18 research outputs found

    Surface Reconstruction from Constructive Solid Geometry for Interactive Visualization

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    A method is presented for constructing a set of triangles that closely approximates the surface of a constructive solid geometry model. The method subdivides an initial triangulation of the model’s primitives into triangles that can be classified accurately as either on or off of the surface of the whole model, and then recombines these small triangles into larger ones that are still either entirely on or entirely off the surface. Subdivision and recombination can be done in a preprocessing step, allowing later rendering of the triangles on the surface (i.e., the triangles visible from outside the model) to proceed at interactive rates. Performance measurements confirm that this method achieves interactive rendering speeds. This approach has been used with good results in an interactive scientific visualization program

    Latest Hydroforming Technology of Metallic Tubes and Sheets

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    This Special Issue and Book, ‘Latest Hydroforming Technology of Metallic Tubes and Sheets’, includes 16 papers, which cover the state of the art of forming technologies in the relevant topics in the field. The technologies and methodologies presented in these papers will be very helpful for scientists, engineers, and technicians in product development or forming technology innovation related to tube hydroforming processes

    Contact Dynamics Modelling for Robotic Task Simulation

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    This thesis presents the theoretical derivations and the implementation of a contact dynamics modelling system based on compliant contact models. The system was designed to be used as a general-purpose modelling tool to support the task planning process space-based robot manipulator systems. This operational context imposes additional requirements on the contact dynamics modelling system beyond the usual ones of fidelity and accuracy. The system must not only be able to generate accurate and reliable simulation results, but it must do it in a reasonably short period of time, such that an operations engineer can investigate multiple scenarios within a few hours. The system is easy to interface with existing simulation facilities. All physical parameters of the contact model can be identified experimentally or can be obtained by other means through analysis or theoretical derivations based on the material properties. Similarly, the numerical parameters can be selected automatically or by using heuristic rules that give an indication of the range of values that would ensure that the simulations results are qualitatively correct. The contact dynamics modelling system is comprised of two contact models. On one hand, a point contact model is proposed to tackle simulations involving bodies with non-conformal surfaces. Since it is based on Hertz theory, the contacting surfaces must be smooth and without discontinuity, i.e., no corners or sharp edges. The point contact model includes normal damping and tangential friction and assumes the contact surface is very small, such that the contact force is assumed to be acting through a point. An expression to set the normal damping as a function of the effective coefficient of restitution is given. A new seven-parameter friction model is introduced. The friction model is based on a bristle friction model, and is adapted to the context of 3-dimensional frictional impact modelling with introduction of load-dependent bristle stiffness and damping terms, and with the expression of the bristle deformation in vectorial form. The model features a dwell-time stiction force dependency and is shown to be able to reproduce the dynamic nature of the friction phenomenon. A second contact model based on the Winkler elastic foundation model is then proposed to deal with a more general class of geometries. This so-called volumetric contact model is suitable for a broad range of contact geometries, as long as the contact surface can be approximated as being flat. A method to deal with objects where this latter approximation is not reasonable is also presented. The effect of the contact pressure distribution across the contact surface is accounted for in the form of the rolling resistance torque and spinning friction torque. It is shown that the contact forces and moments can be expressed in terms of the volumetric properties of the volume of interference between the two bodies, defined as the volume spanned by the intersection of the two undeformed geometries of the colliding bodies. The properties of interest are: the volume of the volume of interference, the position of its centroid, and its inertia tensor taken about the centroid. The analysis also introduces a new way of defining the contact normal; it is shown that the contact normal must correspond to one of the eigenvectors of the inertia tensor. The investigation also examines how the Coulomb friction is affected by the relative motion of the objects. The concept of average surface velocity is introduced. It accounts for both the relative translational and angular motions of the contacting surfaces. The average surface velocity is then used to find dimensionless factors that relate friction force and spinning torque caused by the Coulomb friction. These latter factors are labelled the Contensou factors. Also, the radius of gyration of the moment of inertia of the volume of interference about the contact normal was shown to correlate the spinning Coulomb friction torque to the translational Coulomb friction force. A volumetric version of the seven-parameter bristle friction model is then presented. The friction model includes both the tangential friction force and spinning friction torque. The Contensou factors are used to control the behaviour of the Coulomb friction. For both contact models, the equations are derived from first principles, and the behaviour of each contact model characteristic was studied and simulated. When available, the simulation results were compared with benchmark results from the literature. Experiments were performed to validate the point contact model using a six degrees-of-freedom manipulator holding a half-spherical payload, and coming into contact with a flat plate. Good correspondence between the simulated and experimental results was obtained

