IJSAP 1980 Volume 1, Number 3

Abstract TABLE OF CONTENTS - VOL. 1(3), 1980 EDITORIALS Domestogenic Diseases - M. W. Fox 146-147 The Benefits of Tender Loving Care - W.B. Gross 147-149 The Reasonable Ground as a Problem of the German Animal Protection Act - G .M. Teutsch 149-151 NEWS AND ANALYSIS 152-155 Companion Animals - Trap Injuries to Pets U.S. Dog and Cat Ownership Estimates Laboratory Animals – Effects of Caging in Animal Studies Export Embargo Farm Animals - Farm Animal Welfare Concerns Recognized Malignant Hyperthermia and PSE Meat Porcine Aggression: Measurement and Effects of Crowding and Fasting Wild Animals - Missing Lynx Endangered Reptiles COMMENTS The Involvement of the Farm Animal Veterinarian in Animal Welfare - D.G. Llewellyn 156-162 Laboratory A and Alternatives in the 80\u27s – A.N. Rowan 162-169 ORIGINAL AND REVIEW ARTICLES Bringing Nature into the Zoo: Inexpensive Solutions for Zoo Environments - D. Hancocks 170-177 Designs and Specifications for Livestock Handling Equipment in Slaughter - T. Grandin 178-200 LEGISLATION AND REGULATION 201-202 U.S. Humane Slaughter Regulations Ohio Bill on Euthanasia CURRENT EVENTS 202-206 BOOK NEWS 206-207 VOLUME 1 INDEX INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS 20

Utah Science Vol. 51 No. 4, Winter 1990

130 USU Researcher Help Mink Producers 133 Parasite Target of USU Research 136 Unraveling the Origin of Animal Appetites 144 Riding in Balance 147 Grain-Rich Diet Can Cripple Young Horses 148 Tracking the Causes of Airborne Cancer 150 ‘Octopus’ May Carry Genome-Free Vaccines 151 New Faculty 152 Birth Defects and Retinoic Acid 153 Scrapie: Cause Unkown But Control Possible 156 Food Safety and Chemical Contamination: Facts vs. Fantasy 162 Food Safety Then and Now 165 Food Safety and the Consumer: Making Informed Decisions 169 Allan Adam Receives USU Land Grant Hall of Fame A ward 170 Recent Grant and Contract 171 Animal Care Reflected in Caliber of Research 172 Diagnostic Lab Does Veterinary Detective Work 178 Plastic Domes Too Hot for Calves 179 Enclosed Dairy Housing May Not Boost Milk Production 180 USU Professor Aids Revival of Navajo Sheep & Weaving 182 The Warp and Weft of Weaving 184 USU Studies Show Value of Bovine Somatotropin 186 Loosening Poisonous Plant Deadly Grip 192 Higher Octane Fuel for Ruminants 194 The Rumen: Form and Function 196 1990 Subject Inde

Annual report of the town officers and committees town of Sutton, New Hampshire for the fiscal year ending December 31, 1963 and school district officers for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1963 also vital statistics for the year ending December 31, 1963.

This is an annual report containing vital statistics for a town/city in the state of New Hampshire

Tilstedeværelsen av en akutt fase-reaksjon hos lam med eksperimentell klassisk skrapesjuke indikerer et skifte mot en pro-inflammatorisk tilstand i det kliniske endestadiet

