Bio-Inspired Robotics

Modern robotic technologies have enabled robots to operate in a variety of unstructured and dynamically-changing environments, in addition to traditional structured environments. Robots have, thus, become an important element in our everyday lives. One key approach to develop such intelligent and autonomous robots is to draw inspiration from biological systems. Biological structure, mechanisms, and underlying principles have the potential to provide new ideas to support the improvement of conventional robotic designs and control. Such biological principles usually originate from animal or even plant models, for robots, which can sense, think, walk, swim, crawl, jump or even fly. Thus, it is believed that these bio-inspired methods are becoming increasingly important in the face of complex applications. Bio-inspired robotics is leading to the study of innovative structures and computing with sensory–motor coordination and learning to achieve intelligence, flexibility, stability, and adaptation for emergent robotic applications, such as manipulation, learning, and control. This Special Issue invites original papers of innovative ideas and concepts, new discoveries and improvements, and novel applications and business models relevant to the selected topics of ``Bio-Inspired Robotics''. Bio-Inspired Robotics is a broad topic and an ongoing expanding field. This Special Issue collates 30 papers that address some of the important challenges and opportunities in this broad and expanding field

Climbing and Walking Robots

With the advancement of technology, new exciting approaches enable us to render mobile robotic systems more versatile, robust and cost-efficient. Some researchers combine climbing and walking techniques with a modular approach, a reconfigurable approach, or a swarm approach to realize novel prototypes as flexible mobile robotic platforms featuring all necessary locomotion capabilities. The purpose of this book is to provide an overview of the latest wide-range achievements in climbing and walking robotic technology to researchers, scientists, and engineers throughout the world. Different aspects including control simulation, locomotion realization, methodology, and system integration are presented from the scientific and from the technical point of view. This book consists of two main parts, one dealing with walking robots, the second with climbing robots. The content is also grouped by theoretical research and applicative realization. Every chapter offers a considerable amount of interesting and useful information

Humanoid Robots

For many years, the human being has been trying, in all ways, to recreate the complex mechanisms that form the human body. Such task is extremely complicated and the results are not totally satisfactory. However, with increasing technological advances based on theoretical and experimental researches, man gets, in a way, to copy or to imitate some systems of the human body. These researches not only intended to create humanoid robots, great part of them constituting autonomous systems, but also, in some way, to offer a higher knowledge of the systems that form the human body, objectifying possible applications in the technology of rehabilitation of human beings, gathering in a whole studies related not only to Robotics, but also to Biomechanics, Biomimmetics, Cybernetics, among other areas. This book presents a series of researches inspired by this ideal, carried through by various researchers worldwide, looking for to analyze and to discuss diverse subjects related to humanoid robots. The presented contributions explore aspects about robotic hands, learning, language, vision and locomotion

Running synthesis and control for monopods and bipeds with articulated

Bibliography: p. 179-20

Investigation of an Articulated Spine in a Quadruped Robotic System.

This research quantitatively analyzes a multi-body dynamics quadrupedal model with an articulated spine to evaluate the effects of speed and stride frequency on the energy requirements of the system. The articulated model consists of six planar, rigid bodies with a single joint in the middle of the torso. All joints are frictionless and mass is equally distributed in the limbs and torso. A model with the mid-torso joint removed, denoted as the rigid model, is used as a baseline comparison. Impulsive forces and torques are used to instantaneously reset the velocities at the phase transitions, allowing for ballistic trajectories during flight phases. Active torques at the haunch and shoulder joints are used during the stance phases to increase the model robustness. Simulations were conducted over effective high-speed gaits from 6.0 - 9.0 m/s. Stride frequencies were varied for both models. An evolutionary algorithm was employed to find plausible gaits based on biologically realistic constraints and bounds. The objective function for the optimization was cost of transport. Results show a decreasing cost of transport as speed increases for the articulated model with an optimal stride frequency of 3 s$^{-1}$ and an increasing cost of transport with increasing speed for the rigid model at an optimal stride frequency of 1.4 s$^{-1}$, with a crossover in the cost of transport between the two models occurring at 7.0 m/s. The rigid model favors low speeds and stride frequencies at the cost of a large impulsive vertical force, driving the system through a long, gathered flight phase used to cover the long distances at the low stride frequencies. The articulated model prefers higher speeds and stride frequencies at the cost of a large impulsive torque in the back joint, akin to the contraction of abdomen muscles, preventing the collapse of the back. Thus, it is demonstrated that the inclusion of back articulation enables a more energetically efficient high-speed gait than a rigid back system, as seen in biological systems. Detailed analysis is provided to identify the mechanics associated with the optimal gaits of both the rigid and the articulated systems to support this claim.Ph.D.Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of Michigan, Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studieshttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/89831/1/bhaueise_1.pd

