93 research outputs found
Reliable and Energy-Efficient Hybrid Screen Mirroring Multicast System
This paper presents a reliable and energy-efficient hybrid screen mirroring multicast system for sharing high-quality real-time multimedia service with adjacent mobile devices over WiFi network. The proposed system employs overhearing-based multicast transmission scheme with Raptor codes and NACK-based retransmission to overcome well-known WiFi multicast problems such as low transmission rate and high packet loss rate. Furthermore, to save energy on mobile devices, the proposed system not only shapes the screen mirroring traffic, but also determines the target sink device and Raptor encoding parameters such as the number of source symbols, symbol size, and code rate while considering the energy consumption and processing delay of the Raptor encoding and decoding processes. The proposed system is fully implemented in Linux-based single board computers and examined in real WiFi network. Compared to existing systems, the proposed system can achieve good energy efficiency while providing a high-quality screen mirroring service.11Nsciescopu
Cluster Computing: A Novel Peer-to-Peer Cluster for Generic Application Sharing
Ph.DDOCTOR OF PHILOSOPH
Google Play apps ERM: (energy rating model) multi-criteria evaluation model to generate tentative energy ratings for Google Play store apps
A common issue that is shared among Android smartphones users was and still related to saving their batteries power and to avoid the need of using any recharging resources. The tremendous increase in smartphone usage is clearly accompanied by an increase in the need for more energy. This preoperational relationship between modern technology and energy generates energy-greedy apps, and therefore power-hungry end users. With many apps falling under the same category in an app store, these apps usually share similar functionality. Because developers follow different design and development schools, each app has its own energy-consumption habits. Since apps share similar features, an end-user with limited access to recharging resources would prefer an energy-friendly app rather than a popular energy-greedy app. However, app stores give no indication about the energy behaviour of the apps they offer, which causes users to randomly choose apps without understanding their energy-consumption behaviour. Furthermore, with regard to the research questions about the fact that power saving application consumes a lot of electricity, past studies clearly indicate that there is a lot of battery depletion due to several factors. This problem has become a major concern for smartphone users and manufacturers. The main contribution of our research is to design a tool that can act as an effective decision support factor for end users to have an initial indication of the energy-consumption behaviour of an application before installing it. The core idea of the âbefore-installationâ philosophy is simplified by the contradicting concept of installing the app and then having it monitored and optimized. Since processing requires power, avoiding the consumption of some power in order to conserve a larger amount of power should be our priority. So instead, we propose a preventive strategy that requires no processing on any layer of the smartphone. To address this issue, we propose a star-rating evaluation model (SREM), an approach that generates a tentative energy rating label for each app. To that end, SREM adapts current energy-aware refactoring tools to demonstrate the level of energy consumption of an app and presents it in a star-rating schema similar to the Ecolabels used on electrical home appliances.
The SREM will also inspire developers and app providers to come up with multiple energy-greedy versions of the same app in order to suit the needs of different categories of users and rate their own apps.
