Photochemical and photophysical reaction dynamics of chemical and biological systems

Texto en inglés, y resumen y conclusiones en inglés y españolEl proyecto realizado en esta Tesis consiste en el desarrollo y aplicación de metodologías teóricas y computaciones, usadas en la descripción estática y dinámica de procesos fotofísicos y fotoquímicos de compuestos químicos y de interés biológico. Estas metodologías computacionales fueron implementadas aplicando técnicas punteras usadas en el campo de la ciencia de la computación. La presente Tesis se compone de 4 bloques principales. El primero de estos bloques estudia el proceso de transferencia de energía intermolecular, especialmente transferencia de energía triplete. Por su parte, el segundo bloque examina los mecanismos y comportamiento dinámico de dos procesos biológicos fotoinducidos de intereses tecnológico. Mientras el tercer bloque, consiste en el estudio del efecto de fuerzas externas sobre las propiedades espectroscópicas de los sistemas moleculares. Finalmente, el último bloque considera el diseño de dispositivos moleculares que usan cambios conformacionales fotoinducidos en la generación de movimiento controlado. En la sección de transferencia de energía ha sido estudiado el problema de encontrar las principales coordenadas moleculares que modulan de forma eficiente el proceso de transferencia de energía triplete. Así mismo, se llevó a cabo una aproximación dinámica al proceso de transferencia energía triplete a temperatura constante, que completa el estudio estático llevado a cabo en la primera parte de la sección. En la primer parte del segundo bloque, se lleva a cabo la caracterización estática y dinámica de modelos moleculares en el estudio de los fenómenos de quimioluminiscencia y bioluminiscencia. Donde se analiza en detalle el mecanismo de descomposición concertado de la familia de 1,2-dioxetanes. Por su parte, en la segunda sección de este bloque es analizado el efecto del ambiente proteico en la emisión de fluorescencia de la proteína fluorescente IrisFP. En el tercer bloque de la presente Tesis ha sido explorado la respuesta fotodinámica de sistemas moleculares al efecto de una fuerza externa. Discutiendo en detalle el efecto sobre el cambio de la reactividad química a causa de la disrupción del sistema molecular por parte de la fuerza externa. Simultáneamente, se muestran los resultados obtenidos con respecto al cambio en las propiedades espectroscópicas debidos a la fuerza externa y se plantea su posible aprovechamiento en aplicaciones tecnológicas Finalmente en el último bloque del presente trabajo, se expone el diseño y operación de dispositivos moleculares como motores e interruptores controlados mediante ciclos fotoinducidos, controlado la rotación unidireccional en el caso de los motores moleculares a través de puentes de hidrógenos

Photochemical and photophysical reaction dynamics of chemical and biological systems

Texto en inglés, y resumen y conclusiones en inglés y españolEl proyecto realizado en esta Tesis consiste en el desarrollo y aplicación de metodologías teóricas y computaciones, usadas en la descripción estática y dinámica de procesos fotofísicos y fotoquímicos de compuestos químicos y de interés biológico. Estas metodologías computacionales fueron implementadas aplicando técnicas punteras usadas en el campo de la ciencia de la computación. La presente Tesis se compone de 4 bloques principales. El primero de estos bloques estudia el proceso de transferencia de energía intermolecular, especialmente transferencia de energía triplete. Por su parte, el segundo bloque examina los mecanismos y comportamiento dinámico de dos procesos biológicos fotoinducidos de intereses tecnológico. Mientras el tercer bloque, consiste en el estudio del efecto de fuerzas externas sobre las propiedades espectroscópicas de los sistemas moleculares. Finalmente, el último bloque considera el diseño de dispositivos moleculares que usan cambios conformacionales fotoinducidos en la generación de movimiento controlado. En la sección de transferencia de energía ha sido estudiado el problema de encontrar las principales coordenadas moleculares que modulan de forma eficiente el proceso de transferencia de energía triplete. Así mismo, se llevó a cabo una aproximación dinámica al proceso de transferencia energía triplete a temperatura constante, que completa el estudio estático llevado a cabo en la primera parte de la sección. En la primer parte del segundo bloque, se lleva a cabo la caracterización estática y dinámica de modelos moleculares en el estudio de los fenómenos de quimioluminiscencia y bioluminiscencia. Donde se analiza en detalle el mecanismo de descomposición concertado de la familia de 1,2-dioxetanes. Por su parte, en la segunda sección de este bloque es analizado el efecto del ambiente proteico en la emisión de fluorescencia de la proteína fluorescente IrisFP. En el tercer bloque de la presente Tesis ha sido explorado la respuesta fotodinámica de sistemas moleculares al efecto de una fuerza externa. Discutiendo en detalle el efecto sobre el cambio de la reactividad química a causa de la disrupción del sistema molecular por parte de la fuerza externa. Simultáneamente, se muestran los resultados obtenidos con respecto al cambio en las propiedades espectroscópicas debidos a la fuerza externa y se plantea su posible aprovechamiento en aplicaciones tecnológicas Finalmente en el último bloque del presente trabajo, se expone el diseño y operación de dispositivos moleculares como motores e interruptores controlados mediante ciclos fotoinducidos, controlado la rotación unidireccional en el caso de los motores moleculares a través de puentes de hidrógenos