    Computational modeling of material behavior on different scales based on continuum mechanics

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    Die Modellierung und Simulation von Materialverhalten ist seit Jahrzehnten wichtiger Bestandteil ingenieurwissenschaftlicher Forschung. Sowohl innovative Ingenieurmaterialien (wie z.B. Leichtbaustoffe) als auch klassische Werkstoffe (z.B. Metalle) verlangen bei ihrer Entwicklung bzw. bei der Ermittlung ihrer mechanischen Eigenschaften ein stark verzahntes Wissen des Ingenieurs. In dem multidisziplinĂ€ren Forschungsfeld sind Materialwissenschaftler, Ingenieure, Mathematiker und Physiker aktiv und profitieren von interdisziplinĂ€ren AnsĂ€tzen. - Modellierung inelastischen Werkstoffverhaltens von Metallen - In vielen ingenieurwissenschaftlichen Anwendungen wie z.B. Umformprozessen spielt die Deformation von metallischen Materialien eine wichtige Rolle. Metalle verhalten sich bis zu einer kritischen Spannung linear-elastisch. Bei grĂ¶ĂŸeren Deformationen sinkt die Steigung der Spannungs-Dehnungskurve und schließlich beginnt das Material sich plastisch zu verfestigen. Das Werkstoffverhalten ist abhĂ€ngig von mehreren PhĂ€nomenen auf verschiedenen Skalen, wie z.B. der Mikroebene. Ein gutes Beispiel hierfĂŒr sind polykristalline metallische Werkstoffe. In deren Fall hat man festgestellt, dass die zugrunde liegende Mikrostruktur, z.B. die Kornmikrostruktur, eine große Rolle spielt. Relevante Aspekte hierbei sind die AbhĂ€ngigkeit des Materialverhaltens von der KorngrĂ¶ĂŸe oder von der Interaktion zwischen Versetzungen und Korngrenzen. Wenn das umzuformende MetallstĂŒck ungefĂ€hr die gleiche GrĂ¶ĂŸe hat wie die Kristalle, aus denen es besteht, dann ist die Spannungs- Dehnungskurve im plastischen Bereich stark von der KorngrĂ¶ĂŸe abhĂ€ngig. Dieses Verhalten nennt man GrĂ¶ĂŸeneffekt. Im Gegensatz zur herkömmlichen KristallplastizitĂ€t werden die genannten Aspekte von den AnsĂ€tzen der erweiterten KristallplastizitĂ€t bzw. der GradientenkristallplastizitĂ€t berĂŒcksichtigt. Bei der Anwendung solcher Modelle und deren Umsetzung in die numerische Simulation ergeben sich mehrere Herausforderungen. Nicht zuletzt gehören dazu die Analyse der entsprechenden gekoppelten Anfangs-Randwertprobleme und die Entwicklung von effektiven numerischen Lösungsstrategien fĂŒr diese Probleme. In den Kapiteln 2–6 werden erweiterte KristallplastizitĂ€tstheorien betrachtet. Dabei werden große Deformationen berĂŒcksichtigt, basierend auf nicht-linearer Kontinuumsmechanik. Die resultierenden mathematischen Gleichungen sind hochgradig nicht-linear und miteinander gekoppelt, so dass ein effizienter numerischer Algorithmus benötigt wird. Modellierung und Simulation von Polareis in der Antarktis InlandeisflĂ€chen und Gletscher spielen fĂŒr das Erdklima eine sehr wichtige Rolle. Rund 90% des irdischen Eises und damit 75% der weltweiten SĂŒĂŸwasserreserven sind in der bis zu 4500m dicken Eisdecke der Antarktis enthalten. Das antarktische Inlandeis ist die grĂ¶ĂŸte einzelne Eismasse der Erde. Fast der gesamte Kontinent ist durch das ca. 12 Millionen km2 große Eisschild der Antarktis bedeckt. Eis in natĂŒrlichen Landeismassen, wie z.B. polaren EisflĂ€chen oder Gletschern, besteht aus Milliarden individuellen hexagonalen Eiskristallen, so genannten “ice Ih”. Diese haben typischerweise einen Durchmesser von wenigen Millimetern oder Zentimetern. Diese GrĂ¶ĂŸenskala steht im Kontrast zu der GrĂ¶ĂŸe der Masse, die ĂŒblicherweise zwischen mehreren HundertMetern bis zu Tausende von Kilometern rangiert. Es ist seit langem bekannt, dass obwohl die Verteilung der kristallographischen Achsen an der OberflĂ€che von EisflĂ€chen zufĂ€llig ist und das Materialverhalten somit dort als isotrop angesehen werden kann, sich dieses Verhalten an tieferen Stellen verĂ€ndert. In der Tiefe beginnen die Kristalle, sich zu verschiedenen Typen von anisotropen Gebilden mit bevorzugten kristallographischen Achsen zu entwickeln. In Kapitel 7 wird ein Computermodell fĂŒr den anisotropen Eisfluss basierend auf den Felddaten der EPICA (European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica) Eisbohrungen an der Kohnen Station vorgestellt. Die Kohnen Station ist die einzige deutsche polare