Software Engineering Laboratory Series: Proceedings of the Twenty-Second Annual Software Engineering Workshop

The Software Engineering Laboratory (SEL) is an organization sponsored by NASA/GSFC and created to investigate the effectiveness of software engineering technologies when applied to the development of application software. The activities, findings, and recommendations of the SEL are recorded in the Software Engineering Laboratory Series, a continuing series of reports that includes this document

Energy and Carbon Dioxide Impacts from Lean Logistics and Retailing Systems: A Discrete-event Simulation Approach for the Consumer Goods Industry

abstract: Consumer goods supply chains have gradually incorporated lean manufacturing principles to identify and reduce non-value-added activities. Companies implementing lean practices have experienced improvements in cost, quality, and demand responsiveness. However certain elements of these practices, especially those related to transportation and distribution may have detrimental impact on the environment. This study asks: What impact do current best practices in lean logistics and retailing have on environmental performance? The research hypothesis of this dissertation establishes that lean distribution of durable and consumable goods can result in an increased amount of carbon dioxide emissions, leading to climate change and natural resource depletion impacts, while lean retailing operations can reduce carbon emissions. Distribution and retailing phases of the life cycle are characterized in a two-echelon supply chain discrete-event simulation modeled after current operations from leading organizations based in the U.S. Southwest. By conducting an overview of critical sustainability issues and their relationship with consumer products, it is possible to address the environmental implications of lean logistics and retailing operations. Provided the waste reduction nature from lean manufacturing, four lean best practices are examined in detail in order to formulate specific research propositions. These propositions are integrated into an experimental design linking annual carbon dioxide equivalent emissions to: (1) shipment frequency between supply chain partners, (2) proximity between decoupling point of products and final customers, (3) inventory turns at the warehousing level, and (4) degree of supplier integration. All propositions are tested through the use of the simulation model. Results confirmed the four research propositions. Furthermore, they suggest synergy between product shipment frequency among supply chain partners and product management due to lean retailing practices. In addition, the study confirms prior research speculations about the potential carbon intensity from transportation operations subject to lean principles.Dissertation/ThesisPh.D. Sustainability 201

Complexity and duplicity in the digital age : new implications for business and labor management strategy

Les sociologues différencient souvent les époques en fonction de la manière dont le commerce est pratiqué (Ashton, 2013 ; Rose, 1991). Souvent, les progrès technologiques modifient la façon dont les parties échangent des biens, un phénomène qui a des conséquences sur le changement d'époque (Wright, 2004). À cet égard, les historiens économiques distinguent généralement l'ère féodale de l'ère industrielle en raison de l'invention de la technologie de la vapeur à la fin du 17e siècle et de son application généralisée au milieu du 18e siècle (Ashton, 2013). La disponibilité du World Wide Web a créé l'ère numérique. Alors que l'ancienne époque de l'ère industrielle limite principalement l'échange de travail dans une période définie, Internet permet l'expansion des paramètres commerciaux. Alors que les universitaires considèrent que l'ère numérique a entraîné des changements substantiels dans le domaine du commerce et des échanges, la plupart des théories sur la gestion (en particulier celles concernant la planification et la stratégie) trouvent leur origine dans l'ère industrielle, c'est-à-dire l'ère précédant l'existence de l'Internet. Malgré les efforts de chercheurs tels qu'Allen et al, (2007), l'éventail complet des options de stratégie compétitive disponibles pour les entreprises modernes n'a peut-être pas été suffisamment délimité. Le présent ouvrage soutient que les technologies basées sur Internet ont influencé l'émergence d'industries distinctement numérique et que, par conséquent, la théorie concernant l'avantage concurrentiel comme celle de Michael Porter doit être réexaminée. Le but de ce travail est de fournir un aperçu conceptuel de l’émergence de la complexité à l’ère numérique et de montrer en quoi ce phénomène émergeant a des implications pour la stratégie en général, mais aussi pour les relations de travail. Le projet a produit des articles scientifiques revus par des pairs dans des revues universitaires classiques. Ces articles traitent des conséquences de la duplicité pour trois types d’acteurs : ceux qui élaborent et mettent en œuvre la stratégie commerciale; les consommateurs; et ceux qui opère dans le marché du travail.Sociologists frequently differentiate eras based on the way commerce is undertaken (Ashton, 2013; Rose, 1991). Often, technological advance changes the way parties exchange goods, a phenomenon that has consequences for epochal change (Wright, 2004). In this regard, economic historians typically differentiate the feudal era from the industrial age because of the invention of the steam technology in the late 17th century and its widespread application in the mid 18th century (Ashton, 2013). The availability of the World Wide Web created the digital era. Whereas the old industrial-age epoch mostly limits work exchange within a defined era, the Internet permits expansion of trading parameters. While scholars mostly consider that in the era of the Internet substantial changes have occurred in relation to commerce and trading, most theories about management (particular those concerning planning and strategy) have their origins in the industrial age, the era before the Internet existed. Despite the efforts of scholars such as Allen et al, (2007) the full range of competitive strategy options available to modern firms may not have been adequately delineated. The present body of work argues that Internet-based technologies have influenced the emergence of distinctively post-modern or digital age industries and that, therefore, theory regarding competitive advantage such as those of Michael Porter must be revisited. The aim of this work is to provide a conceptual overview of the emergence of complexity in the digital era and indicate how this emergent phenomenon has implications for strategy generally and the employment relationship in particular, insofar as technological complexity concerns labor control. The project has produced peer-reviewed scholarly articles in mainstream academic journals. These articles address the consequences of duplicity for three kinds of actors : those who craft and implement business strategy; consumers; and, those in (what is conventional though of as) the labor market

Detection and Measurement of Sales Cannibalization in Information Technology Markets