We proposed adding SREM to Google Play store in order to generate the energy-efficiency label for each app which will act as a guide for both end users and developers without running any processes on the end-users smartphone. Our research also reviews relevant existing literature specifically those covering various energy-saving techniques and tools proposed by various authors for Android smartphones. A secondary analysis has been done by evaluating the past research papers and surveys that has been done to assess the perception of the users regarding the phone power from their battery. In addition, the research highlights an issue that the notifications regarding the power saving shown on the screen seems to exploit a lot of battery. Therefore, this study has been done to reflect the ways that could help the users to save the phone battery without using any power from the same battery in an efficient manner. The research offers an insight into new ways that could be used to more effectively conserve smartphone energy, proposing a framework that involves end users on the process.Um problema comum entre utilizadores de smartphones Android tem sido a necessidade de economizar a energia das baterias, de modo a evitar a utilização de recursos de recarga. O aumento significativo no uso de smartphones tem sido acompanhado por um aumento, tambĂ©m significativo, na necessidade de mais energia. Esta relação operacional entre tecnologia moderna e energia gera aplicaçÔes muito exigentes no seu consumo de energia e, portanto, perfis de utilizadores que requerem nĂveis de energia crescentes. Com muitos das aplicaçÔes que se enquadram numa mesma categoria da loja de aplicaçÔes (Google Store), essas aplicaçÔes geralmente tambĂ©m partilham funcionalidades semelhantes. Como os criadores destas aplicaçÔes seguem abordagens diferentes de diversas escolas de design e desenvolvimento, cada aplicação possui as suas prĂłprias caraterĂsticas de consumo de energia. Como as aplicaçÔes partilham recursos semelhantes, um utilizador final com acesso limitado a recursos de recarga prefere uma aplicação que consome menos energia do que uma aplicação mais exigente em termos de consumo energĂ©tico, ainda que seja popular. No entanto, as lojas de aplicaçÔes nĂŁo fornecem uma indicação sobre o comportamento energĂ©tico das aplicaçÔes oferecidas, o que faz com que os utilizadores escolham aleatoriamente as suas aplicaçÔes sem entenderem o correspondente comportamento de consumo de energia. Adicionalmente, no que diz respeito Ă questĂŁo de investigação, a solução de uma aplicação de economia de energia consume muita eletricidade, o que a torna limitada; estudos anteriores indicam claramente que hĂĄ muita perda de bateria devido a vĂĄrios fatores, nĂŁo constituindo solução para muitos utilizadores e para os fabricantes de smartphones. A principal contribuição de nossa pesquisa Ă© projetar uma ferramenta que possa atuar como um fator de suporte Ă decisĂŁo eficaz para que os utilizadores finais tenham uma indicação inicial do comportamento de consumo de energia de uma aplicação, antes de a instalar. A ideia central da filosofia proposta Ă© a de atuar "antes da instalação", evitando assim a situação em se instala uma aplicação para perceber Ă posteriori o seu impacto no consumo energĂ©tico e depois ter que o monitorizar e otimizar (talvez ainda recorrendo a uma aplicação de monitorização do consumo da bateria, o que agrava ainda mais o consumo energĂ©tico). Assim, como o processamento requer energia, Ă© nossa prioridade evitar o consumo de alguma energia para conservar uma quantidade maior de energia. Portanto, Ă© proposta uma estratĂ©gia preventiva que nĂŁo requer processamento em nenhuma camada do smartphone.