Forschungsstation in der Antarktis und liegt im Dronning Maud Land. Hauptziel des EPICA an der Kohnen Station ist die Rekonstruktion des antarktischen Klimas in den letzten hunderttausend Jahren mittels Tiefeisbohrungen. Aufgrund dieser Bohrungen sind Daten ĂŒber die Anisotropie des Eises sowie ĂŒber den Eisfluss vorhanden. Physikalisch gesehen ist Eis ein kristalliner Festkörper, d.h. natĂŒrliches terrestrisches Eis setzt sich aus Milliarden Eiskristallen zusammen. An der OberflĂ€che von EisflĂ€chen bzw. in kleinen Eismassen ist die Verteilung der kristallographischen Achsen zufĂ€llig. Das makroskopische Materialverhalten von Eis kann in diesen FĂ€llen folglich vereinfachend als isotrop angenommen werden. Bei dicken Eisschichten verĂ€ndert sich dieses Verhalten jedoch in der Tiefe, d.h. die Kristalle richten sich mit bevorzugter kristallographischer Achse aus. Diese Anisotropie bewirkt unter Last eine im Vergleich zu isotropen OberflĂ€cheneis eine bis zu zehnfach schnellere Deformation. Daher mĂŒssen fĂŒr dicke Eisschichten anisotrope Materialgesetze formuliert werden. Das zugrunde liegende Modell, das so genannte continuum-mechanical, anisotropic flow model based on an anisotropic flow enhancement factor model (kurz: CAFFE-Modell), erfĂŒllt alle grundlegenden Prinzipien der klassischen Kontinuumsmechanik und berĂŒcksichtigt die Anisotropie des Eis. Die Gewebebildung wird mittels einer Massenbilanz, die mehrere Rekristallisationseffekte beinhaltet, modelliert. Rekristallisation ist der Abbau von Kristallgitterfehlern durch Neubildung des GefĂŒges. Die Polygonisierung, d.h. die Rekristallisation durch Partikelrotation, ist eine stetige dynamische Rekristallisierung und wird im CAFFE-Modell durch den Orientierungsfluss beschrieben. Letzterer wird als diffusiver Prozess modelliert. Hierbei wird eine Verallgemeinerung des so genannten Fickschen Diffusionsgesetz angesetzt. -Modellierung von Lösungsdurchdringung in Polymeren: case II Diffusion - Klassische Diffusion (“case I Diffusion”) wird ĂŒblicherweise mit Hilfe des Fickschen Gesetzes modelliert. Im Fall von glasigen Polymeren in Umgebung der Glasšubergangstemperatur list dies jedoch nicht möglich. Wenn eine Lösung mit niedrigem Molekulargewicht in der NĂ€he der GlasĂŒbergangstemperatur in ein sprödes Polymer diffundiert, durchlĂ€uft das Polymer einen Phasenwechsel von Glas zu Gummi. Dieser Diffusionsvorgang wird nach Alfrey et al. [11] als “case II Diffusion” bezeichnet. Im Gegensatz zur klassischen Diffusion ist im Fall der case II Diffusion die Massenaufnahme der Lösung durch das Polymer nicht proportional zur Wurzel aus der Zeit, sondern linear in der Zeit. ZusĂ€tzlich teilt eine scharfe Front das Polymer in zwei Regionen. Vor der Front, wo das Polymer spröde ist, ist die Konzentration der Lösung deutlich geringer als hinter der Front. Ein typisches Beispielsystem ist Polymethylmethacrylat (PMMA) und Methanol. Die Werkstoffmodellierung von Polymeren, in denen case II Diffusion stattfindet, ist insbesondere in der pharmazeutischen und der Automobilindustrie von Interesse. In der Literatur existieren viele verschiedene ModellansĂ€tze, die unterschiedliche charakteristische Merkmale der case II Diffusion beschreiben können. Es existiert zur Zeit jedoch noch kein Ansatz, der alle Eigenschaften abbilden kann. In Kapitel 8 werden bestehende Modelle besprochen, miteinander verglichen, sowie Vor- und Nachteile aufgelistet. - Modellierung von nicht-klassischer Diffusion in weiteren biologischen und physikalischen VorgĂ€ngen - Neben der case II Diffusion in Polymeren existieren weitere biologische und physikalische Prozesse, in denen nicht-klassische (d.h. nicht-Ficksche) Diffusion statt findet. Einige dieser FĂ€lle werden in Kapitel 9 genauer betrachtet. Der Fokus liegt dabei auf der Untersuchung von Wellen- und SchockausbreitungsphĂ€nomenen. Unter anderem wird ein modifiziertes SIR Modell fĂŒr Epidemien betrachtet. Mit Hilfe dieses Modells kann die Seuchenausbreitung und -ĂŒbertragung durch Individuen simuliert werden. Die Bevölkerungsgruppe wird in diesem Zusammenhang in potentielle EmpfĂ€nger (S), Infizierte (I) und Genesende (R) unterteilt. Die Verbreitung der Krankheit wird dabei mittels eines nicht-klassischen Diffusionsgesetz modelliert

