Approach of Passive Filters using NSGA II in industrial installations: Part I

The optimization of passive filters in industrial systems has been presented by different computational methods. The objective of this paper is to develop a computational algorithm with NSGA II to select the configuration and design parameters of a set of passive filters for industrial installations. As a methodology, the optimization problem was addressed using three independent objective functions of innovative character for compensation of harmonics through passive filters as a multiobjective problem. The results were the computational solution to this problem that determines a set of Pareto optimal solutions (Frontier). In addition, the computational tool has several new features such as: calculates the parameters that characterize the filters, but also selects the type of configuration and the number of branches of the filter in each candidate bar according to a set of pre-established configurations according to PRODIST-M8 (Brazilian Standard) and IEEE 519-2014. Also determine solutions with good power quality indicators (THD, TDD and NPV) for several characteristic and non-characteristic scenarios of the system that allow to represent: daily variations of the load, and variations of system parameters and filters. It evaluates the cost of energy bills in an industrial power grid that has different operating conditions (characteristic scenarios) and evaluates the economic effect of harmonic filters as reactive power compensators

Review on Multi-Objective Control Strategies for Distributed Generation on Inverter-Based Microgrids

[EN] Microgrids have emerged as a solution to address new challenges in power systems with the integration of distributed energy resources (DER). Inverter-based microgrids (IBMG) need to implement proper control systems to avoid stability and reliability issues. Thus, several researchers have introduced multi-objective control strategies for distributed generation on IBMG. This paper presents a review of the different approaches that have been proposed by several authors of multi-objective control. This work describes the main features of the inverter as a key component of microgrids. Details related to accomplishing efficient generation from a control systems' view have been observed. This study addresses the potential of multi-objective control to overcome conflicting objectives with balanced results. Finally, this paper shows future trends in control objectives and discussion of the different multi-objective approaches.Gonzales-Zurita, Ó.; Clairand, J.; Peñalvo-López, E.; Escrivá-Escrivá, G. (2020). Review on Multi-Objective Control Strategies for Distributed Generation on Inverter-Based Microgrids. Energies. 13(13):1-29. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13133483S1291313Ross, M., Abbey, C., Bouffard, F., & Joos, G. (2015). Multiobjective Optimization Dispatch for Microgrids With a High Penetration of Renewable Generation. IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, 6(4), 1306-1314. doi:10.1109/tste.2015.2428676Murty, V. V. S. N., & Kumar, A. (2020). Multi-objective energy management in microgrids with hybrid energy sources and battery energy storage systems. Protection and Control of Modern Power Systems, 5(1). doi:10.1186/s41601-019-0147-zKatircioğlu, S., Abasiz, T., Sezer, S., & Katırcıoglu, S. (2019). Volatility of the alternative energy input prices and spillover effects: a VAR [MA]-MGARCH in BEKK approach for the Turkish economy. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(11), 10738-10745. doi:10.1007/s11356-019-04531-5Olivares, D. E., Mehrizi-Sani, A., Etemadi, A. H., Canizares, C. A., Iravani, R., Kazerani, M., … Hatziargyriou, N. D. (2014). Trends in Microgrid Control. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 5(4), 1905-1919. doi:10.1109/tsg.2013.2295514Akinyele, D., Belikov, J., & Levron, Y. (2018). Challenges of Microgrids in Remote Communities: A STEEP Model Application. Energies, 11(2), 432. doi:10.3390/en11020432Benamar, A., Travaillé, P., Clairand, J.-M., & Escrivá-Escrivá, G. (2020). Non-Linear Control of a DC Microgrid for Electric Vehicle Charging Stations. International Journal on Advanced Science, Engineering and Information Technology, 10(2), 593. doi:10.18517/ijaseit.10.2.10815Lakshmi, M., & Hemamalini, S. (2018). Nonisolated High Gain DC–DC Converter for DC Microgrids. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 65(2), 1205-1212. doi:10.1109/tie.2017.2733463Yin, C., Wu, H., Locment, F., & Sechilariu, M. (2017). Energy management of DC microgrid based on photovoltaic combined with diesel generator and supercapacitor. Energy Conversion and Management, 132, 14-27. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2016.11.018Chen, D., Xu, Y., & Huang, A. Q. (2017). Integration of DC Microgrids as Virtual Synchronous Machines Into the AC Grid. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 64(9), 7455-7466. doi:10.1109/tie.2017.2674621Abhinav, S., Schizas, I. D., Ferrese, F., & Davoudi, A. (2017). Optimization-Based AC Microgrid Synchronization. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 13(5), 2339-2349. doi:10.1109/tii.2017.2702623Liu, Z., Su, M., Sun, Y., Li, L., Han, H., Zhang, X., & Zheng, M. (2019). Optimal criterion and global/sub-optimal control schemes of decentralized economical dispatch for AC microgrid. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 104, 38-42. doi:10.1016/j.ijepes.2018.06.045Khatibzadeh, A., Besmi, M., Mahabadi, A., & Reza Haghifam, M. (2017). Multi-Agent-Based Controller for Voltage Enhancement in AC/DC Hybrid Microgrid Using Energy Storages. Energies, 10(2), 169. doi:10.3390/en10020169Asghar, F., Talha, M., & Kim, S. (2017). Robust Frequency and Voltage Stability Control Strategy for Standalone AC/DC Hybrid Microgrid. Energies, 10(6), 760. doi:10.3390/en10060760Lotfi, H., & Khodaei, A. (2017). Hybrid AC/DC microgrid planning. Energy, 118, 37-46. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2016.12.015Kerdphol, T., Rahman, F., & Mitani, Y. (2018). Virtual Inertia Control Application to Enhance Frequency Stability of Interconnected Power Systems with High Renewable Energy Penetration. Energies, 11(4), 981. doi:10.3390/en11040981Rodrigues, Y. R., Zambroni de Souza, A. C., & Ribeiro, P. F. (2018). An inclusive methodology for Plug-in electrical vehicle operation with G2V and V2G in smart microgrid environments. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 102, 312-323. doi:10.1016/j.ijepes.2018.04.037Ghosh, S., & Chattopadhyay, S. (2020). Three-Loop-Based Universal Control Architecture for Decentralized Operation of Multiple Inverters in an Autonomous Grid-Interactive Microgrid. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 56(2), 1966-1979. doi:10.1109/tia.2020.2964746Mohapatra, S. R., & Agarwal, V. (2020). Model Predictive Control for Flexible Reduction of Active Power Oscillation in Grid-Tied Multilevel Inverters Under Unbalanced and Distorted Microgrid Conditions. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 56(2), 1107-1115. doi:10.1109/tia.2019.2957480Ziouani, I., Boukhetala, D., Darcherif, A.-M., Amghar, B., & El Abbassi, I. (2018). Hierarchical control for flexible microgrid based on three-phase voltage source inverters operated in parallel. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 95, 188-201. doi:10.1016/j.ijepes.2017.08.027Golshannavaz, S., & Mortezapour, V. (2018). A generalized droop control approach for islanded DC microgrids hosting parallel-connected DERs. Sustainable Cities and Society, 36, 237-245. doi:10.1016/j.scs.2017.09.038Safa, A., Madjid Berkouk, E. L., Messlem, Y., & Gouichiche, A. (2018). A robust control algorithm for a multifunctional grid tied inverter to enhance the power quality of a microgrid under unbalanced conditions. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 100, 253-264. doi:10.1016/j.ijepes.2018.02.042Andishgar, M. H., Gholipour, E., & Hooshmand, R. (2017). An overview of control approaches of inverter-based microgrids in islanding mode of operation. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 80, 1043-1060. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.267Li, Z., Zang, C., Zeng, P., Yu, H., Li, S., & Bian, J. (2017). Control of a Grid-Forming Inverter Based on Sliding-Mode and Mixed ${H_2}/{H_\infty }$ Control. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 64(5), 3862-3872. doi:10.1109/tie.2016.2636798Hossain, M. A., Pota, H. R., Squartini, S., & Abdou, A. F. (2019). Modified PSO algorithm for real-time energy management in grid-connected microgrids. Renewable Energy, 136, 746-757. