveys

Funding: This work was supported by the Joint Industry Programme on E&P Sound and Marine Life - Phase III. TAM was partially supported by CEAUL (funded by FCT - Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, Portugal, through the project UID/MAT/00006/2013).Loud sound emitted during offshore industrial activities can impact marine mammals. Regulations typically prescribe marine mammal monitoring before and/or during these activities to implement mitigation measures that minimise potential acoustic impacts. Using seismic surveys under low visibility conditions as a case study, we review which monitoring methods are suitable and compare their relative strengths and weaknesses. Passive acoustic monitoring has been implemented as either a complementary or alternative method to visual monitoring in low visibility conditions. Other methods such as RADAR, active sonar and thermal infrared have also been tested, but are rarely recommended by regulatory bodies. The efficiency of the monitoring method(s) will depend on the animal behaviour and environmental conditions, however, using a combination of complementary systems generally improves the overall detection performance. We recommend that the performance of monitoring systems, over a range of conditions, is explored in a modelling framework for a variety of species.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

Model for economical analysis of oil and gas deepwater production concepts : Comparisons of life cycle cost of subsea production systems vs. floating structures with dry wellheads.

Master's thesis in Offshore technologyThe scope of the work was to create a model that will allow the comparison of Life Cycle Costs (LCC) for subsea production systems and floating structures with dry wellheads for the Mexican territorial waters of the Gulf of Mexico. To give validity to the model, an empirical comparison on the resulting recovery factor based on data of the US Gulf of Mexico was included. This comparison is intended to answer ¿Is there a significant difference in the recovery factor when is used the dry tree vs. the wet tree concept solutions? The model proposed integrates a number of already published models done by academics, the industry and governments. Also, it was found that the activity in deep water offshore Mexico is having place in a region with an evident lack of preexisting infrastructure. Hence it is proposed in the model that new offshore structures shall have an added value for comparison purposes Two hypothetical projects (three different concepts for each project) of field development, based in public information released by PEMEX, are assessed. Conclusions and recommendations are made to increase the possibilities of feasible future field development and efficient depletion of the hydrocarbons located in Mexican deepwater

Design basis for development of offshore oil and gas fields in the Sea of Okhotsk

Much attention is now being paid to the development of offshore oil and gas fields. Fields located on the continental shelf of the Sea of Okhotsk are of great value as they contain significant volumes of oil and gas. In addition to maintaining production from existing offshore fields on the Russian continental shelf, it is important to engage in the development of unexplored or poorly explored areas. The Sakhalin 1 and Sakhalin 2 projects have been in production for some time. Oil and gas production from these projects continues to this day. The Sakhalin 3 project is developing the Yuzhno-Kirinskoye gas condensate field, which was discovered in 2010. In 2017 and 2018, exploration work led to the discovery of two oil fields, Neptun and Triton, with total reserves estimated at 500 million tonnes. The Triton field was among the top 3 largest fields discovered worldwide in 2018. Today, oil and gas companies strive to develop fields in the safest, most technologically efficient, and environmentally friendly way. Therefore, the assessment of the field potential, the proposal of the field development option and the preliminary version of the production profile calculation is an important task, which can later be used as the basis for selecting the field development option when specifying the field data. The purpose of this master's thesis is to identify a technical feasible option of developing the Triton field. In Chapter 1 a review of the different phases of an offshore field development is described. The master’s thesis includes in Chapter 2 a description and analysis of the natural, climatic, and geographical conditions in which the field is located. In addition, in Chapter 3, the geology of the Triton field reservoir is described. An estimate calculation using Python programming language of potential geological reserves are made in accordance with the data obtained seismic exploration was performed, and the first well was drilled. Based on data from neighbouring fields and relative phase permeability curves, an approximate value of the oil recovery factor that can be achieved by implementing existing technologies is hand-calculated in Chapter 4. Also, in this Chapter excel calculations were conducted to calculate and plot production profiles for V-0, V1-1, and V1-2 layers (production profiles for layers V1-2 and V-0 are provided in Appendix 2). Next, Chapter 5, screening of existing concepts for the development of offshore fields on the shelf of Sakhalin and Norway is carried out. A comparative analysis of different field development options is done, and each concept is evaluated. A subsea production system with pipeline fluid transfer to the Moliqpaq platform with further transportation to onshore processing facility is suggested as a result of the concept’s analysis. Finally, in Appendix 4 the maximum allowable wire tension during the lifting operations of subsea template is estimated. A summary is prepared, and an extensive list of references is enclosed. This master's thesis does not include an economic analysis due to the volatility of oil prices and the prevailing economic uncertainty. The absence of a specific investment date further hinders the ability to conduct a comprehensive economic analysis to estimate prices for oil products leading up to the investment date. The economic can be calculated once the approximate start date of the project has been established, in order to assess whether the project will be economically viable to implement

