Study of the Pre-existence of Christ According to the Jehovah’s Witnesses

One of the foundational teaching in the history of Christianity is the existence of Christ. Mostly Christians believed that Christ already exist prior His incarnation. Jesus was with the Father, and Holy Spirit. They are co-exist , no beginning and no end, they are eternal from eternity to eternity. However, Arianism rejected the traditional view of the Christianity regarding Christ existence. The Arianism’s view regarding the pre-existence of Christ admired by the Jehovah’s Witnesses. Jehovah’s Witnesses believed that was exist prior to His incarnation but not co-exist with the Father. Christ is only begotten son of the Father as the first creation and  Father endowed Christ the divinity

A New Look at Theosophy The Great Chain of Being Revisited

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Refusing to be a man?: Men's responsibility for war rape and the problem of social structures in feminist and gender theory

As the majority perpetrators of sexual violence, it is plausible to see men as responsible for war rape not only as individuals, but also as collective bystanders, facilitators and beneficiaries. Following recent criticisms of individual legal and moral responsibility for rape as a war crime in international law, this article examines how we might think of war rape as a collective action in moral and sociological terms. First, it assesses existing moral arguments for the responsibility of men in groups for rape, primarily with reference to the work of Claudia Card, Larry May and Robert Strikwerda. Critiquing elements of these arguments, it explores the difficulties in talking about ‘men’ as a coherent group and in discussing ‘collectives’ themselves. Second, the article draws out the connection between accounts of moral responsibility and accounts of causal responsibility. Drawing on critiques of collective responsibility and the long-standing agency/structure problem, it argues that causal accounts focusing on structure pose a serious challenge to ideas of both individual and collective moral responsibility. The complexities of the relationship between moral and causal claims are illustrated through a discussion of Susan Brownmiller and Catharine MacKinnon’s influential perspectives on rape. The seeming paradox of responsibility is emphasised as a problem to be addressed by gender and feminist perspectives that seek to pursue both ethical and sociological inquiry into the workings of masculinity and the political means for undoing gendered wrongs

Middle Indo-Aryan "Aspirate" Clusters Revisited

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Of Masters and Servants: Hybrid Power in Theodore Laskaris’ 'Response to Mouzalon' and in the 'Tale of Livistros and Rodamne'

The present paper examines two Byzantine texts from the middle of the thirteenth century, ostensibly unrelated to each other: a political essay written by a young emperor and an anonymous love romance. The analysis is conducted through the concept of hybrid power, a notion initially developed by postcolonial criticism. It is shown that in the two texts authority (that of the Byzantine emperor and that of Eros as emperor) is constructed as hybrid and thus as an impossibility, though in the case of the political essay this impossibility remains unresolved, while in the romance it is actually resolved. The pronounced similarities between the two texts on the level of political ideology (e.g. the notion of friendship between master and servant, the performance of power relations, shared key concepts) informing the hybrid form of authority and its relation to its servants is a clear indication that they belong to the same socio-cultural and intellectual environment, namely the Laskarid imperial court in Nicaea around 1250

Sin in Origen's Commentary on Romans

Origen is a critical third century voice in seeking to articulate a cogent doctrine of sin. His magisterial Commentary on Romans opens a unique window to understanding his mature thought on the subject. In this thesis I argue that Origen’s teaching on original and volitional sin demonstrates divergence from and continuity with the prevailing theological tradition. Here he conceives of the preexistent fall of souls as encapsulated in a mystical, yet historical, fall of Adam in the Garden. The taint of this sin is shared by all humanity ab initio and expresses itself through the loss of the image of God and the spread of death and dominion. His defense of infant baptism further recognizes the inheritance of sin from Adam. Origen’s understanding of volitional sin is situated within the context of his polemic against the Gnostic doctrine of natures. Thus his tripartite anthropology seeks to offer the parameters of a cogent doctrine of sin: the soul is free to choose between body/flesh (vice) and spirit (virtue). Sin is a misappropriation of the individual’s tripartite makeup, a situation where God’s law—natural law, Mosaic law, or gospel—is breached through the soul’s lack of moderation. This is caused when the lower element of the soul usurps the higher element and gives undue attention to the ephemeral needs of the body

Refugees Threats of Terrorism: Securitization by means of Social Integration

This research analyzes factors that affect the number of terrorist incidents in Europe with large numbers of refugees. My research intends to explore the correlation between refugees and terrorist incidents and to identify if social integration and immigration policies can have an effect on the volume of attacks. My independent variables of social policies in addition to immigration policies confirm my hypothesis that certain factors within these policies affect terrorism in Spain, the United Kingdom, Sweden, and Germany. The answer to this question will aid in the creation of stability, prosperity, and justice within Europe and provide a model for the rest of the international community. Initiating studies on this political phenomenon is crucial to reducing European terrorism, explaining some of its causes, preventing future conflict, and ultimately increasing the security of Europe’s citizens and non-citizens alike