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2019.01.005Shokoohi, S., Golshannavaz, S., Khezri, R., & Bevrani, H. (2018). Intelligent secondary control in smart microgrids: an on-line approach for islanded operations. Optimization and Engineering, 19(4), 917-936. doi:10.1007/s11081-018-9382-9Safari, A., Babaei, F., & Farrokhifar, M. (2019). A load frequency control using a PSO-based ANN for micro-grids in the presence of electric vehicles. International Journal of Ambient Energy, 42(6), 688-700. doi:10.1080/01430750.2018.1563811Miveh, M. R., Rahmat, M. F., Ghadimi, A. A., & Mustafa, M. W. (2016). Control techniques for three-phase four-leg voltage source inverters in autonomous microgrids: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 54, 1592-1610. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.10.079Rokrok, E., Shafie-khah, M., & Catalão, J. P. S. (2018). Review of primary voltage and frequency control methods for inverter-based islanded microgrids with distributed generation. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 82, 3225-3235. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2017.10.022Bouzid, A. M., Guerrero, J. M., Cheriti, A., Bouhamida, M., Sicard, P., & Benghanem, M. (2015). A survey on control of electric power distributed generation systems for microgrid applications. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 44, 751-766. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.01.016Vásquez, V., Ortega, L. M., Romero, D., Ortega, R., Carranza, O., & Rodríguez, J. J. (2017). Comparison of methods for controllers design of single phase inverter operating in island mode in a microgrid: Review. 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Sustainability, 9(5), 773. doi:10.3390/su9050773Hajiakbari Fini, M., & Hamedani Golshan, M. E. (2018). Determining optimal virtual inertia and frequency control parameters to preserve the frequency stability in islanded microgrids with high penetration of renewables. Electric Power Systems Research, 154, 13-22. doi:10.1016/j.epsr.2017.08.007Jung, J., & Villaran, M. (2017). Optimal planning and design of hybrid renewable energy systems for microgrids. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 75, 180-191. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2016.10.061Baharizadeh, M., Karshenas, H. R., & Guerrero, J. M. (2018). An improved power control strategy for hybrid AC-DC microgrids. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 95, 364-373. doi:10.1016/j.ijepes.2017.08.036Serban, I., & Ion, C. P. (2017). Microgrid control based on a grid-forming inverter operating as virtual synchronous generator with enhanced dynamic response capability. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 89, 94-105. doi:10.1016/j.ijepes.2017.01.009Tavakoli, M., Shokridehaki, F., Marzband, M., Godina, R., & Pouresmaeil, E. (2018). A two stage hierarchical control approach for the optimal energy management in commercial building microgrids based on local wind power and PEVs. Sustainable Cities and Society, 41, 332-340. doi:10.1016/j.scs.2018.05.035Cagnano, A., De Tuglie, E., & Cicognani, L. (2017). Prince — Electrical Energy Systems Lab. Electric Power Systems Research, 148, 10-17. doi:10.1016/j.epsr.2017.03.011Zhang, H., Meng, W., Qi, J., Wang, X., & Zheng, W. X. (2019). Distributed Load Sharing Under False Data Injection Attack in an Inverter-Based Microgrid. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 66(2), 1543-1551. doi:10.1109/tie.2018.2793241Yang, L., Hu, Z., Xie, S., Kong, S., & Lin, W. (2019). Adjustable virtual inertia control of supercapacitors in PV-based AC microgrid cluster. Electric Power Systems Research, 173, 71-85. doi:10.1016/j.epsr.2019.04.011Rahman, F. S., Kerdphol, T., Watanabe, M., & Mitani, Y. (2019). Optimization of virtual inertia considering system frequency protection scheme. Electric Power Systems Research, 170, 294-302. doi:10.1016/j.epsr.2019.01.025Farrokhabadi, M., Canizares, C. A., Simpson-Porco, J. W., Nasr, E., Fan, L., Mendoza-Araya, P. A., … Reilly, J. (2020). Microgrid Stability Definitions, Analysis, and Examples. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 35(1), 13-29. doi:10.1109/tpwrs.2019.2925703Yoldaş, Y., Önen, A., Muyeen, S. M., Vasilakos, A. V., & Alan, İ. (2017). Enhancing smart grid with microgrids: Challenges and opportunities. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 72, 205-214. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2017.01.064Rajesh, K. S., Dash, S. S., Rajagopal, R., & Sridhar, R. (2017). A review on control of ac microgrid. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 71, 814-819. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2016.12.106Marzal, S., Salas, R., González-Medina, R., Garcerá, G., & Figueres, E. (2018). Current challenges and future trends in the field of communication architectures for microgrids. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 82, 3610-3622. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2017.10.101Singh, A., & Suhag, S. (2018). Trends in Islanded Microgrid Frequency Regulation – A Review. Smart Science, 7(2), 91-115. doi:10.1080/23080477.2018.1540380Hou, X., Sun, Y., Lu, J., Zhang, X., Koh, L. H., Su, M., & Guerrero, J. M. (2018). Distributed Hierarchical Control of AC Microgrid Operating in Grid-Connected, Islanded and Their Transition Modes. IEEE Access, 6, 77388-77401. doi:10.1109/access.2018.2882678SHI, R., ZHANG, X., HU, C., XU, H., GU, J., & CAO, W. (2017). Self-tuning virtual synchronous generator control for improving frequency stability in autonomous photovoltaic-diesel microgrids. Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy, 6(3), 482-494. doi:10.1007/s40565-017-0347-3Toub, M., Bijaieh, M. M., Weaver, W. W., III, R. D. R., Maaroufi, M., & Aniba, G. (2019). Droop Control in DQ Coordinates for Fixed Frequency Inverter-Based AC Microgrids. Electronics, 8(10), 1168. doi:10.3390/electronics8101168Shuai, Z., Fang, J., Ning, F., & Shen, Z. J. (2018). Hierarchical structure and bus voltage control of DC microgrid. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 82, 3670-3682. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2017.10.096Agundis-Tinajero, G., Segundo-Ramírez, J., Visairo-Cruz, N., Savaghebi, M., Guerrero, J. M., & Barocio, E. (2019). Power flow modeling of islanded AC microgrids with hierarchical control. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 105, 28-36. doi:10.1016/j.ijepes.2018.08.002Ali, A., Li, W., Hussain, R., He, X., Williams, B., & Memon, A. (2017). Overview of Current Microgrid Policies, Incentives and Barriers in the European Union, United States and China. Sustainability, 9(7), 1146. doi:10.3390/su9071146Cui, Y., Geng, Z., Zhu, Q., & Han, Y. (2017). Review: Multi-objective optimization methods and application in energy saving. Energy, 125, 681-704. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2017.02.174Yazdi, F., & Hosseinian, S. H. (2019). A novel «Smart Branch» for power quality improvement in microgrids. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 110, 161-170. doi:10.1016/j.ijepes.2019.02.026Bassey, O., Butler-Purry, K. L., & Chen, B. (2020). Dynamic Modeling of Sequential Service Restoration in Islanded Single Master Microgrids. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 35(1), 202-214. doi:10.1109/tpwrs.2019.2929268Chang, E.-C. (2018). Study and Application of Intelligent Sliding Mode Control for Voltage Source Inverters. Energies, 11(10), 2544. doi:10.3390/en11102544Das, D., Gurrala, G., & Shenoy, U. J. (2018). Linear Quadratic Regulator-Based Bumpless Transfer in Microgrids. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 9(1), 416-425. doi:10.1109/tsg.2016.2580159Nguyen, H. K., Khodaei, A., & Han, Z. (2018). Incentive Mechanism Design for Integrated Microgrids in Peak Ramp Minimization Problem. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 9(6), 5774-5785. doi:10.1109/tsg.2017.2696903Xiao, Z., Guerrero, J. M., Shuang, J., Sera, D., Schaltz, E., & Vásquez, J. C. (2018). Flat tie-line power scheduling control of grid-connected hybrid microgrids. Applied Energy, 210, 786-799. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.07.066Baghaee, H. R., Mirsalim, M., Gharehpetian, G. B., & Talebi, H. A. (2018). A Decentralized Robust Mixed $H_{{2}}/ H_{{{\infty }}}$ Voltage Control Scheme to Improve Small/Large-Signal Stability and FRT Capability of Islanded Multi-DER Microgrid Considering Load Disturbances. IEEE Systems Journal, 12(3), 2610-2621. doi:10.1109/jsyst.2017.2716351Panda, S. K., & Ghosh, A. (2020). A Computational Analysis of Interfacing Converters with Advanced Control Methodologies for Microgrid Application. Technology and Economics of Smart Grids and Sustainable Energy, 5(1). doi:10.1007/s40866-020-0077-xZhang, L., Chen, K., Lyu, L., & Cai, G. (2019). Research on the Operation Control Strategy of a Low-Voltage Direct Current Microgrid Based on a Disturbance Observer and Neural Network Adaptive Control Algorithm. Energies, 12(6), 1162. doi:10.3390/en12061162Zhu, K., Sun, P., Zhou, L., Du, X., & Luo, Q. (2020). Frequency-Division Virtual Impedance Shaping Control Method for Grid-Connected Inverters in a Weak and Distorted Grid. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 35(8), 8116-8129. doi:10.1109/tpel.2019.2963345Samavati, E., & Mohammadi, H. R. (2019). Simultaneous voltage and current harmonics compensation in islanded/grid-connected microgrids using virtual impedance concept. Sustainable Energy, Grids and Networks, 20, 100258. doi:10.1016/j.segan.2019.100258Shi, K., Ye, H., Song, W., & Zhou, G. (2018). Virtual Inertia Control Strategy in Microgrid Based on Virtual Synchronous Generator Technology. IEEE Access, 6, 27949-27957. doi:10.1109/access.2018.2839737Fathi, A., Shafiee, Q., & Bevrani, H. (2018). Robust Frequency Control of Microgrids Using an Extended Virtual Synchronous Generator. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 33(6), 6289-6297. doi:10.1109/tpwrs.2018.2850880Amoateng, D. O., Al Hosani, M., Elmoursi, M. S., Turitsyn, K., & Kirtley, J. L. (2018). Adaptive Voltage and Frequency Control of Islanded Multi-Microgrids. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 33(4), 4454-4465. doi:10.1109/tpwrs.2017.2780986Sopinka, A., & Pitt, L. (2013). British Columbia Electricity Supply Gap Strategy: A Redefinition of Self-Sufficiency. The Electricity Journal, 26(3), 81-88. doi:10.1016/j.tej.2013.03.003Baghaee, H. R., Mirsalim, M., Gharehpetian, G. B., & Talebi, H. A. (2018). Decentralized Sliding Mode Control of WG/PV/FC Microgrids Under Unbalanced and Nonlinear Load Conditions for On- and Off-Grid Modes. IEEE Systems Journal, 12(4), 3108-3119. doi:10.1109/jsyst.2017.2761792Gholami, S., Saha, S., & Aldeen, M. (2018). Robust multiobjective control method for power sharing among distributed energy resources in islanded microgrids with unbalanced and nonlinear loads. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 94, 321-338. doi:10.1016/j.ijepes.2017.07.012Mousazadeh Mousavi, S. Y., Jalilian, A., Savaghebi, M., & Guerrero, J. M. (2018). Autonomous Control of Current- and Voltage-Controlled DG Interface Inverters for Reactive Power Sharing and Harmonics Compensation in Islanded Microgrids. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 33(11), 9375-9386. doi:10.1109/tpel.2018.2792780Fani, B., Zandi, F., & Karami-Horestani, A. (2018). An enhanced decentralized reactive power sharing strategy for inverter-based microgrid. 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Energies, 11(10), 2590. doi:10.3390/en11102590California Carbon Market Watch: A Comprehensive Analysis of the Golden State’s Cap-and-Trade Program, Year One—2012–2013. 2014https://www.issuelab.org/resource/california-carbon-market-watch-a-comprehensive-analysis-of-the-golden-state-s-cap-and-trade-program-year-one-2012-2013.htmlExploring the Best Possible Trade-Off between Competing Objectives: Identifying the Pareto Fronthttps://pythonhealthcare.org/2018/09/27/93-exploring-the-best-possible-trade-off-between-competing-objectives-identifying-the-pTeekaraman, Y., Kuppusamy, R., & Nikolovski, S. (2019). Solution for Voltage and Frequency Regulation in Standalone Microgrid using Hybrid Multiobjective Symbiotic Organism Search Algorithm. Energies, 12(14), 2812. doi:10.3390/en12142812Zeng, Z., Li, H., Tang, S., Yang, H., & Zhao, R. (2016). Multi‐objective control of multi‐functional grid‐connected inverter for renewable energy integration and power quality service. 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Suppression factor as evaluation criterion for wide-frequency filtering equipment