Characteristic features of Information Technology (IT), such as its intrinsic modularity and distinctive cost structure, incentivize IT vendors to implement growth strategies based on launching variants of a basic offering. These variants are by design substitutable to some degree and may contend for the same customers instead of winning new ones from competitors or from an expansion of the market. They may thus generate intra-organizational sales diversion – i.e., sales cannibalization. The occurrence of cannibalization between two offerings must be verified (the detection problem) and quantified (the measurement problem), before the offering with cannibalistic potential is introduced into the market (ex-ante estimation) and/or afterwards (ex-post estimation). In IT markets, both detection and measurement of cannibalization are challenging. The dynamics of technological innovation featured in these markets may namely alter, hide, or confound cannibalization effects. To address these research problems, we elaborated novel methodologies for the detection and measurement of cannibalization in IT markets and applied them to four exemplary case studies. We employed both quantitative and qualitative methodologies, thus implementing a mixed-method multi- case research design. The first case study focuses on product cannibalization in the context of continuous product innovation. We investigated demand interrelationships among Apple handheld devices by means of econometric models with exogenous structural breaks (i.e., whose date of occurrence is given a priori). In particular, we estimated how sales of the iPod line of portable music players were affected by new-product launches within the iPod line itself and by the introduction of iPhone smartphones and iPad tablets. We could find evidence of expansion in total line revenues, driven by iPod line extensions, and inter- categorical cannibalization, due to iPhones and iPads Mini. The second empirical application tackles platform cannibalization, when a platform provider becomes complementor of an innovative third party platform thus competing with its own proprietary one. We ascertained whether the diffusion of GPS-enabled smartphones and navigation apps affected sales of portable navigation devices. Using a unit-root test with endogenous breaks (i.e., whose date of occurrence is estimated), we identified a negative shift in the sales of the two leaders in the navigation market and dated it at the third quarter of 2008, when the iOS and Android mobile ecosystems were introduced. Later launches of their own navigation apps did not significantly affect these manufacturers’ sales further. The third case study addresses channel cannibalization. We explored the channel adoption decision of organizational buyers of business software applications, in light of the rising popularity of online sales channels in consumer markets. We constructed a qualitative channel adoption model which takes into account the relevant drivers and barriers of channel adoption, their interdependences, and the buying process phases. Our findings suggest that, in the enterprise software market, online channels will not cannibalize offline ones unless some typical characteristics of enterprise software applications change. The fourth case study deals with business model cannibalization – the organizational decision to cannibalize an existent business model for a more innovative one. We examined the transition of two enterprise software vendors from on-premise to on-demand software delivery. Relying on a mixed- method research approach, built on the quantitative and qualitative methodologies from the previous case studies, we identified the transition milestones and assessed their impact on financial performances. The cannibalization between on-premise and on-demand is also the scenario for an illustrative simulation study of the cannibalization

Strategies for the intelligent selection of components

It is becoming common to build applications as component-intensive systems - a mixture of fresh code and existing components. For application developers the selection of components to incorporate is key to overall system quality - so they want the `best\u27. For each selection task, the application developer will de ne requirements for the ideal component and use them to select the most suitable one. While many software selection processes exist there is a lack of repeatable, usable, exible, automated processes with tool support. This investigation has focussed on nding and implementing strategies to enhance the selection of software components. The study was built around four research elements, targeting characterisation, process, strategies and evaluation. A Post-positivist methodology was used with the Spiral Development Model structuring the investigation. Data for the study is generated using a range of qualitative and quantitative methods including a survey approach, a range of case studies and quasiexperiments to focus on the speci c tuning of tools and techniques. Evaluation and review are integral to the SDM: a Goal-Question-Metric (GQM)-based approach was applied to every Spiral

Expanding the Horizons of Manufacturing: Towards Wide Integration, Smart Systems and Tools

This research topic aims at enterprise-wide modeling and optimization (EWMO) through the development and application of integrated modeling, simulation and optimization methodologies, and computer-aided tools for reliable and sustainable improvement opportunities within the entire manufacturing network (raw materials, production plants, distribution, retailers, and customers) and its components. This integrated approach incorporates information from the local primary control and supervisory modules into the scheduling/planning formulation. That makes it possible to dynamically react to incidents that occur in the network components at the appropriate decision-making level, requiring fewer resources, emitting less waste, and allowing for better responsiveness in changing market requirements and operational variations, reducing cost, waste, energy consumption and environmental impact, and increasing the benefits. More recently, the exploitation of new technology integration, such as through semantic models in formal knowledge models, allows for the capture and utilization of domain knowledge, human knowledge, and expert knowledge toward comprehensive intelligent management. Otherwise, the development of advanced technologies and tools, such as cyber-physical systems, the Internet of Things, the Industrial Internet of Things, Artificial Intelligence, Big Data, Cloud Computing, Blockchain, etc., have captured the attention of manufacturing enterprises toward intelligent manufacturing systems

The international organizational network as core capability : global product development in Fujitsu Limited

Includes bibliographical references (p. 51-52).Supported by the Japan-United States Friendship Commission and by the MIT Japan Program Corporate Consortium.Christopher J. Voisey

Semantic discovery and reuse of business process patterns

Patterns currently play an important role in modern information systems (IS) development and their use has mainly been restricted to the design and implementation phases of the development lifecycle. Given the increasing significance of business modelling in IS development, patterns have the potential of providing a viable solution for promoting reusability of recurrent generalized models in the very early stages of development. As a statement of research-in-progress this paper focuses on business process patterns and proposes an initial methodological framework for the discovery and reuse of business process patterns within the IS development lifecycle. The framework borrows ideas from the domain engineering literature and proposes the use of semantics to drive both the discovery of patterns as well as their reuse