    NASA thesaurus. Volume 2: Access vocabulary

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    The access vocabulary, which is essentially a permuted index, provides access to any word or number in authorized postable and nonpostable terms. Additional entries include postable and nonpostable terms, other word entries and pseudo-multiword terms that are permutations of words that contain words within words. The access vocabulary contains almost 42,000 entries that give increased access to the hierarchies in Volume 1 - Hierarchical Listing

    NASA thesaurus. Volume 1: Hierarchical Listing

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    There are over 17,000 postable terms and nearly 4,000 nonpostable terms approved for use in the NASA scientific and technical information system in the Hierarchical Listing of the NASA Thesaurus. The generic structure is presented for many terms. The broader term and narrower term relationships are shown in an indented fashion that illustrates the generic structure better than the more widely used BT and NT listings. Related terms are generously applied, thus enhancing the usefulness of the Hierarchical Listing. Greater access to the Hierarchical Listing may be achieved with the collateral use of Volume 2 - Access Vocabulary and Volume 3 - Definitions

    Vibration, Control and Stability of Dynamical Systems

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    From Preface: This is the fourteenth time when the conference “Dynamical Systems: Theory and Applications” gathers a numerous group of outstanding scientists and engineers, who deal with widely understood problems of theoretical and applied dynamics. Organization of the conference would not have been possible without a great effort of the staff of the Department of Automation, Biomechanics and Mechatronics. The patronage over the conference has been taken by the Committee of Mechanics of the Polish Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Poland. It is a great pleasure that our invitation has been accepted by recording in the history of our conference number of people, including good colleagues and friends as well as a large group of researchers and scientists, who decided to participate in the conference for the first time. With proud and satisfaction we welcomed over 180 persons from 31 countries all over the world. They decided to share the results of their research and many years experiences in a discipline of dynamical systems by submitting many very interesting papers. This year, the DSTA Conference Proceedings were split into three volumes entitled “Dynamical Systems” with respective subtitles: Vibration, Control and Stability of Dynamical Systems; Mathematical and Numerical Aspects of Dynamical System Analysis and Engineering Dynamics and Life Sciences. Additionally, there will be also published two volumes of Springer Proceedings in Mathematics and Statistics entitled “Dynamical Systems in Theoretical Perspective” and “Dynamical Systems in Applications”