Para resolver este problema, Ă© proposto um modelo de avaliação por classificação baseado em nĂveis e identificado por estrelas (SREM). Esta abordagem gera uma etiqueta de classificação energĂ©tica provisĂłria para cada aplicação. Para isso, o SREM adapta as atuais ferramentas de refatoração com reconhecimento de energia para demonstrar o nĂvel de consumo de energia de uma aplicação, apresentando o resultado num esquema de classificação por estrelas semelhante ao dos rĂłtulos ecolĂłgicos usados em eletrodomĂ©sticos. O SREM tambĂ©m se propĂ”e influenciar quem desenvolve e produz as aplicaçÔes, a criarem diferentes versĂ”es destas, com diferentes perfis de consumo energĂ©tico, de modo a atender Ă s necessidades de diferentes categorias de utilizadores e assim classificar as suas prĂłprias aplicaçÔes. Para avaliar a eficiĂȘncia do modelo como um complemento Ă s aplicaçÔes da loja Google Play, que atuam como uma rotulagem para orientação dos utilizadores finais. A investigação tambĂ©m analisa a literatura existente relevante, especificamente a que abrange as vĂĄrias tĂ©cnicas e ferramentas de economia de energia, propostas para smartphones Android. Uma anĂĄlise secundĂĄria foi ainda realizada, focando nos trabalhos de pesquisa que avaliam a perceção dos utilizadores em relação Ă energia do dispositivo, a partir da bateria. Em complemento, a pesquisa destaca um problema de que as notificaçÔes sobre a economia de energia mostradas na tela parecem explorar muita bateria. Este estudo permitiu refletir sobre as formas que podem auxiliar os utilizadores a economizar a bateria do telefone sem usar energia da mesma bateria e, mesmo assim, o poderem fazer de maneira eficiente. A pesquisa oferece uma visĂŁo global das alternativas que podem ser usadas para conservar com mais eficiĂȘncia a energia do smartphone, propondo um modelo que envolve os utilizadores finais no processo.Un problĂšme frĂ©quent rencontrĂ© par les utilisateurs de smartphones Android a Ă©tĂ©, tout en lâĂ©tant toujours, dâĂ©conomiser leur batterie et dâĂ©viter la nĂ©cessitĂ© dâutiliser des ressources de recharge. La croissance considĂ©rable de lâutilisation des smartphones sâaccompagne clairement dâune augmentation des besoins en Ă©nergie. Cette relation prĂ©opĂ©rationnelle entre la technologie moderne et lâĂ©nergie gĂ©nĂšre des applications gourmandes en Ă©nergie, et donc des utilisateurs finaux qui le sont tout autant. De nombreuses applications relevant de la mĂȘme catĂ©gorie dans une boutique partagent gĂ©nĂ©ralement des fonctionnalitĂ©s similaires. Ătant donnĂ© que les dĂ©veloppeurs adoptent diffĂ©rentes approches de conception et de dĂ©veloppement, chaque application a ses propres caractĂ©ristiques de consommation dâĂ©nergie. Comme les applications partagent des fonctionnalitĂ©s similaires, un utilisateur final disposant dâun accĂšs limitĂ© aux ressources de recharge prĂ©fĂ©rerait une application Ă©coĂ©nergĂ©tique plutĂŽt quâune autre gourmande en Ă©nergie. Cependant, les boutiques dâapplications ne donnent aucune indication sur le comportement Ă©nergĂ©tique des applications quâelles proposent, ce qui incite les utilisateurs Ă choisir des applications au hasard sans comprendre leurs caractĂ©ristiques en ce domaine. En outre, en ce qui concerne les questions de recherche sur le fait que les applications dâĂ©conomie dâĂ©nergie consomment beaucoup dâĂ©lectricitĂ©, des Ă©tudes antĂ©rieures indiquent clairement que la dĂ©charge dâune batterie est due Ă plusieurs facteurs. Ce problĂšme est devenu une prĂ©occupation majeure pour les utilisateurs et les fabricants de smartphones. La principale contribution de notre Ă©tude est de concevoir un outil qui peut agir comme un facteur dâaide efficace Ă la dĂ©cision pour que les utilisateurs finaux aient une indication initiale du comportement de consommation dâĂ©nergie dâune application avant de lâinstaller. LâidĂ©e de base de la philosophie « avant lâinstallation » est simplifiĂ©e par le concept contradictoire dâinstaller lâapplication pour ensuite la contrĂŽler et lâoptimiser. Puisque les opĂ©rations de traitement exigent de lâĂ©nergie, Ă©viter la consommation dâune partie dâentre elles pour lâĂ©conomiser devrait ĂȘtre notre prioritĂ©. Nous proposons donc une stratĂ©gie prĂ©ventive qui ne nĂ©cessite aucun traitement sur une couche quelconque du smartphone. Pour rĂ©soudre ce problĂšme, nous proposons un modĂšle dâĂ©valuation au moyen dâĂ©toiles (star-rating evaluation model ou SREM), une approche qui gĂ©nĂšre une note Ă©nergĂ©tique indicative pour chaque application. Ă cette fin, le SREM adapte les outils actuels de refactoring sensibles Ă lâĂ©nergie pour dĂ©montrer le niveau de consommation dâĂ©nergie dâune application et la prĂ©sente dans un schĂ©ma de classement par Ă©toiles similaire aux labels Ă©cologiques utilisĂ©s sur les appareils Ă©lectromĂ©nagers. Le SREM incitera Ă©galement les dĂ©veloppeurs et les fournisseurs dâapplications Ă mettre au point plusieurs versions avides dâĂ©nergie dâune mĂȘme application afin de