Ab Initio Simulation of Heat Transport in Silica Glass

The simulation of heat transport and the estimation of thermal conductivity in glasses is of crucial importance for many technological applications, ranging from thermal insulation to semiconductor fabrication, and for the interpretation of laser damage of optical glasses. In particular, vitreous silica (a-SiO2) is one the most used and investigated materials, and serves as the basis of multicomponent silica glasses, which are usually characterised by a complex chemistry. Classical force fields have demonstrated to reproduce quite well all the structural properties of a-SiO2, but lacks a proper description of its vibrational spectrum, that instead requires first-principles simulations. The methods usually adopted to study heat transport in crystalline solids, such as the Boltzmann transport equation, cannot be applied to glasses, were the disorder makes the phonon picture break down. Instead, the Green-Kubo (GK) theory of linear response can be straightforwardly applied to obtain the thermal conductivity from the fluctuations of the heat current at equilibrium. Nonetheless, until very recently, the GK was not deemed compatible with quantum simulation techniques based on density functional theory because the concepts of energy density and current are not well defined at the atomic scale. Besides, the study of transport coefficients using the GK theory is known to require very long molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, thus making ab initio techniques unaffordable. We discuss how it is possible to overcome these two hurdles thanks to a paradigm shift based on the concept of gauge invariance of transport coefficients, and by using a novel data analysis technique based on the so-called cepstral analysis of stationary time series. These theoretical and methodological advances make the quantum simulation of heat transport in liquids and amorphous solids possible, using equilibrium ab initio molecular dynamics. By means of classical MD simulations we study the dependence of the thermal conductivity on the sample size and the quenching protocol adopted, and we show that relatively short trajectories are needed to obtain an accuracy of the order of 10% on the thermal conductivity. One sample of a-SiO2 is finally simulated with Car-Parrinello MD at four different temperatures. The resulting thermal conductivities show fairly good agreement with experimental data, and a substantial improvement with respect to classical MD results

Supervised Design-Space Exploration

Low-cost Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) electronics have revolutionized daily life and expanded the role of computation in science and engineering. Meanwhile, process-technology scaling has changed VLSI design to an exploration process that strives for the optimal balance among multiple objectives, such as power, performance, and area, i.e. multi-objective Pareto-set optimization. Besides, modern VLSI design has shifted to synthesis-centric methodologies in order to boost the design productivity, which leads to better design quality given limited time and resources. However, current decade-old synthesis-centric design methodologies suffer from: (i) long synthesis tool runtime, (ii) elusive optimal setting of many synthesis knobs, (iii) limitation to one design implementation per synthesis run, and (iv) limited capability of digesting only component-level designs as opposed to holistic system-wide synthesis. These challenges make Design Space Exploration (DSE) with synthesis tools a daunting task for both novice and experienced VLSI designers, thus stagnating the development of more powerful (i.e. more complex) computer systems. To address these challenges, I propose Supervised Design-Space Exploration (SDSE), an abstraction layer between a designer and a synthesis tool, aiming to autonomously supervise synthesis jobs for DSE. For system-level exploration, SDSE can approximate a system Pareto set given limited information: only lightweight component characterization is required, yet the necessary component synthesis jobs are discovered on-the-fly in order to compose the system Pareto set. For component-level exploration, SDSE can approximate a component Pareto set by iteratively refining the approximation with promising knob settings, guided by synthesis-result estimation with machine-learning models. Combined, SDSE has been applied with the three major synthesis stages, namely high-level, logic, and physical synthesis, to the design of heterogeneous accelerator cores as well as high-performance processor cores. In particular, SDSE has been successfully integrated into the IBM Synthesis Tuning System, yielding 20% better circuit performance than the original system on the design of a 22nm server processor that is currently in production. Looking ahead, SDSE can be applied to other VLSI designs beyond the accelerator and the programmable cores. Moreover, SDSE opens several research avenues for: (i) new development and deployment platforms of synthesis tools, (ii) large-scale collaborative design engineering, and (iii) new computer-aided design approaches for new classes of systems beyond VLSI chips