Study on safety analysis of the machinery space for LNG fueled ship

본 논문은 LNG 연료추진선박의 설계에 대한 안전성을 분석하고 내연기관을 탑재한 LNG연료 추진 시스템의 안전성을 시뮬레이션을 통해 검증 하였다. 주제 1 LNG 연료추진선박의 시스템 설계에 대한 안전성 분석 LNG 연료추진선박에 대한 안정성 및 위험성 분석을 위해 전체 LNG 연료 시스템 중 발생가능한 위험요인 및 결과에 대해 시나리오를 만들고 이를 기존 디젤 연료를 사용하는 선박과 비교하여 위험도를 평가하고 문서화 하였다. 본 논문에서는 대부분의 위험요소에 대해서 검증하였으며 모든 위험요소는 인명피해가능성 (PLL, Potential Loss of Life)과 유해사고율(FAR, Fatal Accident Rate)을 기반으로 정량화 하였다. 결과적으로 LNG 연료추진선으로 인한 인명피해에 대한 위험도는 FAR 4.30이며 이는 디젤연료를 사용하는 선박에 대한 위험도인 FAR 4.16보다 0.14, 즉 약 3.4% 증가한 수치이다. 위험성 분석을 위해 LNG 연료 시스템에서 기인하는 화재 및 폭발 가능성과 충격, 충돌, 좌초, 침몰 등 간접적인 요인으로 인한 화재 및 폭발 가능성을 검토하였다. 본 연구는 선박 건조 혹은 운항 중에 선원 및 선박관리자, 신조 작업자 등 관련 작업자에게 발생가능한 위험요인을 식별하고 각각의 위험요인에 대한 권고사항을 제시한다. LNG 연료탱크 자체는 충돌로 인한 화재 및 폭발 위험성을 증가시키는 주된 요인이지만 종합적인 안전성 및 위험성 평가 결과 LNG 연료추진선박을 신조하거나 개조 시 HSE 분야의 장애요인이 되지 않는다. 본 연구는 가장 위험도가 높은 탱크 배치인 LNG 탱크가 거주구역 아래에 설치 될 경우에 대해서 운영 유지 시 발생 가능한 문제점을 위험성평가를 통해 도출하였다. 또한 관련 국제 법, 규정, 권고 사항들 사이에 존재하는 주요 차이점 및 모순에 대해서도 기술하였다. 주제 2 기관실 내 LNG 연료 시스템에 대한 안전성 분석 LNG 연료추진선은 LNG를 연료로 사용하는 내연기관의 발달과 더불어 개발되었다. 본 연구에서는 엔진에 연결된 연료공급 파이프에서 발생가능한 가스 누설을 분석하였으며, 누설된 가스의 양과 점화 시간에 따라 각각 다른 사고가 발생함을 확인하였다. 누설된 가스가 초기에 점화 될 경우에는 제트파이어(Jet Fire)가 생기나 폭발이 발생하지는 않는다. 하지만 대량의 가스가 누설된 후에 점화가 일어날 경우에는 폭발이 일어날 수 있다. 폭발 가능성은 가스의 농도와 양에 영향을 받는다. 본 연구에서는 기관실 내 고압 이중관이 파열 될 경우 발생할 수 있는 화재 및 폭발 하중을 시뮬레이션을 통해 분석하였으며, 다음과 같은 사항을 고려하였다. 기하학 모델링. 가스 누설이 발생할 공간은 FLACS V10을 통해 실제와 유사하게 모델링 하였으며, 통풍, 기체 확산, 화재 및 폭발에 대한 시뮬레이션을 실시하였다. 통풍 및 기체 확산에 대한 시뮬레이션.(일시 적인 가스 누설의 경우) 설계 공간 및 통풍 용량 등에 대한 기본 조건을 바탕으로 하여 발생가능한 최악의 가스 누설양을 분석하고 두개의 다른 시나리오를 적용하여 시뮬레이션을 시행하였다. 설계 공간 내의 통풍양은 누설 발생 시작 조건을 기반으로 시뮬레이션 하였다. 폭발 시뮬레이션. FLACS를 사용하여 폭발에 대한 시물레이션을 하였으며 기관실 내벽에 작용하는 폭발 압력을 도출하였다. 이를 위해 가스의 누설양과 위치, 점화원의 위치를 바꾸어 총 6번의 시뮬레이션을 시행하였다. 화재 시뮬레이션. 화재 시뮬레이션은 가스 누설 초기에 점화가 되었을 경우를 가정하고 제트파이어를 FLACS에서 설계한 모델을 기반으로 KAMELEON FIREEX(KFX)로 전환하여 시뮬레이션 하였다. 화재 시 구조물의 복사유량을 감안하였으며, 누설양에 따라 세가지의 시뮬레이션을 진행하였다. 화재는 정적 상태에서 화재가 발생할 경우를 가정하였으며, 최악의 경우에 대해서는 제트파이어의 방향을 달리하여 시뮬레이션 하였다. 분석 시뮬레이션을 통해 도출한 폭발 및 화재 하중은 유사한 구조의 기존 디젤을 연료를 사용하는 선박과 비교 하여 제시하였다. 본 분석은 정성적인 평가이며 구조강도에 대한 계산은 포함하지 않았다. 만약 하중이 일반적으로 허용가능한 하중을 초과하는 경우, 추가적인 구조 강도에 대한 시뮬레이션이 필요할 것이며 이를 대응하기 위한 권고사항이 제시되어야 한다. 전형적인 대응책은 검증된 가스 누설 감지 시스템 설치, 가스 누설 부위에 살수, 혹은 중요 구조물 및 배관에 PFP(Passive Fire Protection)적용, 가스 감지 시 연료관 자동 블로우오프(Blow-Off), 통풍 시스템 용량 조절, 발생가능한 점화원 최소화 등이 있다. 본 연구는 또한 누설에 대한 발생 빈도 평가 및 이중관의 전체 파열에 대한 계산을 포함하고 있으며 엔진과 ESD밸브(Emergency Shut-down Valve) 사이의 거리와 밸브가 닫히는 시간의 영향 또한 고려하였다.|The abstract has been divided in two parts (1 and 2) as follows: Part 1. Safety analysis and design concept of LNG fueled ship The safety and Risk analyses of LNG fueled ship and system carried out, focusing in particular an analysis of the causes and consequences of hazards scenarios for entire LNG fuel system and with objective to evaluate and document the risk level of the design of the vessel compared to a diesel fueled container vessel of equal type. All major hazards have been considered and the risk is quantified in terms of Potential Loss of Lives (PLL) and Fatal Accident Rate (FAR). In total, the personnel risk for the vessel has been estimated to a FAR of 4.30. A similar new conventional diesel fueled vessel will have an estimated personnel risk level of a FAR of 4.16. The net increase of FAR 0.14 corresponds to an increase in risk by 3.4 % compared to the diesel fueled container vessel. The main categories of hazard scenarios