Classical scrapie in sheep is a transmissible and fatal neurodegenerative disease caused by the self-replicating and infectious prion protein, PrPSc, which is a conformational variant of the normal cellular prion protein, PrPC. The prion protein is a highly conserved glycoprotein encoded by the PRNP gene and therefore within the same host both PrPC and PRPSC have the same unique amino acid sequence and they only differ in their three-dimensional folded structure. Specific mutations at codons 136, 154 and 171 of the PRNP gene leads to single amino acid substitutions, and the most common polymorphisms give rise to five possible alleles and 15 PRNP genotypes found in sheep. The different alleles are highly associated with levels of susceptibility to classical scrapie, where A136R154R171 allele provides high genetic resistance and V136R154Q171 allele results in highly susceptible animals. On the basis of this association between PRNP genotype and susceptibility, many EU MSs have implemented national breeding for resistance programme with the aim of increasing distribution of ARR allele and reducing the distribution of VRQ allele. For almost 20 years, the EU TSE regulation has required surveillance within each country to establish prevalence of prion diseases and the different PRNP genotypes. Classical scrapie has a widespread distribution and incidence rate fluctuates due to the complex interaction between prion and host factors, and prevalence can only be estimated by ante mortem testing through active and passive surveillance. Transmission between sheep occurs through direct and indirect contact, and PrPSc can remain infective in the environment for years. The most common route of infection is the oral route, and infected animals can excrete PrPSc through foetal membranes and fluids, saliva, urine, faeces, and milk. Pathogenesis is highly influenced by PRNP genotype, as animals of the most susceptible genotypes have the most effective uptake of PrPSc across small intestine followed by an extensive dissemination and involvement of the SLOs, and an early neuroinvasion with spread of PrPSc within the CNS. The susceptible genotypes will contribute the most to spread of infectivity and environmental contamination. This work describes the results from experimental classical scrapie where homozygous VRQ lambs were inoculated orally at birth with homogenated brain material from either healthy sheep or from natural cases of classical scrapie. This resulted in a worst-case scenario type of classical scrapie with sudden onset of severe clinical signs at 22 wpi followed by a rapid deterioration and euthanasia at 23 wpi. Serum samples were collected at regular intervals and tissue samples from brain and liver were sampled at post mortem examination. Proteomic examinations of serum revealed a downregulation of several protein peaks during the pre-symptomatic incubation period in the scrapie affected group compared to the control group, and a shift to upregulation of protein peaks onwards from 22 wpi. Genomic examinations of serum samples showed a slight downregulation IL1B and TLR4 at 16 wpi, followed by a change at 22 wpi with upregulation of genes encoding TLRs, C3 and APPs. Genomic examination of liver and brain tissues showed an alteration in gene expression of APPs in accordance with an APR. Serum analyses of different APPs showed increased levels of the positive APPs and a reduced concentration of negative APPs. These findings are indicative of a shift from anti-inflammatory to pro-inflammatory systemic innate immune response that coincide with the onset of debilitating clinical disease. In neurodegenerative diseases, the innate immune response in the CNS has a key role in both onset and progression of disease and resolution of inflammation. The accumulation of PrPSc in the CNS has been associated with a chronic activation of the innate immune response, pro-inflammatory activation of microglia, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration. The diseases phenotype registered in this work is a result of PRNP genotype, and time and dose of inoculation, which can occur naturally if the right circumstances are in place. New-born homozygous VRQ lambs from an infected dam can get infected at birth. These cases could develop a similar disease progression as described in this work, resulting in an efficient and fast uptake and widespread peripheral and central dissemination of PrPSc, and clinical disease at a young age. These cases would present as a diagnostic challenge and easily missed as classical scrapie. Due to their young age, these cases would not be sampled through active surveillance. If incubation period extends commercial lifespan, these lambs would be slaughtered for human consumption, and due to their PRNP genotype, prions would enter the food chain. Control of classical scrapie can probably not be achieved by absence of infectivity, but absence of clinical disease is possible through breeding for resistance which will provide flock immunity to classical scrapie.Klassisk skrapesyke hos sau er en overførbar og dødelig nevrodegenerativ sykdom forårsaket av det selvrepliserende og smittsomme prionproteinet, PrPSc, som er en variant av det normale cellulære prionproteinet, PrPC. Prionproteinet er et glykoprotein som er kodet for av PRNP-genet. Dette betyr at PrPC og PRPSC hos samme verten, har den samme unike aminosyresekvensen og det er kun den tredimensjonale strukturen som skiller dem. Spesifikke mutasjoner ved kodonene 136, 154 og 171 i PRNP-genet fører til substitusjoner av enkelte aminosyrer, og de vanligste polymorfismer gir opphav til fem mulige alleler, og 15 PRNP-genotyper hos sau. De forskjellige allelene er assosiert med nivå av mottakelighet for klassisk skrapesyke, og A136R154R171-allel fører til genetisk resistens, og V136R154Q171-allel gir høy mottagelighet. På bakgrunn av denne sammenhengen mellom PRNP-genotype og mottakelighet, har mange EU medlemsland innført nasjonale avlsprogram som har mål om å øke utbredelsen av ARR-allel, og samtidig en reduksjon av VRQ-allel. I snart 20 år har EUs TSE-regelverk krevd nasjonale overvåkingsprogram for å bestemme forekomsten av prionsykdommer og kartlegge utbredelsen av de forskjellige PRNP-genotypene. Klassisk skrapesyke er utbredt, men forekomsten vil variere med bakgrunn i det komplekse samspillet mellom prionprotein og vertsfaktorer. Prevalens kan estimeres gjennom ante mortem testing i forbindelse med aktivt og passivt overvåkingsprogram. Smitteoverføring mellom sau skjer ved direkte og indirekte kontakt, og PrPSc er smittsomt i flere år i miljøet. Den vanligste infeksjonsveien er gjennom oralt inntak, og dyr kan skille ut smittsomt PrPSc via fosterhinner og væsker, spytt, urin, feces og melk, og nivå er styrt av PRNP genotype.Research Council of Norwa

Addressing subjectivity in the classification of palaeoenvironmental remains with supervised deep learning convolutional neural networks

Archaeological object identifications have been traditionally undertaken through a comparative methodology where each artefact is identified through a subjective, interpretative act by a professional. Regarding palaeoenvironmental remains, this comparative methodology is given boundaries by using reference materials and codified sets of rules, but subjectivity is nevertheless present. The problem with this traditional archaeological methodology is that higher level of subjectivity in the identification of artefacts leads to inaccuracies, which then increases the potential for Type I and Type II errors in the testing of hypotheses. Reducing the subjectivity of archaeological identifications would improve the statistical power of archaeological analyses, which would subsequently lead to more impactful research. In this thesis, it is shown that the level of subjectivity in palaeoenvironmental research can be reduced by applying deep learning convolutional neural networks within an image recognition framework. The primary aim of the presented research is therefore to further the on-going paradigm shift in archaeology towards model-based object identifications, particularly within the realm of palaeoenvironmental remains. Although this thesis focuses on the identification of pollen grains and animal bones, with the latter being restricted to the astragalus of sheep and goats, there are wider implications for archaeology as these methods can easily be extended beyond pollen and animal remains. The previously published POLEN23E dataset is used as the pilot study of applying deep learning in pollen grain classification. In contrast, an image dataset of modern bones was compiled for the classification of sheep and goat astragali due to a complete lack of available bone image datasets and a double blind study with inexperienced and experienced zooarchaeologists was performed to have a benchmark to which image recognition models can be compared. In both classification tasks, the presented models outperform all previous formal modelling methods and only the best human analysts match the performance of the deep learning model in the sheep and goat astragalus separation task. Throughout the thesis, there is a specific focus on increasing trust in the models through the visualization of the models’ decision making and avenues of improvements to Grad-CAM are explored. This thesis makes an explicit case for the phasing out of the comparative methods in favour of a formal modelling framework within archaeology, especially in palaeoenvironmental object identification