Purdue Contribution of Fusion Simulation Program

The overall science goal of the FSP is to develop predictive simulation capability for magnetically confined fusion plasmas at an unprecedented level of integration and fidelity. This will directly support and enable effective U.S. participation in research related to the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) and the overall mission of delivering practical fusion energy. The FSP will address a rich set of scientific issues together with experimental programs, producing validated integrated physics results. This is very well aligned with the mission of the ITER Organization to coordinate with its members the integrated modeling and control of fusion plasmas, including benchmarking and validation activities. [1]. Initial FSP research will focus on two critical areas: 1) the plasma edge and 2) whole device modeling including disruption avoidance. The first of these problems involves the narrow plasma boundary layer and its complex interactions with the plasma core and the surrounding material wall. The second requires development of a computationally tractable, but comprehensive model that describes all equilibrium and dynamic processes at a sufficient level of detail to provide useful prediction of the temporal evolution of fusion plasma experiments. The initial driver for the whole device model (WDM) will be prediction and avoidance of discharge-terminating disruptions, especially at high performance, which are a critical impediment to successful operation of machines like ITER. If disruptions prove unable to be avoided, their associated dynamics and effects will be addressed in the next phase of the FSP. The FSP plan targets the needed modeling capabilities by developing Integrated Science Applications (ISAs) specific to their needs. The Pedestal-Boundary model will include boundary magnetic topology, cross-field transport of multi-species plasmas, parallel plasma transport, neutral transport, atomic physics and interactions with the plasma wall. It will address the origins and structure of the plasma electric field, rotation, the L-H transition, and the wide variety of pedestal relaxation mechanisms. The Whole Device Model will predict the entire discharge evolution given external actuators (i.e., magnets, power supplies, heating, current drive and fueling systems) and control strategies. Based on components operating over a range of physics fidelity, the WDM will model the plasma equilibrium, plasma sources, profile evolution, linear stability and nonlinear evolution toward a disruption (but not the full disruption dynamics). The plan assumes that, as the FSP matures and demonstrates success, the program will evolve and grow, enabling additional science problems to be addressed. The next set of integration opportunities could include: 1) Simulation of disruption dynamics and their effects; 2) Prediction of core profile including 3D effects, mesoscale dynamics and integration with the edge plasma; 3) Computation of non-thermal particle distributions, self-consistent with fusion, radio frequency (RF) and neutral beam injection (NBI) sources, magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) and short-wavelength turbulence

Proceedings, MSVSCC 2015

The Virginia Modeling, Analysis and Simulation Center (VMASC) of Old Dominion University hosted the 2015 Modeling, Simulation, & Visualization Student capstone Conference on April 16th. The Capstone Conference features students in Modeling and Simulation, undergraduates and graduate degree programs, and fields from many colleges and/or universities. Students present their research to an audience of fellow students, faculty, judges, and other distinguished guests. For the students, these presentations afford them the opportunity to impart their innovative research to members of the M&S community from academic, industry, and government backgrounds. Also participating in the conference are faculty and judges who have volunteered their time to impart direct support to their students’ research, facilitate the various conference tracks, serve as judges for each of the tracks, and provide overall assistance to this conference. 2015 marks the ninth year of the VMASC Capstone Conference for Modeling, Simulation and Visualization. This year our conference attracted a number of fine student written papers and presentations, resulting in a total of 51 research works that were presented. This year’s conference had record attendance thanks to the support from the various different departments at Old Dominion University, other local Universities, and the United States Military Academy, at West Point. We greatly appreciated all of the work and energy that has gone into this year’s conference, it truly was a highly collaborative effort that has resulted in a very successful symposium for the M&S community and all of those involved. Below you will find a brief summary of the best papers and best presentations with some simple statistics of the overall conference contribution. Followed by that is a table of contents that breaks down by conference track category with a copy of each included body of work. Thank you again for your time and your contribution as this conference is designed to continuously evolve and adapt to better suit the authors and M&S supporters. Dr.Yuzhong Shen Graduate Program Director, MSVE Capstone Conference Chair John ShullGraduate Student, MSVE Capstone Conference Student Chai