are: Fire and explosion initiated from the LNG system, fire and explosion not LNG initiated, dropped objects, collisions, grounding, foundering and occupational accidents. The purpose of the analysis is to identify safety hazards that may represent risks to crew and third parties such as maintenance personnel, yard workers and other ships during operation. The risks and hazards identified following proposed recommendations with comprehensive summary in term of design and operation. The main result from the safety analysis and HAZID showed that the estimated HAZID increase is mainly due to the presence of the LNG tank and its effect on the risk from fire/explosions due to ship collision. The HAZID results confirm that there is no major HSE showstoppers to carry out construction and conversion on vessel using dual fueled. The main selection criterion was the potential design, worst case scenario for location of LNG tank below accommodation, technical and operational capabilities in conducting such HAZID study and investigations. Several important gaps in mandatory regulations, standards, guidelines or of relevant organizations beyond mandatory regulations have been identified and addressed. Part 2. Safety analysis of LNG fuel for machinery space A LNG gas fuel ship is being developed where LNG gas is used as fuel in internal combustion engines (modified diesels). In this concept to investigate possible consequences of a gas leak in the feeding pipe to the engines. Depending on the size of the leak and the time of ignition, different developments of the accident can occur. Two main developments are foreseen; early ignition and late ignition. If the gas is ignited early, there will be a jet fire and no explosion. If the gas is ignited after most of the gas is released, there may be an explosion. The possibility for a strong explosion is dependent of the gas concentration and size of the gas cloud. The main objective is to find the fire and explosion loads caused by a "rupture of high pressure double wall pipe in machinery space". My safety simulations, modelling and analysis includes the following activities: • Geometry modelling. the entire room is modelled with most details in the area where the leak will start. The geometry is modelled in FLACS v10 so that the geometry model can be applied for ventilation, dispersion, fire and explosion simulations. • Ventilation and dispersion simulations. The leak is modelled as a transient leak. The worst case leak size is estimated based on knowledge of the size of the room, ventilation conditions, etc. Two different leak rates in two different leak scenarios are performed. The ventilation in the room is simulated and used as start conditions when the leak starts. • Explosion simulations. Explosions are simulated in FLACS and explosion pressures on engine room walls are obtained. Total of six simulations are performed with different cloud size, locations and two ignition locations. • Fire simulations. The leak is modelled as a jet fire assuming it is ignited from the start of the leak. The jet fire is simulated in KAMELEON FIREEX (KFX). Radiation flux on the structure is obtained during the fire. three simulations with different constant leak rates are performed. The extent of the fire when a steady state situation is established is presented. One worst case jet direction is performed based on other fire simulations. Note that