Computing fast search heuristics for physics-based mobile robot motion planning

Mobile robots are increasingly being employed to assist responders in search and rescue missions. Robots have to navigate in dangerous areas such as collapsed buildings and hazardous sites, which can be inaccessible to humans. Tele-operating the robots can be stressing for the human operators, which are also overloaded with mission tasks and coordination overhead, so it is important to provide the robot with some degree of autonomy, to lighten up the task for the human operator and also to ensure robot safety. Moving robots around requires reasoning, including interpretation of the environment, spatial reasoning, planning of actions (motion), and execution. This is particularly challenging when the environment is unstructured, and the terrain is \textit{harsh}, i.e. not flat and cluttered with obstacles. Approaches reducing the problem to a 2D path planning problem fall short, and many of those who reason about the problem in 3D don't do it in a complete and exhaustive manner. The approach proposed in this thesis is to use rigid body simulation to obtain a more truthful model of the reality, i.e. of the interaction between the robot and the environment. Such a simulation obeys the laws of physics, takes into account the geometry of the environment, the geometry of the robot, and any dynamic constraints that may be in place. The physics-based motion planning approach by itself is also highly intractable due to the computational load required to perform state propagation combined with the exponential blowup of planning; additionally, there are more technical limitations that disallow us to use things such as state sampling or state steering, which are known to be effective in solving the problem in simpler domains. The proposed solution to this problem is to compute heuristics that can bias the search towards the goal, so as to quickly converge towards the solution. With such a model, the search space is a rich space, which can only contain states which are physically reachable by the robot, and also tells us enough information about the safety of the robot itself. The overall result is that by using this framework the robot engineer has a simpler job of encoding the \textit{domain knowledge} which now consists only of providing the robot geometric model plus any constraints

Energetics and Passive Dynamics of Quadruped Robot Planar Running Gaits

Quadruped robots find application in military for load carrying over uneven terrain, humanitarian de-mining, and search and rescue missions. The energy required for quadruped robot locomotion needs to be supplied from on-board energy source which can be either electrical batteries or fuels such as gasolene/diesel. The range and duration of missions very much depend on the amount of energy carried, which is highly limited. Hence, energy efficiency is of paramount importance in building quadruped robots. Study of energy efficiency in quadruped robots not only helps in efficient design of quadruped robots, but also helps understand the biomechanics of quadrupedal animals. This thesis focuses on the energy efficiency of planar running gaits and presents: (a) derivation of cost of transport expressions for trot and bounding gaits, (b) advantages of articulated torso over rigid torso for quadruped robot, (c) symmetry based control laws for passive dynamic bounding and design for inherent stability, and (d) effect of asymmetry in zero-energy bounding gaits

Scaled Autonomy for Networked Humanoids

Humanoid robots have been developed with the intention of aiding in environments designed for humans. As such, the control of humanoid morphology and effectiveness of human robot interaction form the two principal research issues for deploying these robots in the real world. In this thesis work, the issue of humanoid control is coupled with human robot interaction under the framework of scaled autonomy, where the human and robot exchange levels of control depending on the environment and task at hand. This scaled autonomy is approached with control algorithms for reactive stabilization of human commands and planned trajectories that encode semantically meaningful motion preferences in a sequential convex optimization framework. The control and planning algorithms have been extensively tested in the field for robustness and system verification. The RoboCup competition provides a benchmark competition for autonomous agents that are trained with a human supervisor. The kid-sized and adult-sized humanoid robots coordinate over a noisy network in a known environment with adversarial opponents, and the software and routines in this work allowed for five consecutive championships. Furthermore, the motion planning and user interfaces developed in the work have been tested in the noisy network of the DARPA Robotics Challenge (DRC) Trials and Finals in an unknown environment. Overall, the ability to extend simplified locomotion models to aid in semi-autonomous manipulation allows untrained humans to operate complex, high dimensional robots. This represents another step in the path to deploying humanoids in the real world, based on the low dimensional motion abstractions and proven performance in real world tasks like RoboCup and the DRC