Here, a novel harmonic suppression performance criterion, namely suppression factor (SF), is suggested for the wide-frequency power filtering equipment. Performances of single-tuned passive filter, combination of passive filters tuned to various frequencies, shunt active power filter (APF), and a shunt hybrid active power filter (HAPF) topologies have been evaluated considering their SF values over a defined frequency range. Moreover, effect of the control method for the active filtering equipment on SF values is also analysed by comparing both theoretical and the experimental results. The frequency range of harmonics to be suppressed is chosen using the field measurements of Induction melting furnace (IMF) load, one of the most problematic loads in terms of interharmonics, and a field implemented HAPF system is used for the experimental verifications

Active Power Filter Design by a Novel Approach of Multi-Objective Optimization

This paper presents an innovative active power filter design method to simultaneously compensate the current harmonics and reactive power of a nonlinear load. The power filter integrates a passive power filter which is a RL low-pass filter placed in series with the load, and an active power filter which comprises an RL in series with an IGBT based voltage source converter. The filter is assumed to inject a current into the connection node of the load and grid to eliminate current harmonics and its reactive part. The voltage source converter is placed in a hysteresis feedback control loop to generate a harmonic current. The bandwidth and output amplitude of the hysteresis controller are optimized with the inductance of RL filters. Three objective functions are considered in the optimization problem, which include minimizing of current total harmonic distortion, maximizing of power factor, and minimizing of the IGBT bridge current. For solving the optimization problem, two well-known multi-objective evolutionary algorithms are applied, namely, non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II (NSGA-II) and Strength Pareto Evolutionary Algorithm 2 (SPEA2). Test results showed that the SPEA2 technique exhibited a better performance in comparison to NSGA-II relative to the objectives

A Comprehensive Survey on Different Control Strategies and Applications of Active Power Filters for Power Quality Improvement