the geometry model from FLACS will be converted to KFX. • Analysis. The obtained explosion and fire loads are compared with typical collapse loads for similar structures. This evaluation is qualitative, and does not include rigorous calculation of structure strength. If the loads are above typical acceptable loads, simulations of the structure strength will be suggested. Possible mitigating measures will also be recommended. Typical mitigating measures are a good gas detection system, start of deluge on gas detection (this may reduce possible explosion pressures), Passive fire Protection (PFP) on critical structure and piping, automatic blow down of fuel pipe system on gas detection, improved air ventilation, reduced ignition sources, etc. The scope is extended to consider frequency assessment, and full bore rupture calculation. The effect of a smaller ESD segment and shorter ESD closure time are also consideredContents i List of Figures v List of Tables x Abstract xiii Abstract (초록) xvi Chapter 1 Safety analysis and design of LNG fueled ship 1 1.1 General risk terms 1 1.2 Vessel design concept 2 1.3 Safety analysis results 7 Chapter 2 The Hazard Identification (HAZID) of LNG dual Fueled Ship 11 2.1 Introduction 11 2.2 Analysis basis and methodology 12 2.3 Findings and results 14 2.4 Recommendations 25 2.5 Conclusions 32 Chapter 3 Fire and explosion for LNG fueled ship 34 3.1 Introduction 34 3.2 Modelling principles 34 3.3 Fire and explosion due to leak in LNG fuel system 35 3.3.1 Initial events – LNG leaks 36 3.3.2 Leak size 38 3.3.3 Frequency assessment 38 3.3.4 Consequence assessment 41 3.3.5 Leaks during bunkering (initial event 1-2) 43 3.3.5.1 Small leaks 45 3.3.5.2 Large leaks 49 3.3.5.3 Personnel risk 53 3.3.6 Internal ignition - within the space of the leak source (initial event 3, 4, 5 and 7) 54 3.3.7 External ignition - leak vented and ignited (initial event 4-8) 57 3.3.8 Risk summary – Leak in LNG fuel system 59 3.4 Fire and explosion in other areas- not LNG initiated 60 3.4.1 Fire/explosion in machinery spaces/engine room 62 3.4.1.1 Not LNG initiated 62 3.4.1.2 Escalation to the LNG fuel system 62 3.4.2 Fire/explosion in cargo area and accommodation 63 3.4.2.1 Not LNG initiated 63 3.4.2.2 Escalation to the LNG fuel system 64 3.4.3 Fire/explosion in diesel fuel tanks besides the LNG fuel Tank 65 3.4.4 Risk summary – Fire/explosion not LNG initiated 65 3.5 Findings and results 67 3.6 Conclusions 70 Chapter 4 Safety simulations, modelling and analysis of LNG dual fuel in machinery space for internal gas combustion engines 71 4.1 Introduction 71 4.1.1 Objective 71 4.1.2 Scope 71 4.2 Basis for analysis 73 4.2.1 Approach 73 4.2.2 Geometry 74 4.3 Leak scenarios 78 4.4 Engine room ventilation 81 4.5 Dispersion analysis 83 4.6 Explosion Analysis 87 4.6.1 Vapour cloud explosion simulations 87 4.6.2 Pressure impact on humans 92 4.6.3 Summary of explosion analysis 92 4.7 Fire analysis 94 4.7.1 Jet fire simulations 94 4.7.2 Summary of fire analysis 103 4.8 Frequency assessment 106 4.8.1 Leak frequency 106 4.8.2 Ignition probability 110 4.8.3 Detection and isolation of fuel leaks from dual pipeline 111 4.8.3.1 Detection failure 111 4.8.3.2 Isolation failure 112 4.8.4 Summary of frequency assessment 114 4.9. Findings and results 114 4.9.1 Explosions 115 4.9.2 Fires 116 4.10 Conclusions 118 Chapter 5 Conclusions 120 Reference 122 Lists of Publications and Lecturing 128Docto