rĂ©pondre aux besoins des diffĂ©rentes catĂ©gories dâutilisateurs et dâĂ©valuer leurs propres applications. Nous avons proposĂ© dâajouter le SREM au Google Play Store afin de gĂ©nĂ©rer le label dâefficacitĂ© Ă©nergĂ©tique pour chaque application. Celui-ci servira de guide Ă la fois pour les utilisateurs finaux et les dĂ©veloppeurs sans exĂ©cuter de processus sur le smartphone des utilisateurs finaux. Notre recherche passe Ă©galement en revue la littĂ©rature existante pertinente, en particulier celle qui couvre divers outils et techniques dâĂ©conomie dâĂ©nergie proposĂ©s par divers auteurs pour les smartphones Android. Une analyse secondaire a Ă©tĂ© effectuĂ©e en Ă©valuant les documents de recherche et les enquĂȘtes antĂ©rieurs qui ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©s pour Ă©valuer la perception des utilisateurs concernant lâalimentation tĂ©lĂ©phonique depuis leur batterie. En outre, lâĂ©tude met en Ă©vidence un problĂšme selon lequel les notifications concernant les Ă©conomies dâĂ©nergie affichĂ©es Ă lâĂ©cran semblent elles-mĂȘmes soumettre les batteries Ă une forte utilisation. Par consĂ©quent, cette Ă©tude a Ă©tĂ© entreprise pour reflĂ©ter les façons qui pourraient aider les utilisateurs Ă Ă©conomiser efficacement la batterie de leur tĂ©lĂ©phone sans pour autant la dĂ©charger. LâĂ©tude offre un bon aperçu des nouvelles façons dâĂ©conomiser plus efficacement lâĂ©nergie des smartphones, en proposant un cadre qui implique les utilisateurs finaux dans le processus
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Analysis, design and experimental evaluation of connectivity management in heterogeneous wireless environments
MenciĂłn Internacional en el tĂtulo de doctorThe future of network communications is mobile as many more users demand for ubiquitous connectivity. Wireless has become the primary access technology or even the only one, leading to an explosion in traffic demand. This challenges network providers to manage and configure new requirements without incrementing costs in the same amount.
In addition to the growth in the use of mobile devices, there is a need to operate simultaneously different access technologies. As well, the great diversity of applications and the capabilities of mobile terminals makes possible for us to live in a hyper-connected world and offers new scenarios. This heterogeneity poses great challenges that need to be addressed to offer better performance and seamless experience to the final user. We need to orchestrate solutions to increase flexibility and empower interoperability.
Connectivity management is handled from different angles. In the network stack, mobility is more easily handled by IP mobility protocols, since IP is the common layer between the different access technologies and the application diversity. From the end-user perspective, the connection manager is in charge of handling connectivity issues in mobile devices, but it is an unstandardized entity so its performance is heavily implementation-dependent.
In this thesis we explore connectivity management from different angles. We study mobility protocols as they are part of our proposed solutions. In most of the cases we include an experimental evaluation of performance with 3G and IEEE 802.11 as the main technologies. We consider heterogeneous scenarios, with several access technologies where mobile devices have also several network interfaces. We evaluate how connectivity is handled as well as its influence in a handover. Based on the analysis of real traces from a cellular network, we confirm the suitability of more efficient mobility management.
Moreover, we propose and evaluate three different solutions for providing mobility support in three different heterogeneous scenarios. We perform an experimental evaluation of a vehicular route optimization for network mobility, reporting on the challenges and lessons learned in such a complicated networking environment. We propose an architecture for supporting mobility and enhance handover in a passive optical network deployment. In addition, we design and deploy a mechanism for mobility management based on software-defined networking.Programa Oficial de Doctorado en IngenierĂa TelemĂĄticaPresidente: Arturo Azcorra Saloña.- Secretario: RamĂłn AgĂŒero Calvo.- Vocal: Daniel Nunes Coruj
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