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).Power quality (PQ) has become an important topic in today’s power system scenario. PQ issues are raised not only in normal three-phase systems but also with the incorporation of different distributed generations (DGs), including renewable energy sources, storage systems, and other systems like diesel generators, fuel cells, etc. The prevalence of these issues comes from the non-linear features and rapid changing of power electronics devices, such as switch-mode converters for adjustable speed drives and diode or thyristor rectifiers. The wide use of these fast switching devices in the utility system leads to an increase in disturbances associated with harmonics and reactive power. The occurrence of PQ disturbances in turn creates several unwanted effects on the utility system. Therefore, many researchers are working on the enhancement of PQ using different custom power devices (CPDs). In this work, the authors highlight the significance of the PQ in the utility network, its effect, and its solution, using different CPDs, such as passive, active, and hybrid filters. Further, the authors point out several compensation strategies, including reference signal generation and gating signal strategies. In addition, this paper also presents the role of the active power filter (APF) in different DG systems. Some technical and economic considerations and future developments are also discussed in this literature. For easy reference, a volume of journals of more than 140 publications on this particular subject is reported. The effectiveness of this research work will boost researchers’ ability to select proper control methodology and compensation strategy for various applications of APFs for improving PQ.publishedVersio

Bi-velocity discrete particle swarm optimization and its application to multicast routing problem in communication networks

This paper proposes a novel bi-velocity discrete particle swarm optimization (BVDPSO) approach and extends its application to the NP-complete multicast routing problem (MRP). The main contribution is the extension of PSO from continuous domain to the binary or discrete domain. Firstly, a novel bi-velocity strategy is developed to represent possibilities of each dimension being 1 and 0. This strategy is suitable to describe the binary characteristic of the MRP where 1 stands for a node being selected to construct the multicast tree while 0 stands for being otherwise. Secondly, BVDPSO updates the velocity and position according to the learning mechanism of the original PSO in continuous domain. This maintains the fast convergence speed and global search ability of the original PSO. Experiments are comprehensively conducted on all of the 58 instances with small, medium, and large scales in the OR-library (Operation Research Library). The results confirm that BVDPSO can obtain optimal or near-optimal solutions rapidly as it only needs to generate a few multicast trees. BVDPSO outperforms not only several state-of-the-art and recent heuristic algorithms for the MRP problems, but also algorithms based on GA, ACO, and PSO

Improvement Of Power Quality Using Shunt Active Power Filter In An Electrical Distribution System Using Eerl-Smc

In this paper a three phase Shunt Active Power Filter (ShAPF) is proposed to address the current related issues in a three phase Electrical Distribution System (EDS). A sliding mode controller (SMC) and an Enhanced Exponential Reaching Law based SMC (EERL-SMC) is proposed for a ShAPF to compensate the load current. The controller’s performance is tested by injecting the current harmonics into the system. A non-linear load along with different loads on the distribution side is connected in parallel in a distribution network at Point of common coupling (PCC). Modelling of the system is done using state space analysis. Stability of the system is analyzed using the state feedback approach. The reference source currents are generated using instantaneous PQ theory. For variations in the load, the THD in the source current is realized. It is found that EERL-SMC is more effective for a ShAPF in reducing the high frequency oscillations and settling time for convergence. The source voltage and current waveforms are observed to be sinusoidal in nature. Both the controllers are effective in reducing the THD levels in the source current as per the IEEE standards. A comparison between the controllers is presented in terms of settling time, THD in source current. PSCAD v4.6 is used for simulation works

Transformer less Series Active Filter for Power Quality Improvement

- To upgrade the power quality in single-stage frameworks with critical loads a transformer less hybrid series dynamic channel is proposed . This venture helps the energy administration and power quality issues identified with electric transportation and spotlights on enhancing electric vehicle load association with the grid. The control technique is intended to counteract current harmonic bends of nonlinear loads to stream into the utility and rectifies the power element of this later. While shielding sensitive loads from voltage disturbance influences, droops, and swells started by the power framework, ridded of the arrangement transformer, the design is invaluable for a mechanical usage. This polyvalent half and half topology permitting the symphonious separation and pay of voltage bends could ingest or infuse the assistant energy to the grid. The aggregate consonant bending is decreased with the adequacy of the fluffy controller. This venture additionally examines on the impact of increases and postponements in the continuous controller dependability. The simulation result  brought out through MATLAB/SIMULINK programming