    Wildfire Hazard and Risk Assessment

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    Wildfire risk can be perceived as the combination of wildfire hazards (often described by likelihood and intensity) with the susceptibility of people, property, or other valued resources to that hazard. Reflecting the seriousness of wildfire risk to communities around the world, substantial resources are devoted to assessing wildfire hazards and risks. Wildfire hazard and risk assessments are conducted at a wide range of scales, from localized to nationwide, and are often intended to communicate and support decision making about risks, including the prioritization of scarce resources. Improvements in the underlying science of wildfire hazard and risk assessment and in the development, communication, and application of these assessments support effective decisions made on all aspects of societal adaptations to wildfire, including decisions about the prevention, mitigation, and suppression of wildfire risks. To support such efforts, this Special Issue of the journal Fire compiles articles on the understanding, modeling, and addressing of wildfire risks to homes, water resources, firefighters, and landscapes

    A microstructural kinematic study of selected shear zones in the Hartbees River Thrust Belt, northeastern Namaqua Tectonic Province

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    The Hartbees River Thrust Belt (HRTS) is a 40-60 km wide, southwest-vergent zone of complex structure, lithostratigraphy and high-grade metamorphism in the northeastern part of the mid-Proterozoic Namaqua Tectonic Province. The HRTS comprises the boundary zone separating the Bushmanland and Gordonia Subprovinces of the Namaqua Province. A knowledge of the movement histories of major ductile shear zones within the HRTS is fundamental to understanding the tectonic development of the belt, and Namaqua tectogenesis as a whole. In spite of this, no detailed microstructural kinematic studies have been attempted and the movement histories and age relationships of these shear zones have not been described in detail. This thesis represents a detailed microstructural kinematic study of a representative suite of orientated samples of mylonitic rocks, collected from five ductile shear zones within the HRTS. These shear zones include the Neusspruit Lineament, the Kakamas shear zone (KSZ), the Hugosput shear system (HSS), the Rozynenbosch-Ganzenmond shear zone (RGSZ) and the Graafwater shear system (GSS). Accepted modern methods of microstructural kinematic analysis were applied to samples of mylonite from these shear zones, in order to determine the precise orientation of the kinematic vectors, and the sense and relative ages of movements on each of the shear zones. Shear sense criteria, including composite SoC planar fabrics and shear band foliations, asymmetrical porphyroclast systems, mica-fish, oblique grain-shape and subgrain fabrics, asymmetrical microfolds, and the displacement of fractured rigid grains, together with a well-developed mylonite elongation lineation, conclusively indicate that SSW-directed thrusting occurred along the HSS, RGSZ, GSS and possibly along the Neusspruit Lineament, while normal, top-to-NE movements occurred on the Neusspruit Lineament, KSZ and HSS. Rare transposition criteria, and textural and paragenetic contrasts between syn-kinematic fabrics, strongly suggest that the phase of normal, top-to-NE movement seen in the northeastern HRTS shear zones is younger than the more widespread top-to-SW thrusting event. On the basis of mesoscopic structural criteria, SSW-directed thrusting is correlated with the D₂ deformation event in the HRTS. The mylonite zones have been refolded by ENE-SSW trending F₃ crossfolds, whose demonstrated coaxial relationship to the mylonite elongation lineation precluded reorientation of primary kinematic vectors. In the southwestern HRTS, primary thrust vectors have been reoriented by right-lateral, strike-slip shearing adjacent to the Pofadder Lineament during D₄. Simple shear dispersion of mylonite lineations related to normal movement, suggests that they too have been modified by D₄ shearing, and this constrains the timing of extensional movements to post-D₂ and pre- or syn-D₄. Syn-kinematic mineral assemblages, rheological criteria and the annealing states of the mylonites, provide insight into the thermotectonic evolution of the shear zones. A model is proposed in which the movement histories of shear zones within the HRTS are explained in terms of a typical orogenic cycle, involving crustal thickening by thrusting during a compressional orogenic phase, followed by collapse of the thickened crust during an extensional taphrogenic phase
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