Fondements calculatoires de la locomotion anthropomorphe

La locomotion anthropomorphe est un processus complexe qui met en jeu un très grand nombre de degrés de liberté, le corps humain disposant de plus de trois cents articulations contre une trentaine chez les robots humanoïdes. Pris dans leur ensemble, ces degrés de liberté montrent une certaine cohérence rendant possible la mise en mouvement du système anthropomorphe et le maintien de son équilibre, dans le but d'éviter la chute. Cette thèse met en lumière les fondements calculatoires à l'origine de cette orchestration. Elle introduit un cadre mathématique unifié permettant à la fois l'étude de la locomotion humaine, et la génération de trajectoires locomotrices pour les robots humanoïdes. Ce cadre consiste en une réduction de la dynamique corps-complet du système pour ne considérer que sa projection autour du centre de gravité, aussi appelée dynamique centroïdale. Bien que réduite, nous montrons que cette dynamique centroïdale joue un rôle central dans la compréhension et la formation des mouvements locomoteurs. Pour ce faire, nous établissons dans un premier temps les conditions d'observabilité de cette dynamique, c'est-à-dire que nous montrons dans quelle mesure cette donnée peut être appréhendée à partir des capteurs couramment employés en biomécanique et en robotique. Forts de ces conditions d'observabilité, nous proposons un estimateur capable de reconstruire la position non-biaisée du centre de gravité. A partir de cet estimateur et de l'acquisition de mouvements de marche sur divers sujets, nous mettons en évidence la présence d'un motif cycloïdal du centre de gravité dans le plan sagittal lorsque l'humain marche de manière nominale, c'est-à-dire sans y penser. La présence de ce motif suggère l'existence d'une synergie motrice jusqu'alors ignorée, soutenant la théorie d'une coordination générale des mouvements pendant la locomotion. La dernière contribution de cette thèse porte sur la locomotion multi-contacts. Les humains ont une agilité remarquable pour effectuer des mouvements locomoteurs qui nécessitent l'utilisation conjointe des bras et des jambes, comme lors de l'ascension d'une paroi rocheuse. Comment doter les robots humanoïdes de telles capacités ? La difficulté n'est certainement pas technologique, puisque les robots actuels sont capables de développer des puissances mécaniques suffisantes. Leurs performances, évaluées tant en termes de qualité des mouvements que de temps de calcul, restent très limitées. Dans cette thèse, nous abordons le problème de génération de trajectoires multi-contacts sous la forme d'un problème de commande optimale. L'intérêt de cette formulation est de partir du modèle réduit de la dynamique centroïdale tout en répondant aux contraintes d'équilibre. L'idée originale consiste à maximiser la vraisemblance de cette dynamique réduite vis-à-vis de la dynamique corps-complet. Elle repose sur l'apprentissage d'une mesure d'occupation qui reflète les capacités cinématiques et dynamiques du robot. Elle est effective : l'algorithmique qui en découle est compatible avec des applications temps réel. L'approche a été évaluée avec succès sur le robot humanoïde HRP-2, sur plusieurs modes de locomotions, démontrant ainsi sa polyvalence.Anthropomorphic locomotion is a complex process that involves a very large number of degrees of freedom, the human body having more than three hundred joints against thirty in humanoid robots. Taken as a whole, these degrees of freedom show a certain coherence making it possible to set the anthropomorphic system in motion and maintain its equilibrium, in order to avoid falling. This thesis highlights the computational foundations behind this orchestration. It introduces a unified mathematical framework allowing both the study of human locomotion and the generation of locomotive trajectories for humanoid robots. This framework consists of a reduction of the body-complete dynamics of the system to consider only its projection around the center of gravity, also called centroid dynamics. Although reduced, we show that this centroidal dynamics plays a central role in the understanding and formation of locomotive movements. To do this, we first establish the observability conditions of this dynamic, that is to say that we show to what extent this data can be apprehended from sensors commonly used in biomechanics and robotics. Based on these observability conditions, we propose an estimator able to reconstruct the unbiased position of the center of gravity. From this estimator and the acquisition of walking motions on various subjects, we highlight the presence of a cycloidal pattern of the center of gravity in the sagittal plane when the human is walking nominally, that is, to say without thinking. The presence of this motif suggests the existence of a motor synergy hitherto unknown, supporting the theory of a general coordination of movements during locomotion. The last contribution of this thesis is on multi-contact locomotion. Humans have remarkable agility to perform locomotive movements that require joint use of the arms and legs, such as when climbing a rock wall. How to equip humanoid robots with such capabilities? The difficulty is certainly not technological, since current robots are able to develop sufficient mechanical powers. Their performances, evaluated both in terms of quality of movement and computing time, remain very limited. In this thesis, we address the problem of generating multi-contact trajectories in the form of an optimal control problem. The interest of this formulation is to start from the reduced model of centroid dynamics while responding to equilibrium constraints. The original idea is to maximize the likelihood of this reduced dynamic with respect to body-complete dynamics. It is based on learning a measurement of occupation that reflects the kinematic and dynamic capabilities of the robot. It is effective: the resulting algorithmic is compatible with real-time applications. The approach has been successfully evaluated on the humanoid robot HRP-2, on several modes of locomotion, thus demonstrating its versatility

Object manipulation by a humanoid robot via single camera pose estimation

Humanoid robots are designed to be used in daily life as assistance robots for people. They are expected to fill the jobs that require physical labor. These robots are also considered in healthcare sector. The ultimate goal in humanoid robotics is to reach a point where robots can truly communicate with people, and to be a part of labor force. Usual daily environment of a common person contains objects with different geometric and texture features. Such objects should be easily recognized, located and manipulated by a robot when needed. These tasks require high amount of information from environment. The Computer Vision field interests in extraction and use of visual cues for computer systems. Visual data captured with cameras contains the most of the information needed about the environment for high level tasks relative to the other sensors. Most of the high level tasks on humanoid robots require the target object to be segmented in image and located in the 3D environment. Also, the object should be kept in image so that the information about the object can be retrieved continuously. This can be achieved by gaze control schemes by using visual feedback to drive neck motors of the robot. In this thesis an object manipulation algorithm is proposed for a humanoid robot. A white object with red square marker is used as the target object. The object is segmented by color information. Corners of the red marker is found and used for the pose estimation algorithm and gaze control. The pose information is used for navigation to the object and for the grasping action. The described algorithm is implemented on the humanoid experiment platform SURALP (Sabanci University ReseArch Labaratory Platform)