Políticas de Copyright de Publicações Científicas em Repositórios Institucionais: O Caso do INESC TEC

A progressiva transformação das práticas científicas, impulsionada pelo desenvolvimento das novas Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação (TIC), têm possibilitado aumentar o acesso à informação, caminhando gradualmente para uma abertura do ciclo de pesquisa. Isto permitirá resolver a longo prazo uma adversidade que se tem colocado aos investigadores, que passa pela existência de barreiras que limitam as condições de acesso, sejam estas geográficas ou financeiras. Apesar da produção científica ser dominada, maioritariamente, por grandes editoras comerciais, estando sujeita às regras por estas impostas, o Movimento do Acesso Aberto cuja primeira declaração pública, a Declaração de Budapeste (BOAI), é de 2002, vem propor alterações significativas que beneficiam os autores e os leitores. Este Movimento vem a ganhar importância em Portugal desde 2003, com a constituição do primeiro repositório institucional a nível nacional. Os repositórios institucionais surgiram como uma ferramenta de divulgação da produção científica de uma instituição, com o intuito de permitir abrir aos resultados da investigação, quer antes da publicação e do próprio processo de arbitragem (preprint), quer depois (postprint), e, consequentemente, aumentar a visibilidade do trabalho desenvolvido por um investigador e a respetiva instituição. O estudo apresentado, que passou por uma análise das políticas de copyright das publicações científicas mais relevantes do INESC TEC, permitiu não só perceber que as editoras adotam cada vez mais políticas que possibilitam o auto-arquivo das publicações em repositórios institucionais, como também que existe todo um trabalho de sensibilização a percorrer, não só para os investigadores, como para a instituição e toda a sociedade. A produção de um conjunto de recomendações, que passam pela implementação de uma política institucional que incentive o auto-arquivo das publicações desenvolvidas no âmbito institucional no repositório, serve como mote para uma maior valorização da produção científica do INESC TEC.The progressive transformation of scientific practices, driven by the development of new Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), which made it possible to increase access to information, gradually moving towards an opening of the research cycle. This opening makes it possible to resolve, in the long term, the adversity that has been placed on researchers, which involves the existence of barriers that limit access conditions, whether geographical or financial. Although large commercial publishers predominantly dominate scientific production and subject it to the rules imposed by them, the Open Access movement whose first public declaration, the Budapest Declaration (BOAI), was in 2002, proposes significant changes that benefit the authors and the readers. This Movement has gained importance in Portugal since 2003, with the constitution of the first institutional repository at the national level. Institutional repositories have emerged as a tool for disseminating the scientific production of an institution to open the results of the research, both before publication and the preprint process and postprint, increase the visibility of work done by an investigator and his or her institution. The present study, which underwent an analysis of the copyright policies of INESC TEC most relevant scientific publications, allowed not only to realize that publishers are increasingly adopting policies that make it possible to self-archive publications in institutional repositories, all the work of raising awareness, not only for researchers but also for the institution and the whole society. The production of a set of recommendations, which go through the implementation of an institutional policy that encourages the self-archiving of the publications developed in the institutional scope in the repository, serves as a motto for a greater appreciation of the scientific production of INESC TEC

Capturing Atomic Interactions with a Graphical Framework in Computational Protein Design

A protein's amino acid sequence determines both its chemical and its physical structures, and together these two structures determine its function. Protein designers seek new amino acid sequences with chemical and physical structures capable of performing some function. The vast size of sequence space frustrates efforts to find useful sequences. Protein designers model proteins on computers and search through amino acid sequence space computationally. They represent the three-dimensional structures for the sequences they examine, specifying the location of each atom, and evaluate the stability of these structures. Good structures are tightly packed but are free of collisions. Designers seek a sequence with a stable structure that meets the geometric and chemical requirements to function as desired; they frame their search as an optimization problem. In this dissertation, I present a graphical model of the central optimization problem in protein design, the side-chain-placement problem. This model allows the formulation of a dynamic programming solution, thus connecting side-chain placement with the class of NP-complete problems for which certain instances admit polynomial time solutions. Moreover, the graphical model suggests a natural data structure for storing the energies used in design. With this data structure, I have created an extensible framework for the representation of energies during side-chain-placement optimization and have incorporated this framework into the Rosetta molecular modeling program. I present one extension that incorporates a new degree of structural variability into the optimization process. I present another extension that includes a non-pairwise decomposable energy function, the first of its kind in protein design, laying the ground-work to capture aspects of protein stability that could not previously be incorporated into the optimization of side-chain placement