GWARANCJA KONSUMENCKA JAKO GATUNEK WYPOWIEDZI

The purpose of this paper is to present genre specificity of the consumer warranty and various factors determining its structure and language as well as consumer regulations. Warranty is a type of document that is commonly used and widely known. However, a possibility of different interpretations of warranty content can lead to its incomprehensibility and/or misinterpretation and have s pecific legal consequences. The author analysed English version of 110 warranty documents for consumer goods. The collected research material indicates a structural and syntactic diversity ofwarranty documents. It also illustrates how content and the language of the document might facilitate or hinder its correct interpretation.Celem artykułu jest omówienie specyfiki gatunkowej gwarancji konsumenckiej, a także różne czynniki determinujące jej strukturę i język (w tym przepisy konsumenckie). Gwarancja jest rodzajem dokumentu stosowanego i znanego powszechnie. Niejednokrotnie jednak możliwość różnej interpretacji języka i treści gwarancji wpływa na jej niezrozumiałość i/lub utrudnia jej prawidłową interpretację. Rodzi to określone konsekwencje prawne. Autorka poddała analizie 110 gwarancji konsumenckich w angielskiej wersji językowej. Zebrany materiał badawczy wskazuje na zróżnicowanie strukturalno-semantyczne dokumentów gwarancyjnych. Pozwala również stwierdzić w jaki sposób treść lub język dokumentu może ułatwić bądź utrudnić poprawną interpretację treści zawartych w gwarancji

RePOR: Mimicking humans on refactoring tasks. Are we there yet?

Refactoring is a maintenance activity that aims to improve design quality while preserving the behavior of a system. Several (semi)automated approaches have been proposed to support developers in this maintenance activity, based on the correction of anti-patterns, which are `poor' solutions to recurring design problems. However, little quantitative evidence exists about the impact of automatically refactored code on program comprehension, and in which context automated refactoring can be as effective as manual refactoring. Leveraging RePOR, an automated refactoring approach based on partial order reduction techniques, we performed an empirical study to investigate whether automated refactoring code structure affects the understandability of systems during comprehension tasks. (1) We surveyed 80 developers, asking them to identify from a set of 20 refactoring changes if they were generated by developers or by a tool, and to rate the refactoring changes according to their design quality; (2) we asked 30 developers to complete code comprehension tasks on 10 systems that were refactored by either a freelancer or an automated refactoring tool. To make comparison fair, for a subset of refactoring actions that introduce new code entities, only synthetic identifiers were presented to practitioners. We measured developers' performance using the NASA task load index for their effort, the time that they spent performing the tasks, and their percentages of correct answers. Our findings, despite current technology limitations, show that it is reasonable to expect a refactoring tools to match developer code

A usable web for long-stay hospitalised children

This paper analyses the problems that should be considered when designing a web site for disadvantaged children. We focus our research on long-stay hospitalised children who use the Internet to communicate with realities located outside their usual surroundings, especially with distance education related activities. We introduce a case study which focuses on the use of the Internet in some Italian hospitals and then we sketch out some guidelines for designing usable web sites for hospitalised children

Test techniques for evaluating flight displays

The rapid development of graphics technology allows for greater flexibility in aircraft displays, but display evaluation techniques have not kept pace. Historically, display evaluation has been based on subjective opinion and not on the actual aircraft/pilot performance. Existing electronic display specifications and evaluation techniques are reviewed. A display rating technique analogous to handling qualities ratings was developed and is recommended for future evaluations. The choice of evaluation pilots is also discussed and the use of a limited number of trained evaluators is recommended over the use of a large number of operational pilots

Codification challenges for data science in construction

New forms of data science, including machine learning and data analytics, are enabled by machine-readable informationbut are not widely deployed in construction. Aqualitative study of information flow in three projects usingBuilding Information Modelling (BIM) in the late designand construction phaseis used to identify the challenges of codification whichlimit the application of data science.Despite substantial efforts to codify information with ‘Common Data Environment(CDE)’ platforms to structure and transfer digital information within and between teams, participants work across multiple media in both structured and unstructured ways. Challenges of codification identified in this paper relate to software usage (interoperability, translation, modelling, and file-based sharing), information sharing (unstructured information, document control, workarounds, process change,and multiple CDEs), and construction process information(loss of constraints and low level of detail). This paper contributes to the current understanding of data science in construction by articulating the codification challenges and their implications for data quality dimensions,such as accuracy, completeness, accessibility, consistency, timeliness, and provenance.It concludes with practical implications for developingand using machine-readable information and directions for research to extract insight from data and support future automation

Reviews

Europe In the Round CD‐ROM, Guildford, Vocational Technologies, 1994

Species relationships in the genus Vasconcellea (Caricaceae) based on molecular and morphological evidence

Validity of the taxa currently recognized in the genus Vasconcellea was analyzed by investigating morphological and molecular data from 105 specimens of this genus and six specimens of the related genus Carica. Taxon identification of these specimens was compared with clustering in two phenetic dendrograms generated with 36 morphological characters and 254 amplified fragment length polymorphic (AFLP) markers. Moreover, cytoplasmic haplotypes were assessed using polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) of one mitochondrial and two chloroplast DNA regions. Results show that the morphological data set, containing mainly vegetative characteristics, merely reveals external resemblance between specimens, which is not directly associated with genetic relationships and taxon validity. Phenotypic plasticity and intercompatibility between several species are likely to confuse morphological delimitation of the taxa. Based on the results of our study, several specimens that could not be identified with the currently used identification key (1) could be attributed to a known taxon, which should be extended to include a higher range of morphological variability or (2) could be hypothesized to be of hybrid origin. Because of the high intraspecific variation within V. microcarpa and V. X heilbornii, revision of these taxa is recommended